THE  LIBRARY 

OF 

THE  UNIVERSITY 
OF  CALIFORNIA 

LOS  ANGELES 


THE 


— AND   THE — 


Q  TR17AQITO1?  UflTIQl? 

o  IMAQUiJL  nUUoL, 

• 

Being  a  Political  ani  Statistical  Mirror  of  tie  United  States : 

A    COMPENDIUM   OF     AMERICAN    HISTORY, 


WITH   A  RECORD   OF  THE   RISE  AND    PROGRESS   OF  THE   STATES  AND  TERRITORIES   OF  THE   UNION, 

TOGETHER    WITH    THE    LIVES    OF   THE    PRESIDENTS,   AND   SKETCHES    OF    GREAT   AND 

REMARKABLE  MEN   OF  AMERICA,  AND   OTHER  LANDS  AND  AGES.      To   WHICH 

IS  APPENDED   THE    PRINCIPLES   AND    PLATFORMS,  AND  LIVES  OF  THE 

CANDIDATES   OF  THE   POLITICAL   PARTIES  IN  THE 

PRESIDENTIAL  CAMPAIGN  OF   1872. 

By  J.  -WASHINGTON  GOODSPEED. 


ILLUSTRATED. 


GOODSPEED'S    EMPIRE    PUBLISHING  HOUSE: 

CHICAGO,  ILL.,   51  S.   Carpenter  St.;  CINCINNATI,  O.,  179  West  Fourth  St.; 
ST.  Louis,  Mo.,  314  Olive  St. ;  NKW  ORLEANS,  LA.,  41  Natchez  St.; 

NEW  YORK,  107  Liberty  St. 
,      A:  L.  BANCROFT  &  CO.,  SAN  •"KAN<;IX:CS' CAIS  *  '    /; 


Entered  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1872,  by 

J.  WASHINGTON  GOODSPEED, 
In  the  office  of  the  Librarian  of  Congress,  at  Washington,  D.  C. 


SHNIEDEWEND,  LEE  &  Co. 

ELECTROTYPERS, 

240  East  Madison  St.,  Chicago. 


GOODSPEED'S  STEAM  PRESSES  AND  BINDERY, 
51  S.  CARPENTER  ST., 
*       CHICAGO. 


PREFACE. 


The  Publisher's  design  in  this  work  is  masterly,  for  the  world's 
history  is  really  the  history  of  its  great  men.  The  philosopher's 
terse  saying  is  most  true : — "  There  is  nothing  great  on  earth  but 
man  and  there  is  nothing  great  in  man  but  mind."  His  purpose 
is,  to  gather  up  the  leading  features  and  characteristics  of  the 
mighty  men  in  various  departments  of  human  activity  and  present 
them  for  the  study  and  guidance  of  the  young  men  of  our  times. 
Founders  and  reformers  in  religion,  princes  in  finance,  war,  politics, 
and  philosophy,  including  our  own  men  of  mark,  and  historical 
names  of  other  ages  and  countries  will  be  sketched,  and  their 
careers  held  up  for  approbation  or  warning.  Naturally  and  neces- 
sarily much  of  our  country's  glorious  history  will  be  condensed 
into  the  biographies  of  those  who  have  made  her  prosperous,  or 
are  now  controlling  her  destiny.  The  Chief  Magistrates,  exponents, 
and  representatives  of  opinions  and  parties,  will  have  their  por- 
traiture here  ;  and  the  system  of  government  founded  and  admin- 
istered  by  them  will  be  faithfully  described.  The  rise  of  States,  will 
be  traced,  and  their  position  in  the  political  heavens  mapped  out. 
The  principles  and  platforms  and  candidates  of  the  parties  now 
struggling  for  ascendancy,  will  be  impartially  set  forth  for  the 
information  of  the  public.  Such  a  collection  of  facts  will  render 
this  volume  as  interesting  as  a  story  and  as  helpful  as  a  Cyclopaedia. 
The  substance  of  many  volumes  is  concentrated  in  this,  and  in 
such  space  and  form  that  one  can  gather  into  his  mind,  in  brief 
hours  of  leisure,  the  results  of  years  of  research  and  composition. 

In  these  days  of  the  Press,  books  are  multiplied  until  the  attention: 
is  confused  by  their  number  and  scope.  It  becomes  a  desideratum 


461517 


VI  PREFACE. 

to  find  much  matter  compressed  into  a  few  pages,  because  time  is 
money,  and  few  can  hunt  through  bushels  of  chaff  for  a  few  grains 
of  wheat,  or  spend  months  over  prolix  histories  and  memoirs  to 
glean  what  is  needed  for  the  actual  necessities  of  information  con- 
cerning questions  of  interest  to  the  American  citizen  and  the  man 
of  affairs. 

The  former  publications  of  this  house  have  been  uniformly 
of  such  a  character  as  to  give  assurance  that,  in  this  new 
effort  of  the  publisher  to  entertain,  instruct  and  benefit  his  gener- 
ation, he  will  succeed,  and  advance  his  reputation,  secure  a  new 
hold  upon  their  confidence  and  establish  a  fresh  title  to  their  gen- 
erous patronage.  Every  reasonable  exertion  has  been  made  to 
procure  the  best  sources  of  knowledge  concerning  each  person  and 
topic  treated  in  this  work,  and  to  arrange  the  matter  in  a  succinct 
and  readable  form.  Doubtless  the  public  verdict  will  be  favorable 
to  the  authenticity,  strength  and  beauty  of  the  author's  production. 
Trom  the  immense  scope  of  subjects  here  surveyed  and  illustrated, 
every  person  who  reads  the  work  will  be  sure  to  find  something  of 
deep  interest  and  peculiar  value  to  himself,  and  its  treatment  and 
range  will  be  such  as  to  constitute  it,  not  an  ephemeral  thing,  to  be 
glanced  at  and  cast  aside,  but  a  volume  for  frequent  reference  and 
recurring  perusal.  It  is  with  this  idea  in  view  that  the  publisher 
lias  striven  to  impart  to  the  work  that  thoroughness  and  attractive- 
ness which  shall  give  it  welcome  in  the  family  and  library  of  the 
masses  of  our  intelligent  countrymen. 

In  the  bulk  of  curious  information  concerning  our  political 
fabric,  and  the  summaries  of  laws  and  enactments  affecting  indi- 
viduals, classes,  and  communities,  it  is  intended  to  make  the  work 
essential — a  sine-qua-non — to  the  people. 

In  recognition  of  the  universal  love  of  pictorial  representation, 
this  volume  will  be  embellished  with  numerous  illustrations,  con- 
veying, through  the  eye,  to  the  mind,  just  and  vivid  conceptions  of 
many  of  the  characters  and  objects  described,  and  of  monuments 
of  human  skill  and  power,  which  minister  to  the  gratification  or  the 
necessities  of  mankind.  E.  J.  G. 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 


PART    FIRST. 

Page. 

DISCOVERY  OF  AMERICA n 

Settlement  of  Greenland, 11 

Colonies  Lost  in  the  Fifteenth  Century, n 

Discoveries  of  Columbus, ... n 

Distrust  of  Portugal  and  Great  Britain, — 12 

Assisted  by  Ferdinand  and  Isabella, 12 

Second    Voyage, — 12 

Discovery  of  the  Contingnt  in  Third  Voyage, — -  12 

Amerigo   Vespucci,  the  Pretender,. 12 

Oldest  Town  in  America, 13 

Oldest  Town  Settled  by  English, 13 

Taxation  of  the  Provinces, 13 

Refusal  of  the  Colonies  to  Submit, 13 

Stamp  Act  Repealed, 13 

FATHERS  OF  THE  REPUBLIC, 15 

DECLARATION  OF  INDEPENDENCE, 17 

CONSTITUTION  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES, 24 

AMENDMENTS  TO  THE  CONSTITUTION, 38 

HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  SEAL  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES, - 45 

ORIGIN  AND  HISTORY  OF  GOVERNMENT, 60 

Parental  Government, 60 

Gradual  Development  into  National, 60 

Mosaic  Law  the  Law  of  all  Christian  Government, 61 

The  Earliest  Established  Points  in  Law, 61 

Republicanism  Opposed   to  Tyranny, 62 

THE  WAY  WE  ARE  GOVERNED, 65 

Legislative   Authority, 65 

The  Senate, 65 

Vice-President, 65 

House  of  Representatives, 65 

The  Executive, 66 

Secretary  of  State, —  67 

Secretary  of  the  Treasury, -  67 

Secretary  of  War, - 67 

Secretary  of  the  Navy, 67 

Secretary  of  the  Interior, -  67 

Attorney  General, 67 

Postmaster   General, 67 

Supreme  Court, 68 

Legislative  Powers  of  each  State, .- 68 

Circuit   Court, 69 

District  Courts, - 69 

Court  of  Claims, 69 

State  Governors  —  their  Election  and  Powers 73 

Judges  of  State  Courts, - 73 

State   Courts, 73 


X  CONTENTS. 

NATIONAL  SECURITIES, *f£i 

PUBLIC  DEBT  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES, 301 

BIOGRAPHICAL  SKETCHES  OF  THE  PRESIDENTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

1.  GEORGE  WASHINGTON - 305 

2.  JOHN  ADAMS - 310 

3.  THOMAS  JEFFERSON. . 315 

4.  JAMES  MADISON 316 

5.  JAMES  MONROE 321 

6.  JOHN  Qumcv  ADAMS 325 

7.  ANDREW  JACKSON 326 

8.  MARTIN  VAN  BUREN ., 331 

9.  WILLIAM  HENRY  HARRISON 332 

10.  JOHN  TYLER 337 

11.  JAMES  K.   POLK . 338 

12.  ZACHARY  TAYLOR .. 343 

13.  MlLLARD    FlLMORE - 344 

14.  FRANKLIN  PIERCE 349 

15.  JAMES  BUCHANAN _ 350 

16.  ABRAHAM  LINCOLN 355 

17.  ANDREW  JOHNSON 358 

18.  ULYSSES   S.  GRANT . 363 

THE  FUTURE  OF  OUR  COUNTRY, - 365 

POETRY — "  THE  LOVE  OF  COUNTRY  AND  OF  HOME," 371 

FORMATION  OF  THE  ORIGINAL  UNION 37* 

STATISTICS  OP  THE  GLOBE, 374 

THE  TREATY  OF  WASHINGTON 378 

THE  ELECTORAL  COLLEGE 389 

THE  LAW  OF  NATIONS, 390 


PART    SECOND. 
GREAT  STATESMEN. 

Louis  Napoleon. ..  399 

Bismarck - 405 

Carl  Schvrz 409 

Lyman  Trumbull 412 

Schuyler  Colfax 413 

Charles  Sumner 416 

John  W.  Chanler 418 

John  A.  Logan 419 

Reverdy  Johnson - 421 

Simon  Cameron ; 424 

James  A.  Garfield . 406 

Benjamin  F.  Wade 429 

Frederick  Sawyer 432 

Whitman  T.  Willey 433 

Justin  S.  Morrill 435 

Oliver  P.  Morton 437 

Willard  Saulsbury 438 

Edwin  D.  Morgan 435 

Charles  D.  Drake 441 


William  Pitt  Fessenden 


443 


James  Harlan 

John  C.  Breckenridge 447 


CONTENTS.  XI 

Page. 

Frederick  T.  Frelinghuysen 448 

William  H.  Seward 450 

John  J.  Crittenden 451 

Alexander  H.  Stephens.. 453 

Henry  Clay .... 458 

Robert  Toombs. 465 

Thomas  A.  Hendricks 469 

President  Thiers 470 

George  S.   Boutwell . . *.. . . 472 

Zachariah  Chandler 475 

Henry  Wilson   . 704 

GREAT  ORATORS. 

John  C.  Calhoun... .  ..  477 

William  Pitt 480 

Daniel  Webster 481 

Demosthenes 483 

Edward  Everett 486 

GREAT    PREACHERS. 

Henry  Ward  Beecher 488 

Whitfield 491 

C.  H.  Spurgeon 493 

John  Wesley... 498 

GREAT    PHILANTHROPISTS. 

Joseph  Mazzini 501 

George  Peabody 503 

John  Howard 507 

William  Wilberforce 509 

Gen.  La  Fayette 511 

GREAT  PHILOSOPHERS. 

Benjamin  Franklin _.„ 513 

Isaac  Newton 516 

Socrates 518 

Plato 520 

Copernicus 522 

GREAT  INVENTORS. 

Samuel  F.  B.  Morse . 525 

Elias  Howe,  Jr 529 

Robert  Fulton 534 

Richard  M.  Hoe. 537 

George  Stephenson 540 

Eli  Whitney 545 

Charles  Goodyear 553 

Cyrus  W.  Field 561 

GREAT  SOLDIERS. 

Philip  Sheridan . 571 

William  T.  Sherman 575 

Robert  E.  Lee 577 

Alexander  the  Great 581 

Napoleon  1 587 

Caesar „ 291 

Stonewall  Jackson 593 

Giuseppe   Garibaldi 599 

GREAT  AUTHORS. 

Homer 607 

Shakspeare 609 

Whittier 612 

Washington   Irving 615 


Xn  CONTENTS. 

Page. 
GREAT  FINANCIERS. 

Cooper 610 

Disraeli 601 

Dickens ......... . - --.. —  606 

Commodore  Vanderbilt - 619 

A.  T.  Stewart 622 

Daniel  Drew - 627 

Rothschild 629 

GREAT  EXPLORERS. 

Christopher  Columbus ...  631 

Captain  Cook . ..  634 

Dr.  Livingstone . —  635 

GREAT  ARTISTS. 

Thomas  Nast _ 638 

Raphael 640 

Michael  Angelo 641 

Powers 642 

NOTED  ECCENTRICS. 

Masaniello „  646 

Zerah  Colburn 648 

Daniel  Boone 651 

Grot  ius 654 

GREAT  INDIAN  CHIEFS. 

Brant •_ 657 

Philip 661 

Tecumseh 663 

Black  Hawk 665 

HUMORISTS. 

Josh  Billings 667 

Dean  Swift 668 

Mark  Twain . . ... --  671 

GREAT    MUSICIANS. 

Beethoven 673 

Mozart 675 

POLITICAL  PLATFORMS  AND  CANDIDATES. 

Platform  adopted    by  the  Liberal  Republicans,  at  Cincinnati,  and  the  Democrats,  at  Bal- 
timore, 1872. 677 

Official  Notice  to  Mr.  Greeley  of  his  nomination  at  Cincinnati 679 

Mr.  Greeley's  Letter  of  Acceptance 680 

Mr.  Brown's  Letter  of  Acceptance -. 683 

Sketch  of  Horace  Greeley 686 

Sketch  of  B.  Gratz  Brown 688 

The  Baltimore  Convention 690 

Official  notification  to  Mr.  Greeley  of  his  nomination  at  Baltimore 691 

Mr.  Greeley's  Acceptance 692 

The  Republican  National  Convention - --  696 

The  Letter  to  President  Grant 699 

Grant's  Letter  of  Acceptance 700 

Wilson's  Letter  of  Acceptance - 701 

Sketch  of  Henry  Wilson 704 

APPENDIX. 

Internal   Revenue 707 

New  Postal  Code 711 

Important  to  Veterans  of  the  Rebellion - 713 

Our  Railway  Progress 713 

The  Washington  Treaty 714 

National  Statistics 717 


CONTENTS. 


XIII 


LIST  OF  ILLUSTRATIONS. 


Frontispi  ece — Capitol  at  Washington. 

Columbus  taking  possession  of  the  New  World. 

Washington's  Monument. 

Natural  Bridge,  Virginia. 

House  of  Representatives,  Washington. 

Falls  of  Niagara. 

Lisbon,  Portugal,  the  port  from  whence  Colum- 
bus set  sail. 

Columbus  before  the  Council  at  Salamanca. 

Columbus  Quelling  the  Mutiny  on  board  the 
Santa  Maria. 

Columbus  Breaking  the  Egg. 

Tomb  of  Columbus — Seville  Cathedral. 

The  Tomb  of  Washington,  Mt.  Vernon,  Va. 

Montpelier,  late  residence  of  President  Madi- 
son, Vermont. 

Annual  Distribution  of  Presents  to  the  Indians. 

Seal  of  the  United  States. 

Mt.  Vernon,  the  Home  of  Washington. 

The  Tomb  of  Kosciusko,  West  Point. 

The  Ancient  Winslow  House,  at  Marshfield, 
Mass. 

View  of  the  United  States  Navy  Yard,  at 
Philadelphia. 

Seal  made  to  Commemorate  the  Evacuation  of 
Boston  by  the  British. 

Thrifty  American  Farmer's  Residence. 

Thrifty  American  Farmer's  Barn. 

Reception  Day  at  the  White  House. 

The  Old  Billop  House,  at  Bentley,  West  End, 
Staten  Island. 

Medical  College  of  Georgia,  at  Augusta. 

View  of  the  City  of  Boston. 

St.  Paul's  Church  and  the  Astor  House,  N.  Y. 

The  New  York  Bowling  Green. 

Thrifty  American  Farmer's  Fowls. 

American  Stage  Coach. 

City  Horse  Railway. 

Chi  cago  Water  Works. 

Pocahontas. 

Education  and  Christianity — the  Hope  of  the 
Republic. 

Cylinder  Printing  Press. 

Treasury  Building,  Washington. 

Patent  Office,  Washington. 

Source  of  the  Mississippi. 

Mouth  of  the  Mississippi. 

View  of  Albany,  N.  Y. 

White  House  at  Washington. 

Loading  a  Steamboat  with  Cotton  on  the  Mis- 
sissippi. 

American  Man  of  War. 

The  Oil  Wells  of  Pennsylvania. 

General  Post  Office,  Washington. 

Thrifty  American  Farmer's  Stock  Yard  — 
Horses. 


Thrifty  American  Farmer's  Stock  Yard-Cows. 

Tomb  of  Franklin. 

Washington  as  President. 

Jefferson  Davis. 

Light  House,  Choctaw  Point,  Mobile,  Ala. 

Howell  Cobb. 

George  Washington. 

John  Adams. 

Thomas  Jefferson. 

James   Madison. 

James  Monroe. 

John  Quincy  Adams. 

Andrew  Jackson. 

Martin  Van  Buren. 

William  Henry  Harrison. 

John  Tyler. 

James  K.  Polk. 

Zachary  Taylor. 

Millard    Fillmore. 

Franklin  Pierce. 

James  Buchanan. 

Abraham  Lincoln. 

Andrew  Johnson. 

Ulysses  S.  Grant. 

Yorktown,  Virginia. 

Gore  Hall,  Cambridge,  Mass. 

View  of  Lake  Saratoga. 
A  War  Party  of  Indians. 

Robert  L.  Orr. 

View  of  the  City  of  Washington. 

Napoleon  III. 

Bismarck. 

Carl  Schurz. 

Hon.  Schuyler  Colfax. 

John  A.  Logan. 

Reverdy  Johnson. 

Simon  Cameron. 

James  A.  Garfield. 

Benjamin  F.  Wade. 

Oliver  P.  Morton. 

Edwin  D.  Morgan. 

Frederick  T.  Frelinghuysen.    • 

Robert  Toombs. 

Thomas  A.  Hendricks. 

George  S.  Boutwell. 

Zachariah  Chandler. 

John  C.  Calhoun. 

Henry  Ward  Beecher. 

Charles  H.  Spurgeon. 

Benjamin  Franklin. 

Samuel  F.  B.  Morse. 

Robert  Fulton. 

Richard  M.  Hoe. 

Elias  Howe,  Jr. 

City  of  Chicago,  111. 

Philip  H.  Sheridan. 


XIV 


CONTENTS. 


Robert  E.  Lee. 
Napoleon    I. 
Stonewall  Jackson. 
Commodore  Vanderbilt. 
Daniel  Drew. 
Christopher  Columbus. 
Joseph  Brant. 
Horace  Greeiey. 
Henry  Wilson. 
B.  Gratz  Brown. 
City  of  St.  Louis,  Mo. 
North  America. 
City  of  Savannah,  Ga. 
City  of  New  Orleans,  La. 
City  of  San  Francisco,  Cal. 
City  of  Cincinnati. 


Cincinnati  and  Covington  Suspension  Bridge^ 

Gen.  Sam  Houston. 

R.  M.  T.  Hunter. 

Nathaniel  P.  Banks. 

Charles  Francis  Adams. 

Hon.  Daniel  Webster. 

William  Wilberforce. 

Willam  Penn. 

Seamen's  Floating  Chapel. 

First  Steamboat  on  the  Missouri. 

Ocean  Iron  Steamer. 

Clipper  Ship. 

Chicago  in  1820. 

General  View  of  Chicago  in  Ruins. 

Chattahoochee  River. 


38  PICTORIAL  SEALS  OF  THE  STATES  AND  TERRITORIES. 


PART  I. 


THE  DISCOVERY  AND  SETTLEMENT  OF 
THE  AMERICAN  CONTINENT. 


BOUT  the  end  of  the  tefith  century,  the  Scandinavians,  in 
some  of  their  maritime  expeditions,  had  reached  Iceland 
and  Greenland,  from  which  latter  country  they  appear  to 
have  advanced  to  Vinland,  probably  Labrador.  In 
Greenland  some  unimportant  settlements  were  made,  and  the 
communication  with  the  transatlantic  continent  was  maintained 
until  the  beginning  of  the  i5th  century,  when  the  fate  of  these 
colonies  was  covered  as  with  a  cloud ;  and  although  various  at- 
tempts have  since  been  made  for  their  discovery,  no  traces  of 
their  existence  have  been  obtained.  In  Southern  Europe  these 
expeditions  were  entirely  unknown,  and  therefore  the  undiriiin- 
ished  glory  was  left  to  Columbus  of  proving  the  existence  of  the 
Western  World.  This  celebrated  navigator  was  of  Genoese 
origin,  though  his  character  had  been  formed  and  his  skill  ac- 
quired in  the  service  of  Portugal.  His  active  mind  readily  fore- 
saw the  length  and  difficulties  of  a  voyage  to  the  Indies  by  sailing 
to  the  eastward,  even  if  the  route  should  be  discovered ;  and  it 
appeared  to  him  that  by  sailing  directly  west  he  would  more 
readily  attain  his  object.  Many  circumstances,  the  importance  of 
which  is  best  known  to  mariners,  supported  his  theories;  but 
those  to  whom  he  applied  for  protection  and  support  did  not  ac- 
knowledge their  force.  The  Genoese  Senate  regarded  him  as  a 


12  MASTER    SPIRITS   OF    THE    WORLD,   AND 

madman ;  in  Portugal  his  confidence  was  most  treacherously 
abused,  and  in  England  his  brother  Bartholomew  obtained  the 
consent  of  Henry  VII.  only  when  too  late.  After  many  obsta- 
cles, arising  from  the  ignorance  and  religious  scruples  of  those  to 
whom  his  project  was  submitted,  Columbus  sailed  with  three 
small  vessels  from  Palos  in  Andalusia,  3d  August,  1492.  On  the 
night  of  the  nth  October,  land  was  seen  after  a  tedious  voyage, 
during  which  the  commander  had  to  contend  against  the  cowardly 
and  rebellious  spirit  of  his  crew.  San  Salvador  or  Guanahani* 
one  of  the  Bahama  chain  stretching  between  Florida  and  St.  Do- 
mingo, was  the  island  first  discovered.  Cuba  and  Hayti  were 
reached  soon  after.  Columbus,  now  directing  his  course  home- 
ward, returned  to  the  harbor  of  Palos,  seven  months  and  eleven 
days  after  his  departure.  He  was  received  with  great  kindness 
by  Ferdinand  and  Isabella,  who  ennobled  his  family,  and  ratified 
all  the  privileges  of  the  treaty  of  Santa  Fe.  fiy  the  articles  of 
this  treaty,  drawn  up  before  Columbus  sailed,  he  was  created  high 
admiral,  with  hereditary  right  in  the  seas  he  should  discover; 
viceroy  also,  with  hereditary  possession  of  the  lands ;  he  was  to 
receive  a  tithe  of  the  profits  of  commercial  undertakings,  and  be 
supreme  judge  in  all  mercantile  disputes  in  the  newly-discovered 
countries 

While  Europe  was  still  re-echoing  witn  the  news  of  this  voyage, 
the  navigator  had  again  sailed  towards  the  west  with  seventeen 
vessels,  having  on  board  numerous  settlers,  eager  to  reap  the 
golden  harvest  which  the  descriptions  of  travelers  had  placed  in 
the  Indies.  Isabella,  in  the  island  of  Cuba,  was  the  first  city 
founded  in  the  New  World.  In  his  third  voyage,  1498,  Columbus 
reached  the  continent  of  America,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Orinoco. 
Columbus  died  in  1506,  after  being  treated  by  the  Spanish  court 
with  the  greatest  ingratitude  His  body  was  pompously  interred 
in  the  Cathedral  of  Seville ;  and  over  it  was  erected  a  monument, 
with  the  simple  inscription  that  Columbus  had  given  a  new  world 
to  Castile  and  Leon.  His  remains  were  afterwards  transported  to 
the  Island  of  Hayti,  and  buried  in  the  Cathedral  of  St.  Domingo,  in 
1536,  whence,  two  hundred  and  sixty  years  afterwards,  they  were 
transferred  to  Havana. 

In  1499,  Alonzo  de  Ojeda  sailed  to  the  new  continent,  accom- 
panied by  a  Florentine  merchant  named  Amerigo  Vespucci,  under 


AMERICAN    CITIZEN  S    TREASURE    HOUSE.  13 

whose  direction  the  enterprise  was  chiefly  conducted.  Returning 
to  Europe,  he  published  an  account  of  his  adventures,  and  claimed 
the  honor  of  being  the  first  to  discover  the  mainland  of  the  New 
World.  The  imposture  of  Vespucci  has  long  been  known,  and 
his  dishonest  narrative  has  in  no  degree  injured  the  glory  of  Co- 
lumbus. As  to  the  honor  of  first  reaching  the  shores  of  the  new 
continent,  it  probably  belongs  to  the  English  mariners,  who,  under 
Cabot,  a  Bristol  seaman  of  Venetian  parents,  sailed  along  the 
coasts  of  North  America  from  Labrador  to  Florida,  1498. 

The  oldest  town  in  the  United  States  is  St.  Augustine,  in 
Florida,  settled  by  the  Spaniards  in  1565  ;  but  the  first  permanent 
settlement  made  by  the  English  was  that  of  Jamestown,  in  Vir- 
ginia, in  1603.  In  1620  a  body  of  emigrants,  101  in  number, 
landed  at  or  near  Cape  Cod,  and  in  honor  of  their  home  in  the 
Old  World  named  their  home  in  the  New,  Plymouth;  and  they 
are  known  to  history  as  the  Puritan  Fathers.  They  were  soon 
followed  by  others,  and  thus  was  laid  the  broad  corner  stone  of 
civil  and  religious  liberty  The  young  colonies,  were  of  course, 
subject  to  Great  Britain;  and  as  that  country,  with  a  policy 
very  different  from  that  pursued  by  her  at  present,  was  con- 
stantly engaged  in  war,  its  national  debt  was  heavy  and  its  own 
resources  were  so  nearly  exhausted  as  to  make  it  a  serious  ques- 
tion from  whence  their  money  was  to  come ;  and  the  ministers 
decided  to  tax  the  provinces  to  raise  the  means  to  relieve  the 
necessities  of  the  parent  Kingdom;  and  accordingly  the  notorious 
Stamp  Act  was  passed  in  1765  ;  but  the  colonists  refused  to  recog- 
nize or  comply  with  it,  on  the  ground  of  their  having  no  repre- 
sentation in  the  Parliament,  and  the  offensive  act  was  repealed ; 
but  the  right  of  taxation — denied  by  Americans — was  insisted 
upon  by  the  ministers,  and  the  duty  removed  from  one  article 
was  doubled  upon  others ;  and  the  resistance  of  the  people  re- 
sulted in  the  long  struggle  known  as  the  Revolutionary  War. 
When  there  seemed  but  two  ways  of  settling  grievances  and 
wrongs  that  grew  each  hour  more  deep  and  oppressive — either  by 
unconditional  submission,  or  by  separation  from  England — they 
chose  the  latter,  and  on  the  4th  of  July,  1776,  Congress,  on  behalf 
of  the  Colonies,  declared  their  independence  of  Great  Britain,  and 
a  committee  was  appointed,  consisting  of  Thomas  Jefferson,  Ben- 
jamin Franklin,  John  Adams,  Roger  Sherman,  and  John  Living- 


14  MASTER    SPIRITS   OF    THE    WORLD,    AND 

ston,  to  draw  up  a  Declaration  of  Independence.  The  Colonists 
were  aided  by  France  and  Spain,  and  at  length  the  treaty  of 
Versailles,  1783,  acknowledged  them  "free,  sovereign,  and  inde- 
pendent States."  The  Articles  of  Confederation,  which  had 
heretofore  bound  the  Colonists,  were  found  too  incomplete  and 
imperfect  for  a  National  Government,  and  a  new  Constitution, 
drawn  up  with  the  greatest  care  and  deliberation,  was  adopted  by 
the  States,  and  George  Washington  was  elected  first  President  of 
the  new  American  Republic,  with  John  Adams  Vice  President, 
and  they  were  re-elected  in  1792. 


AMERICAN    CITIZEN  S    TREASURE    HOUSE.  15 


THE  FATHERS  OF  THE  REPUBLIC 


>E  can  not  believe  that  man  lives  upon  American  soil, 
protected  by  our  laws,  and  sheltered  by  the  dear  old 
flag  beneath  whose  folds  the  patriots  of  '76  marched  on 
to  victory  over  the  armies  of  the  tyrant  and  oppressor,  whose 
heart  does  not  beat  quicker  with  pride  and  affection  as  heglances 
back  over  the  heroes  who  planted  the  germ  of  our  national 
independence,  and  watered  it  with  tears,  and  hallowed  the  soil 
only  too  often  with  their  life-blood.  We  look  at  their  mighty 
works  and  say,  surely,  "  there  were  giants  in  those  days."  Gigan- 
tic was  the  task  which  those  brave  men  performed,  and  glorious 
have  been  the  results  of  their  efforts. 

From  the  day,  when  the  first  blow  fell  upon  the  astonished 
believers  in  the  divine  right  of  kings,  to  the  day  when,  at  the 
Court  of  Versailles,  the  reluctant  lion  of  the .  House  of  Hanover 
was  compelled  to  sign  the  Act  which  gave  to  the  colonists  a  stand- 
ing amongst  the  nations  of  the  earth,  their  days  and  nights  were 
given  to  watching,  to  fighting  and  to  prayer.  They  had  already 
endured  all  that  men  could  endure — suffered  all  that  men  could 
suffer — borne  all  that  men  could  bear ;  and  now,  with  the  fire  of 
liberty  kindled  in  their  souls,  they  gathered  their  forces  and  con- 
secrated their  lives,  their  property  and  their  all  to  the  cause  that 
to  them  was  dearer  than  all  others. 

There  are  names  that  we  have  inscribed  high  on  the  roll  of 
fame ;  there  are  names  which  we  revere  above  all  other  names  on 
earth — names  that  we  associate  with  all  that  is  most  sacred  to 
freemen,  and  which  will  live  in  the  councils  of  our  nation  while 
we  have  a  national  existence.  In  the  constellation  of  names  which 
succeeding  generations  delight  to  remember  and  honor,  none 
are  brighter  than  those  of  WASHINGTON,  JEFFERSON,  HANCOCK, 


l6  MASTER    SPIRITS   OF    THE    AGE,  AND 

FRANKLIN,  or  JOHN  ADAMS,  and  we  feel  a  justifiable  pride  in 
the  words  and  sentiments  of  that  Declaration  of  Independence 
which  made  the  memory  of  its  framers  immortal.  Founded  upon 
the  principles  of  justice — recognizing  the  right  of  all  men  to 
"  life,  liberty,  and  the  pursuit  of  happiness,"  it  is  not  strange  that 
the  nation  uprose  to  defend  a  government  that  declared  it  derived 
all  "power  from  the  consent  of  the  governed;"  nor  that  they 
bore  hardships,  privation,  suffering  and  toil  as  became  those  who 
defended  hearthstone  and  roof-tree ;  and  above  all,  those  who 
defended  the  cradle  wherein  the  young  child  Liberty  slumbered. 

At  that  time  the  soldiers  were  but  scantily  fed,  and  more  scant- 
ily clothed,  but  Washington  bore  with  them  the  heat  of  the  long 
march  under  a  scorching  sun  and  the  severities  of  the  winter  cam- 
paign ;  and  when  the  footprints  of  the  worn-out,  exhausted 
troopers  stained  the  unsullied  snow  of  Valley  Forge,  the  com- 
mander-in-chief  and  his  subaltern  officers  were  scarcely  better 
clad.  Yet  no  man  murmured  or  complained,  for  the  freedom  that 
.should  be  the  heirloom  and  birthright  of  their  children's  children 
for  all  generations  to  come  was  entrusted  to  their  keeping. 

Such  sublime  devotion  to  a  cause  that  seemed  almost  hopeless — 
such  unselfish  patriotism  and  love  for  their  country — such  unfal- 
tering courage,  even  when  defeated  at  every  step,  Hfinds  no  parallel 
in  history.  It  was  no  half-way  victory  they  sought,  and  no  half- 
way concession  would  satisfy  them.  They  would  be  untrammeled 
by  foreign  power — they  would  be  unrestrained  by  foreign  laws — 
unrestricted  by  foreign  intervention.  Their  rivers  should  run 
free  to  the  sea — their  ships  of  commerce  should  dot  every  ocean 
— their  flag  should  be  recognized  by  every  government.  No 
usurper's  foot  should  press  our  green  sward — no  tyrant  army 
garrison  our  forts — no  tyrant's  navy  guard  our  harbors.  Our 
blue  skies  should  bend  over  no  foeman's  minions — our  fresh,  wild 
winds,  that  swept  mountain  and  lake  and  boundless  prairie, 
.should  kiss  no  foeman's  cheek.  With  God  for  their  leader,  "  Lib- 
erty" for  their  battle-cry,  they  were  victorious,  and  to-day,  with 
all  they  gained  for  us  still  preserved,  our  borders  extended  and 
our  wealth  increased  an  hundred  fold,  we  reverently  remember  to 
whom,  under  God,  we  owe  all  this,  and  treasure  the  memory 
of  the  Fathers  of  the  Republic  as  a  sacred  thing.  Our  gratitude 
is  only  measurable  by  our  debt  to  them. 


WASHINGTON  MONUMENT. 


AMERICAN    CITIZEN  S    TREASURE    HOUSE.  17 


DECLARATION  OF  INDEPENDENCE. 

IN    CONGRESS THURSDAY,    JULY   4,    1776. 


GREEABLY  to  the  order  of  the  day,  the  Congress  resolved 
itself  into  a  committee  of  the  whole,  to  take  into  their 
further  consideration  the  Declaration ;  and  after  some 
time  the  President  resumed  the  chair,  and  Mr  Harrison 
reported  that  the  committee  had  agreed  to  a  declaration,  which 
they  desired  him  to  report.  (The*committee  consisted  of  Jeffer- 
son, Franklin,  John  Adams,  Sherman,  and  R.  R.  Livingston).  The 
Declaration,  being  read,  was  agreed  to  as  follows : 

A  .DECLARATION 

BY    THE    REPRESENTATIVES    OF    THE    UNITED    STATES   OF  AMERICA, 
IN    CONGRESS    ASSEMBLED. 

WHEN,  in  th'e  course  of  human  events,  it  becomes  necessary  for 
one  people  to  dissolve  the  political  bands  which  have  connected 
them  with  another,  and  to  assume,  among  the  powers  of  the  earth, 
tht  separate  and  equal  station  to  which  the  laws  of  nature  and  of 
nature's  God  entitle  them,  a  decent  respect  to  the  opinions  of 
mankind  requires  that  they  should  declare  the  causes  which  impel 
them  to  the  separation. 

We  hold  these  truths  to  be  self-evident,  that  all  men  are  crea- 
ted equal ;  that  they  are  endowed  by  their  Creator  with  certain 
unalienable  rights  ;  that  among  these,  are  life,  liberty,  and  the  pur- 
suit of  happiness.  That  to  secure  these  rights,  governments  are 
instituted  among  men,  deriving  their  just  powers  from  the  consent 
of  the  governed  ;  that,  whenever  any  form  of  government  becomes 
destructive  of  these  ends,  it  is  the  right  of  the  people  to  alter  or 
to  abolish  it,  and  to  institute  a  new  government,  laying  its  found- 
ation on  such  principles,  and  organizing  its  powers  in  such  form 
as  to  them  shall  seem  most  likely  to  effect  their  safety  and  happi- 


1 8  MASTER    SPIRITS    OF    THE    WORLD,  AND 

ness.  Prudence,  indeed,  will  dictate  that  governments  long 
established  should  not  be  changed  for  light  and  transient  causes ; 
and,  accordingly,  all  experience  hath  shown,  that  mankind  are 
more  disposed  to  suffer,  while  evils  are  sufferable,  than  to  right 
themselves  by  abolishing  the  forms  to  which  they  are  accustomed. 
But,  when  a  long  train  of  abuses  and  usurpations,  pursuing  inva- 
riably the  same  object,  evinces  a  design  to  reduce  them  under 
absolute  despotism,  it  is  their  right,  it  is  their  duty,  to  throw  off 
such  government,  and  to  provide  new  guards  for  their  future  secu- 
rity. Such  has  been  the  patient  sufferance  of  these  colonies,  and 
such  is  now  the  necessity  which  constrains  them  to  alter  their 
former  systems  of  government.  The  history  of  the  present  King 
of  Great  Britain  is  a  history  of  repeated  injuries  and  usurpations, 
all  having,  in  direct  object,  the  establishment  of  an  absolute  tyr- 
anny over  these  states.  To  prove  this,  let  facts  be  submitted  to  a 
candid  world : 

He  has  refused  his  assent  to  laws  the  most  wholesome  and 
necessary  for  the  public  good. 

He  has  forbidden  his  governors  to  pass  laws  of  immediate  and 
pressing  importance,  unless  suspended  in  their  operation  till  his 
assent  should  be  obtained ;  and  when  so  suspended,  he  has  utterly 
neglected  to  attend  to  them. 

He  has  refused  to  pass  other  laws  ior  the  accommodation  of 
large  districts  of  people,  unless  those  people  would  relinquish  the 
right  of  representation  in  the  legislature ;  a  right  inestimable  to 
them,  and  formidable  to  tyrants  only. 

He  has  called  together  legislative  bodies  at  places  unusual, 
uncomfortable,  and  distant  from  the  depository  of  their  public 
records,  for  the  sole  purpose  of  fatiguing  them  into  compliance 
with  his  measures. 

He  has  dissolved  representative  houses  repeatedly,  for  opposing, 
with  manly  firmness,  his  invasions  on  the  rights  of  the  people. 

He  has  refused,  for  a  long  time  after  such  dissolutions,  to  cause 
others  to  be  elected ;  whereby  the  legislative  powers,  incapable  of 
annihilation,  have  returned  to  the  people  at  large  for  their  exer- 
cise ;  the  state  remaining,  in  the  mean  time,  exposed  to  all  the 
danger  of  invasion  from  without,  and  convulsions  within. 

He  has  endeavored  to  prevent  the  population  of  these  states ; 
for  that  purpose,  obstructing  the  laws  for  naturalization  of  foreign- 


AMERICAN    CITIZEN  S    TREASURE    HOUSE.  It? 

ers ;  refusing  to  pass  others  to  encourage  their  migration  hither,, 
and  raising  the  conditions  of  new  appropriations  of  lands. 

He  has  obstructed  the  administration  of  justice,  by  refusing  his 
assent  to  laws  for  establishing  judiciary  powers. 

He  has  made  judges  dependent  on  his  will  alone,  for  the  tenure: 
of  their  offices,  and  the  amount  and  payment  of  their  salaries. 

He  has  erected  a  multitude  of  new  offices,  and  sent  hither 
swarms  of  officers  to  harrass  our  people,  and  eat  out  their  sub- 
stance. 

He  has  kept  among  us,  in  times  of  peace,  standing  armies,  with- 
out the  consent  of  our  legislature. 

He  has  affected  to  render  the  military  independent  of  and  supe- 
rior to  the  civil  power. 

He  has  combined  with  others  to  subject  us  to  a  jurisdiction 
foreign  to  our  constitution,  and  unacknowledged  by  our  laws ;. 
giving  his  assent  to  their  acts  of.  pretended  legislation  : 

For  quartering  large  bodies  of  armed  troops  among  us ; 

For  protecting  them,  by  a  mock  trial,  from  punishment,  for  any 
murders  which  they  should  commit  on  the  inhabitants  of  these, 
states ; 

For  cutting  off  our  trade  with  all  parts  of  the  world ; 

For  imposing  taxes  on  us  without  our  consent ; 

For  depriving  us,  in  many  cases,  of  the  benefits  of  trial  by  jury ; 

For  transporting  us  beyond  seas  to  be  tried  for  pretended 
offences ; 

For  abolishing  the  free  system  of  English  laws  in  a  neighboring 
province,  establishing  therein  an  arbitrary  government,  and  enlarg- 
ing its  boundaries,  so  as  to  render  it  at  once  an  example  and  fit 
instrument  for  introducing  the  same  absolute  rule  into  these  col- 
onies ; 

For  taking  away  our  chartfrs,  abolishing  our  most  valuable- 
laws,  and  altering,  fundamentally,  the  powers  of  our  governments;; 

For  suspending  our  own  legislatures,  and  declaring  themselves, 
invested  with  power  to  legislate  for  us  in  all  cases  whatsoever. 

He  has  abdicated  government  here,  by  declaring  us  out  of  his. 
protection,  and  waging  war  against  us. 

He  has  plundered  our  seas,  ravaged  our  coasts,  burnt  our  towns,, 
and  destroyed  the  lives  of  our  people. 

He  is,  at  this  time,  transporting  large  armies  of  foreign  merce- 


20  MASTER    SPIRITS    OF    THE    WORLD,  AND 

naries  to  complete  the  works  of  death,  desolation,  and  tyranny, 
already  begun,  with  circumstances  of  cruelty  and  perfidy  scarcely 
paralleled  in  the  most  barbarous  ages,  and  totally  unworthy  the 
head  of  a  civilized  nation 

He  has  constrained  our  fellow-citizens,  taken  captive  on  the 
high  seas,  to  bear  arms  against  their  country,  to  become  the  exe- 
cutioners of  their  friends  and  brethren,  or  to  fall  themselves  by 
their  hands. 

He  has  excited  domestic  insurrections  amongst  us,  and  has 
endeavored  to  bring  on  the  inhabitants  of  our  frontiers,  the  mer- 
ciless Indian  savages,  whose  known  rule  of  warfare  is  an  undis- 
tinguished destruction  of  all  ages,  sexes  and  conditions. 

In  every  stage  of  these  oppressions  we  have  petitioned  for 
redress,  in  the  most  humble  terms;  our  repeated  petitions  have 
"been  answered  only  by  repeated  injury.  A  prince,  whose  charac- 
ter is  thus  marked  by  every  act  which  may  define  a  tyrant,  is  unfit 
to  be  the  ruler  of  a  free  people. 

Nor  have  we  been  wanting  in  attention  to  our  British  brethren. 
We  have  warned  them,  from  time  to  time,  of  attempts  made  by 
their  legislature  to  extend  an  unwarrantable  jurisdiction  over  us. 
We  have  reminded  them  of  the  circumstances  of  our  emigration 
.and  settlement  here.  We  have  appealed  to  their  native  justice 
and  magnanimity,  and  we  have  conjured  them,  by  the  ties  of  our 
common  kindred,  to  disavow  these  usurpations,  which  would  inev- 
itably interrupt  our  connections  and  correspondence.  They,  too, 
have  been  deaf  to  the  voice  of  justice  and  consanguinity.  We 
must  therefore,  acquiesce  in  the  necessity,  which  denounces  our 
separation,  and  hold  them,  as  we  hold  the  rest  of  mankind,  ene- 
mies in  war — in  peace,  friends. 

We,  therefore,  the  representatives  of  the  UNITED  STATES 
OF  AMERICA,  in  GENERAL  (X)NGRESS  assembled,  appeal- 
ing to  the  Supreme  Judge  of  the  World  for  the  rectitude  of  our 
intentions,  do,  in  the  name  and  by  the  authority  of  the  good 
people  of  these  colonies,  solemnly  publish  and  declare,  That  these 
United  Colonies  are,  and  of  right  ought  to  be,  FREE  AND  INDE- 
PENDENT STATES;  that  .they  are  absolved  from  all  allegiance  to 
the  British  crown,  and  that  all  political  connection  between  them 
and  the  State  of  Great  Britain  is,  and  ought  to  be,  totally  dis- 
solved ;  and  that,  as  FREE  AND  INDEPENDENT  STA  TES, 


AMERICAN    CITIZEN  S    TREASURE    HOUSE 


21 


they  have  full  power  to  levy  war,  conclude  peace,  contract  alli- 
ances, establish  commerce,  and  to  do  all  other  acts  and  things 
which  INDEPENDENT  STATES  may  of  right  do.  And,  for 
the  support  of  this  Declaration,  with  a  firm  reliance  on  the  pro- 
tection of  DIVINE  PROVIDENCE,  we  mutually  pledge  to  each 
other,  our  lives,  our  fortunes,  and  our  sacred  honor. 

The  foregoing  Declaration  was,  by  order  of  Congress,  engrossed, 
and  signed  by  the  following  members  : 

JOHN  HANCOCK. 


New  Hampshire. 

JCSIAH  BARTLETT, 
WILLIAM  WHIPPLE, 
MATTHEW  THORNTON 

Rhode  Island. 

STEPHEN  HOPKINS, 
WILLIAM  ELLERY. 

Connecticut. 
ROGER  SHERMAN, 
SAMUEL  HUNTINGTON, 
WILLIAM  WILLIAMS, 
OLIVER  WOLCOTT. 

New   York. 
WILLIAM  FLOYD, 
PHILIP  LIVINGSTON, 
FRANCIS  LEWIS, 
LEWIS  MORRIS. 

New  Jersey. 

RICHARD  STOCKTON, 
JOHN  WITHERSPOON, 
FRANCIS  HOPKINSON, 
JOHN  HART, 
ABRAHAM  CLARK. 

Pennsylvania. 

ROBERT  MORRIS, 
BENJAMIN  RUSH, 
BENJAMIN  FRANKLIN, 
JOHN  MORTON, 
GEORGE  CLYMER, 
JAMES  SMITH, 
GEORGE  TAYLOR, 
JAMES  WILSON, 
GEORGE  Ross, 


Massachusetts  Bay. 

SAMUEL  ADAMS, 
JOHN  ADAMS, 
ROBERT  TREAT  PAINE, 
ELBRIDGE  GERRY, 

Delaware, 
OESAR  RODNEY, 
GEORGE  READ, 
THOMAS  M'KEAN. 

Maryland. 
SAMUEL  CHASE, 
WILLIAM  PACA, 
THOMAS  STONE, 
CHARLES  CARROLL,  of  Carrollton. 

Virginia. 
GEORGE  WYTHE, 
RICHARD  HENRY  LEE, 
THOMAS  JEFFERSON, 
BENJAMIN  HARRISON, 
THOMAS  NELSON,  Jun. 
FRANCIS  LIGHTFOOT  LEE 
CARTER  BRAXTON, 

North  Carolina. 
WILLIAM  HOOPER, 
JOSEPH  HEWES, 
JOHN  PENN. 

South  Carolina. 
EDWARD  RUTLEDGE, 
THOMAS  HEY  WARD,  Jun. 
THOMAS  LYNCH,  Jun. 
ARTHUR  MIDDLETON. 

Georgia. 

BUTTON  GWINNETT, 
LYMAN  HALL. 
GEORGE  WALTON. 


MASTER    SPIRITS    OF    THE    WORLD,  AND 


CONSTITUTION  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


tne  Pe°ple  of  the  United  States,  in  order  to  form  a 
more  Perfect  union,  establish  justice,  insure  domestic 
tranquility,  provide  for  the  common  defence,  promote 
the  general  welfare,  and  secure  the  blessings  of  liberty 
to  ourselves  and  our  posterity,  do  ordain  and  establish  this  Con- 
stitution for  the  United  States  of  America. 

ARTICLE  I. 

SECTION    I. 

All  legislative  powers  herein  granted  shall  be  vested  in  a  Con- 
gress of  the  United  States,  which  shall  consist  of  a  Senate  and 
House  of  Representatives. 

SECTION    II. 

1.  The  House  of  Representatives  shall  be  composed  of  mem- 
bers chosen  every  year  by  the  people  of  the  several  States,  and 
the  electors  in  each  State  shall  have  the  qualifications  requisite 
for  electors  of  the  most  numerous  branch  of  the  State  Legislature. 

2.  No   person    shall  be   a  representative   who  shall   not  have 
attained  to  the  age  of  twenty-five  years,  and  been  seven  years  a 
citizen  of  the  United  States,  and  who  shall  not,  when  elected,  be 
an  inhabitant  of  the  State  in  which  he  shall  be  chosen. 

3.  Representatives  and  direct  taxes  shall  be  apportioned  among 
the  several  States  which  may  be  included  within  this  Union,  ac- 
cording to  their  respective  numbers,  which  shall  be  determined  by 
adding   to  the  whole  number  of  free  persons,  including  those 
bound  to  service  for  a  term  of  years,  and  excluding  Indians  not 
taxed,  three-fifths  of  all  other  persons.     The  actual  enumeration 
shall  be  made  within  three  years  after  the  first  meeting  of  the 
Congress  of  the  United  States,  and  within  every  subsequent  term 
of  ten  years,  in  such  manner  as  they  shall  by  law  direct.     The 


AMERICAN    CITIZEN  S    TREASURE    HOUSE.  25 

number  of  representatives  shall  not  exceed  one  for  every  thirty 
thousand,  but  each  State  shall  have  at  least  one  representative ;  and 
until  such  enumeration  shall  be  made,  the  State  of  New  Hamp- 
shire shall  be  entitled  to  choose  three,  Massachusetts  eight,  Rhode 
Island  and  Providence  Plantations  onex  Connecticut  five,  New 
York  six,  New  Jersey  four,  Pennsylvania  eight,  Delaware  one, 
Maryland  six,  Virginia  ten,  North  Carolina  five,  South  Carolina 
five,  and  Georgia  three. 

4.  When  vacancies   happen    in  the   representation    from    any 
State  the  executive  authority  thereof  shall  issue  writs  of  election 
to  fill  such  vacancies. 

5.  The  House  of  Representatives  shall  choose  their  Speaker  and 
other  officers,  and  shall  have  the  sole  power  of  impeachment. 

SECTION    III. 

1.  The  Senate  of  the  United  States  shall  be  composed  of  two 
Senators  from  each  State,  chosen  by  the  Legislature  thereof,  for 
six  years,  and  each  Senator  shall  have  one  vote. 

2.  Immediately  after, they  shall  be  assembled  in  consequence  of 
the  first  election,  they  shall  be  divided  as  equally  as  may  be  into 
three  classes.     The  seats  of  the  Senators  of  the  first  class  shall 
be  vacated  at  the  expiration  of  the  second  year,  of  the  second 
class  at  the  expiration  of   the  fourth  year,  and   the   third  class 
at    the  expiration  of  the   sixth   year,   so  that  one-third  may  be 
chosen  every  second  year;  and  if  vacancies  happen  by  resignation 
or  otherwise,  during  the  recess  of  the  Legislature  of  any  State, 
the  executive  thereof  shall  make  temporary  appointments  until 
the  next  meeting  of  the   Legislature,  which   shall  then  fill  such 
vacancies. 

3.  No  person  shall  be  a  Senator  who  shall  not  have  attained  to 
the  age  of  thirty  years,  and  been  nine  years  a  citizen  of  the  United 
States,  and  who  shall  not,  when  elected,  be  an  inhabitant  of  that 
State  for  which  he  shall  be  chosen. 

4.  The  Vice  President  of  the  United  States  shall  be  'President 
of  the   Senate,  but  shall  have   no  vote   unless   they  be  equally 
divided. 

5.  The    Senate  shall    choose    their    other  officers,  and  also  a 
President  pro  tempore  in  the  absence  of  the  Vice-President,  or 
when  he  snail  exercise  the  office  of  President  of  the  United  States. 


26  MASTER    SPIRITS   OF    THE    WORLD,  AND 

6.  The  Senate  shall  have  the  sole  power  to  try  all  impeachments. 
When  sitting  for  that  purpose,  they  shall  be  on  oath  or  affirmation. 
When   the  President  of   the  United   States  is    tried,   the   Chiei 
Justice  shall  preside :  and  no  person  shall  be  convicted  without 
the  concurrence  of  two-thirds  of  the  members  present. 

7.  Judgment  in  cases  of  impeachment  shall  not  extend  further 
than  to  removal  from  office  and  disqualification  to  hold  and  enjoy 
any  office  of  honor,  trust  or  profit  under  the  United  States ;  but 
the  party  convicted  shall  nevertheless  be  liable  and  subject  to 
indictment,  trial,  judgment  and  punishment,  according  to  law. 

SECTION    IV. 

i  The  times,  places  and  manner  of  holding  elections  for 
Senators  and  Representatives  shall  be  prescribed  in  each  State  by 
the  Legislature  thereof;  but  the  Congress  may  at  any  time  by 
law  make  or  alter  such  regulations,  except  as  to  the  places  or 
choosing  Senators. 

2.  The  Congress  shall  assemble  at  least  once  in  every  year,  and 
such  meeting  shall  be  on  the  first  Monday  in  December,  unless 
they  shall  by  law  appoint  a  different  day. 

SECTION  v. 

1.  Each  House  shall  be  the  judge  of  the  elections,  returns  and 
qualifications  of  its  own  members,  and  a  majority  of  each  shall 
constitute  a  quorum  to  do  business ;  but  a  smaller  number  may 
adjourn  from  day  to  day,  and  may  be  authorized  to  compel  the 
attendance  of  absent  members,  in  such  manner  and  under  such 
penalties  as  each  House  may  provide. 

2.  Each   House   may   determine  the  rules  of  its  proceedings, 
punish  its  members  for  disorderly  behavior,  and,  with  the  con- 
currence of  two-thirds,  expel  a  member. 

3.  Each  House  shall  keep  a  journal  of   its  proceedings,  and 
from  time  to  time  publish  the  same,  excepting  such  parts  as  may 
in  their  judgment  require  secresy ;  and  the  yeas  and  nays  of  the 
members  of  either  House  on  any  question  shall,  at  the  desire  of 
one-fifth  of  those  present,  be  entered  on  the  journal. 

4  Neither  House,  during  the  session  of  Congress,  shall,  without 
the  consent  of  the  other,  adjourn  for  more  than  three  days,  nor 
to  any  other  place  than  that  in  which  the  two  Houses  shall  be 
sitting. 


AMERICAN    CITIZEN'S    TREASURE    HOUSE.  27 

SECTION    IV. 

1.  The  Senators  and  Representatives  shall  receive  a  compensa- 
tion for  their  services,  to  be  ascertained  by  law,  and  paid  out  of 
the  Treasury  of  the  United  States.     They  shall  in  all  cases,  except 
treason,  felony  and  breach  of  the  peace,  be  privileged  from  arrest 
during  their  attendance  at  the  session  of  their  respective  Houses, 
and  in  going  to  or  returning  from  the  same ;   and  for  any  speech 
or  debate  in  either  House  they  shall  not  be  questioned  in  any 
other  place. 

2.  No   Senator   or  Representative    shall,    during    the  time  for 
which    he  was  elected,  be    appointed    to  any  civil    office    under 
the    authority   of   the    United .  States,   which    shall    have    been 
created,  or  the  emoluments  whereof   shall  have  been  increased 
during  such  time;  and  no  person  holding  any  office  under  the 
United  States    shall    be  a  member  of  either    House  during  his 
continuance  in  office. 

SECTION    VII. 

1.  All  bills  for  raising  revenue  shall  originate  in  the  House  of 
Representatives;    but  the  Senate  may  propose    or    concur   with 
amendments  as  on  other  bills. 

2.  Every  bill  which    shall    have  passed  the  House  of   Repre- 
sentatives   and    the    Senate,   shall,  before    it    becomes  a  law,  be 
presented  to  the  President  of  the  United  States.     If  he  approve, 
he  shall  sign  it;  but  if  not,  he  shall  return  it,  with  his  objections, 
to    that    House    in    which    it    shall    have   originated,   who    shall 
enter  the  objections  at  large  on    their   journal,   and  proceed  to 
reconsider  it.      If,  after  such  reconsideration,  two-thirds  of  that 
House    shall   agree    to    pass  the  bill,  it    shall    be  sent,   together 
with  the  objections,  to  the  other  House,  by  which  it  shall  likewise 
be  reconsidered,  and  if  approved  by  two-thirds  of  that  House,  it 
shall    become  a  law.      But  in  all    such  cases  the  votes  of  both 
Houses  shall    be  determined  by  yeas  and   nays,  and  the  names 
of  the  persons  voting  for  and  against  the  bill  shall  be  entered 
on  the  journals  of  each  House  respectively.      If  any  bill  shall 
not  be  returned  by  the  President  within  ten  days  (Sundays  ex- 
cepted)  after  it  shall  have  been  presented  to  him,  the  same  shall 
be  a  law,  in  like  manner  as  if  he  had  signed  it,  unless  the  Con- 
gress, by  their  adjournment,  prevent  its  return,  in  which  case  it 
shall  not  be  a  law. 


28  MASTER    SPIRITS    OF    THE    AGE,  AND 

3.  Every  order,  resolution,  or  vote  to  which  the  concurrence  of 
the  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives  may  be  necessary 
(except  on  a  question  of  adjournment)  shall  be  presented  ta 
the  President  of  the  United  States;  and  before  the  same  shall  take 
effect,  shall  be  approved  by  him,  or,  being  disapproved  by  him, 
shall  be  repassed  by  two-thirds  of  the  Senate  and  House  of  Rep- 
resentatives, according  to  the  rules  and  limitations  prescribed  in 
the  case  of  a  bill. 

SECTION    VIII. 

The  Congress  shall  have  power — 

1.  To  lay  and  collect  taxes,  duties,  imposts,  and   excises,  to  pay 
the  debts  and  provide  for  the  common  defence  and  general  wel- 
fare of  the  United  States;    but  all  duties,  imposts,   and  excises 
shall  be  uniform  throughout  the  United  States  ; 

2.  To  borrow  money  on  the  credit  of  the  United  States  ; 

3.  To  regulate  commerce  with  foreign  nations,  and  among  the 
several  States,  and  with  the  Indian  tribes  ; 

4.  To  establish  a  uniform  rule  of  naturalization,  and  uniform- 
laws  on  the  subject  of  bankruptcies  throughout  the  United  States* 

5.  To  coin  money,  regulate  the  value  thereof,  and  of  foreign 
coin,  and  for  the  standard  of  weights  and  measures ; 

6.  To  provide  for  the  punishment  of  counterfeiting  the  securi- 
ties and  current  coin  of  the  United  States; 

7.  To  establish  post  offices  and  post  roads; 

8.  To  promote  the  progress  of  science  and  useful  arts,  by  se- 
curing, for  limited  times,  to  authors  and  inventors  the  exclusive 
right  to  their  respective  writings  and  discoveries ; 

9.  To  constitute  tribunals  inferior  to  the  Supreme  Court ; 

10.  To  define  and  punish  piracies  and  felonies  committed  on 
the  high  seas,  and  offences  against  the  law  of  nations , 

11.  To  declare  war,  grant  letters  of  marque  and  reprisal,  and 
make  rules  concerning  captures  on  land  and  water; 

12.  To   raise    and    support    armies,   but    no  appropriations  of 
money  to  that  use  shall  be  for  a  longer  term  than  two  years ; 

13.  To  provide  and  maintain  a  navy; 

14.  To  make  rules  for  the  government  and  regulation  of  the 
land  and  naval  forces  % 

15.  To  provide  for  calling  forth  the  militia  to  execute  the  laws 
of  the  Union,  suppress  insurrections,  and  repel  invasions ; 


AMERICAN    CITIZEN'S    TREASURE    HOUSE.  2g> 

1 6.  To  provide  for    organizing,  arming,  and    disciplining  the- 
militia,  and  for  governing  such  parts  of  them  as  may  be  employed 
in  the  service  of  the   United  States,  reserving  to  the  States  re- 
spectively, the  appointment  of  the  officers,  and  the  authority  of 
training   the   militia   according   to  the   discipline  prescribed  by 
Congress ; 

17.  To  exercise  exclusive  legislation  in  all  cases  whatsoever,, 
over  such  district  (not  exceeding  ten  miles  square)    as  may,  by 
cession  of  particular  States,  and  the  acceptance  of  Congress,  be- 
come the  seat  of  the  Government  of  the  United  States,  and  to 
exercise  like  authority  over  all  places  purchased  by  the  consent 
of  the  Legislature  of  the  State  in  which  the  same  shall  be,  for  the 
erection   of    forts,    magazines,    arsenals,    dock-yards,   and    other- 
needful  buildings ;  and, 

1 8.  To  make  all  laws  which  shall  be  necessary  and  proper  for 
carrying  into  execution  the  foregoing  powers,  and  all  other  powers- 
vested  by  this  Constitution   in  the  Government  of   the  United. 
States,  or  in  any  department  or  officer  thereof. 

SECTION    IX. 

1.  The  migration  or   importation  of  such  persons  as    any  of 
the  States    now  existing  shall  think  proper  to  admit,  shall   not 
be  prohibited  by  the  Congress   prior  to  the  year  one  thousand 
eight   hundred  and    eight,  but   a   tax  or  duty  may  be  imposed. 
on  such  importation,  not  exceeding  ten  dollars  for  each  person. 

2.  The  privilege  of  the  writ  of  habeas  corpus  shall  not  be  sus- 
pended, unless  when  in  cases  of  rebellion  or  invasion  the  public 
safety  may  require  it. 

3.  No  bill  of  attainder  or  ex  post  facto  law  shall  be  passed. 

4.  No  capitation,  or  other  direct  tax  shall  be  laid,  unless  in 
proportion  to  the  census  or  enumeration  hereinbefore  directed  to- 
be  taken. 

5.  No  tax  or  duty  shall  be  laid  on  articles  exported  from  any- 
State.     No  preference  shall  be  given  by  any  regulation  of  com- 
merce or  revenue  to  the  ports  of  one  State  over  those  of  another  • 
nor  shall  vessels  bound  to  or  from  one  State  be  obliged  to  enterr. 
clear,  or  pay  duties  in  another. 

6.  No  money  shall  be  drawn  from  the  Treasury,  but  in  conse- 
quence of  appropriations  made  by  law ;  and  a  regular  statement 


3°  MASTER    SPIRITS    OF    THE    WORLD,  AND 

and  account  of  the  receipts  and  expenditures  of  all  public  money 
.shall  be  published  from  time  to  time. 

7.  No  title  of  nobility  shall  be  granted  by  the  United  States; 
and  no  person  holding  any  office  of  profit  or  trust  under  them, 
shall,  without  the  consent  of  Congress,  accept  of  any  present, 
emolument,  office,  or  title,  of  any  kind  whatever,  from  any  king, 
prince,  or  foreign  State. 

SECTION  x. 

i.  No  State  shall  enter  into  any  treaty,  alliance,  or  confedera- 
ation;  grant  letters  of  marque  and  reprisal;  coin  money;  emit 
bills  of  credit ;  make  anything  but  gold  and  silver  coin  a  tender 
in  payment  of  debts ;  pass  any  bill  of  attainder,  ex  post  facto 
law,  or  law  impairing  the  obligation  of  contracts,  or  grant  any 
.title  of  nobility. 

2  No  State  shall,  without  the  consent  of  the  Congress,  lay 
any  imposts,  or  duties  on  imports  or  exports,  except  what  may 
be  absolutely  necessary  for  executing  its  inspection  laws;  and 
the  net  produce  of  all  duties  and  imposts  laid  by  any  State  on 
imports  or  exports,  shall  be  for  the  use  of  the  Treasury  of  the 
United  States;  and  all  such  laws  shall  be  subject  to  the  revision 
and  control  of  the  Congress. 

3.  No  State  shall,  without  the  consent  of  Congress,  lay  any 
duty  on  tonnage,  keep  troops,  or  ships  of  war,  in  time  of  peace, 
enter  into  any  agreement  or  compact  with  another  State,  or  with 
a  foreign  power,  or  engage  in  war}  unless  actually  invaded,  or 
in  such  imminent  danger  as  will  not  admit  of  delay. 

ARTICLE   II. 

SECTION    I. 

1.  The  executive  power  shall  be  vested  in  a  President  of  the 
United  States  of  America.     He  shall  hold  his  office  during  the 
term  of  four  years,  and,  together  with  the  Vice-President,  chosen 
for  the  same  term,  be  elected  as  follows  : 

2.  Each  State  shall  appoint,  in  such  manner  as  the  Legislature 
thereof  may  direct,  a   number  of    electors,  equal    to  the  whole 
number  of  Senators  and  Representatives  to  which  the  State  may 
be  entitled  in  the  Congress;  but  no  Senator  or  Representative, 
or    person    holding    office    of   trust    or  profit  under  the  United 
States,  shall  be  appointed  an  elector. 


AMERICAN    CITIZEN  S    TREASURE    HOUSE.  31 

3.  (Annulled,  see  amendments,  Article  XII.) 

4.  The    Congress    may  determine    the  time  of   choosing    the 
electors,  and  the  day  on  which  they  shall  give  their  votes ;  which 
day  shall  be  the  same  throughout  the  United  States. 

5.  No  person    except  a  natural   born  citizen,  or  a  citizen  of 
the  United  States  at  the  time  of  the  adoption  of  this  Constitu- 
tion, shall  be  eligible  to  the  office  of  President ;  neither  shall  any 
person  be  eligible  to  that  office  who  shall  not  have  attained  to 
the  age  of  thirty-five  years,  and  been  fourteen  years  a  resident 
within  the  United  States. 

6.  In  case  of  the  removal  of  the  President  trom  office,  or  of  his 
death,  resignation,    or    inability    to    discharge    the    powers    and 
duties  of  the    said  office,  the  same    shall  devolve  on  the  Vice- 
President,  and  the  Congress  may  by  law  provide  for  the  case  of 
removal,  death,  resignation,  or  inability,  both  of  the    President 
and    Vice-President,  declaring    what    officer    shall    then    act    as 
President,  and  such  officer  shall  act  accordingly,  until  the  disa- 
bility be  removed,  or  a  President  shall  be  elected. 

7.  The  President  shall,  at  stated  times,  receive  for  his  services 
a  compensation,  which  shall  neither  be  increased  nor  diminished 
during  the  period  for  which  he  shall  have  been  elected,  and  he 
shall  not  receive  within  that  period  any  other  emoluments  from 
the  United  States,  or  any  of  them. 

8.  Before  he  enter  on  the  execution  of  his  office,  he  shall  take 
the  following  oath  or  affirmation  : 

"  I  do  solemnly  swear  (or  affirm)  that  I  will  faithfully  execute 
"the  office  of  President  of  the  United  States,  and  will  to  the  best 
of  my  ability,  preserve,  protect  and  defend  the  Constitution  of  the 
United  States." 

SECTION   II. 

i.  The  President  shall  be  Commander-in-Chief  of  the  army 
and  navy  of  the  United  States,  and  of  the  militia  of  the  several 
States  when  called  into  the  actual  service  of  the  United  States ; 
he  may  require  the  opinion,  in  writing,  of  the  principal  officer 
in  each  of  the  executive  departments,  upon  any  subject  relat- 
ing to  the  duties  of  their  respective  offices,  and  he  shall  have 
power  to  grant  reprieves  and  pardons  for  offences  against  the 
United  States,  except  in  cases  of  impeachment. 


32  MASTER    SPIRITS   OF    THE    WORLD,  AND 

2.  He  shall  have  power,  by  and  with  the  advice  and  consent  of 
the  Senate,  to  make  treaties,  provided  two-thirds  of  the  Senators 
present  concur;  and  he  shall  nominate,  and  by  and  with  the 
advice  and  consent  of  the  Senate,  shall  appoint  ambassadors,  other 
public  ministers  and  consuls,  judges  of  the  Supreme  Court,  and 
all  other  officers  of  the  United  States,  whose  appointments  are 
not  herein  otherwise  provided  for,  and  which  shall  be  established 
by  law ;  but  the  Congress  may,  by  law,  vest  the  appointment  of 
such  inferior  officers  as  they  may  think  proper  in  the  President 
alone,  in  the  courts  of  law,  or  in  the  heads  of  departments. 

The  President  shall  have  power  to  fill  up  all  vacancies  that  may 
happen  during  the  recess  of  the  Senate,  by  granting  Commissions 
which  shall  expire  at  the  end  of  their  next  session. 

SECTION    III. 

He  shall  from  time  to  time  give  to  the  Congress  information 
of  the  state  of  the  Union,  and  recommend  to  their  consider- 
ation such  measures  as  he  shall  judge  necessary  and  expedient ; 
he  may,  on  extraordinary  occasions,  convene  both  Houses  or 
either  of  them,  and  in  case  of  disagreement  between  them, 
with  respect  to  the  time  of  adjournment,  he  may  adjourn  them  to 
such  time  as  he  shall  think  proper;  he  shall  receive  ambassadors 
and  other  public  ministers  ;  he  shall  take  care  that  the  laws  be 
faithfully  executed,  and  shall  commission  all  the  officers  of  the 
United  States. 

SECTION    IV. 

The  President,  Vice-President,  and  all  civil  officers  of  the  United 
States  shall  be  removed  from  office  on  impeachment  for,  and 
conviction  of  treason,  bribery,  or  other  high  crimes  and  misde- 
meanors. 

ARTICLE  III. 

SECTION    I. 

The  judicial  power  of  the  United  States  shall  be  vested  in 
one  Supreme  Court,  and  in  such  inferior  Courts  as  the  Con- 
gress may  from  time  to  time  ordain  and  establish.  The  Judges, 
both  of  the  Supreme  and  Inferior  Courts,  shall  hold  their  offices 
during  good  behavior,  and  shall,  at  stated  times,  receive  for  their 
services  a  compensation,  which  shall  not  be  diminished  during 
their  continuance  in  office. 


TO.Mi:  OF  COLUMBUS— CATHEDRAL  OF  SEVILLE. 


AMERICAN    CITIZEN  S    TREASURE    HOUSE.  35 

SECTION     II. 

1.  The  judicial  power  shall  extend  to  all  cases  in  law  and  equity 
arising  under  this  Constitution,  the  laws  of  the  United  States,  and 
treaties  made,  or  which  shall  be  made,    under  their   authority; 
to  all    cases    affecting   ambassadors,  other  public   ministers  and 
consuls ;  all  cases  of  admiralty  and  maritime  jurisdiction  ;  to  con- 
troversies  to   which   the    United    States   shall   be   a   party ;    to 
controversies  between  two  or  more  States ;   between  a  State  and 
citizens   of  another  State;  between   citizens  of  different  States; 
between  citizens  of  the  same  State  claiming  lands  under  grants  of 
different  States,  and  between  a  State,  or  the  citizens  thereof  and 
foreign  States,  citizens,  or  subjects. 

2.  In  all  cases  affecting  ambassadors,  other  public  ministers  and 
consuls,  and  those  in  which  a  State  shall  be  a  party,  the  Supreme 
Court  shall  have  original  jurisdiction.     In  all  the  other  cases  before 
mentioned,  the  Supreme  Court  shall  have  appellate  jurisdiction,, 
both  as  to  law  and  fact,  with  such  exceptions,  and  under  such 
regulations  as  the  Congress  shall  make. 

3.  The  trial  of  all  crimes,  except  in  cases  of  impeachment,  shall 
be  by  jury ;  and  such  trial  shall  be  held  in  the  State  where  the 
said  crimes  shall  have  been  committed ;  but  when  not  committed 
within  any  State,  the  trial  shall  be  at  such  place  or  places  as  the 
Congress  may  by  law  have  directed. 

SECTION    III. 

1.  Treason  against  the  United  States  shall  consist  only  in  levy- 
ing war  against  them,  or  in  adhering  to  their  enemies,  giving  them 
aid  and  comfort.     No  person  shall  be  convicted  of  treason  unless 
on  the  testimony  of  two  witnesses  to  the  same  overt  act,  or  on  con- 
fession in  open  court. 

2.  The  Congress  shall  have  power  to  declare  the  punishment  of 
treason,  but  no  attainder  of  treason  shall  work  corruption  of  blood 
or  forfeiture,  except  during  the  life  of  the  person  attainted. 

ARTICLE  IV. 

SECTION  I. 

Full  faith  and  credit  shall  be  given  in  each  State  to  the  public 
acts,  records,  and  judicial  proceedings  of  every  other  State.  And 
the  Congress  may,  by  general  laws,  prescribe  the  manner  in  which 


36  MASTER    SPIRITS    OF    THE    WORLD,  AND 

such  acts,  records  and  proceedings  shall  be  proved,  and  the  effect 
thereof. 

SECTION    II. 

1.  The  citizens  of  each  State  shall  be  entitled  to  all  privileges 
and  immunities  of  citizens  in  the  several  States. 

2.  A  person  charged  in  any  State  with  treason,  felony,  or  other 
crime,  who  shall  flee  from  justice,  and  be  found  in  another  State, 
shall,  on  demand   of  the  executive  authority   of  the  State  from 
which  he  fled,  be  delivered  up,  to  be  removed  to  the  State  having 
jurisdiction  of  the  crime. 

No  person  held  to  service  or  labor  in  one  State  under  the  laws 
thereof,  escaping  into  another,  shall,  in  consequence  of  any  law 
or  regulation  therein,  be  discharged  from  such  service  or  labor, 
but  shall  be  delivered  up  on  claim  of  the  party  to  whom  such  serv- 
ice or  labor  may  be  due. 

SECTION    III. 

1.  New  States  may  be  admitted  by  Congress  into  this  Union; 
but  no  new  State  shall  be  formed  or  erected  within  the  jurisdic- 
tion of  any  other  State ;  nor  any  State  be  formed  by  the  junction 
of  two  or  more  States,  or  parts  of  States,  without  the  consent  of 
the  Legislatures  of  the  States  concerned  as  well  as  of  the  Con- 
gress. 

2.  The  Congress  shall  have  power  to  dispose  of  and  make  all 
needful   rules   and  regulations    respecting  the  territory  or  other 
property  belonging  to  the  United  States  ;  and    nothing  in  this 
•Constitution  shall  be  so  construed  as  to  prejudice  any  claims  of 
ihe  United  States,  or  of  any  particular  State. 

SECTION    IV. 

The  United  States  shall  guarantee  to  every  State  in  this  Union 
a  Republican  form  of  Government,  and  shall  protect  each  of  them 
against  invasion;  and  on  application  of  the  Legislature  or  of  the 
Executive  (when  the  Legislature  cannot  be  convened),  against 
domestic  violence. 

ARTICLE  V. 

The  Congress,  whenever  twd-thirds  of  both  Houses  shall  deem 
it  necessary,  shall  propose  amendments  to  this  Constitution,  or  on 
the  application  of  the  Legislatures  of  two-thirds  of  the  several 


AMERICAN    CITIZEN  S   TREASURE    HOUSE.  37 

States,  shall  call  a  Convention  for  proposing  amendments,  which, 
in  either  case,  shall  be  valid  to  all  intents  and  purposes,  as  part 
of  this  Constitution,  when  ratified  by  the  Legislatures  of  three- 
fourths  of  the  several  States,  or  by  Conventions  in  three-fourths 
thereof,  as  the  one  or  the  other  mode  of  ratification  may  be  pro- 
posed by  the  Congress ;  provided  that  no  amendment  which  may 
be  made  prior  to  the  year  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and  eight 
shall  in  any  manner  affect  the  first  and  fourth  clauses  in  the  ninth 
section  of  the  first  article ;  and  that  no  State,  without  its  consent, 
shall  be  deprived  of  its  equal  suffrage  in  the  Senate. 

ARTICLE  VI. 

1.  All  debts  contracted,  and  engagements  entered  into,  before 
the  adoption  of  this  Constitution,  shall  be  as  valid  against  the 
United  States  under  this  Constitution,  as  under  the  confederation. 

2.  This  Constitution,  and  the  laws  of  the  United  States  which 
shall  be  made  in  pursuance  thereof;  and  all  treaties  made,  or 
which  shall  be  made,  under  the  authority  of  the  United  States, 
shall  be  the  supreme  law  of  the  land ;  and  the  Judges  in  every 
State  shall  be  bound  thereby,  anything  in  the  Constitution  or  laws 
of  any  State  to  the  contrary  notwithstanding. 

3.  The  Senators  and  Representatives  before  mentioned,  and  the 
members  of  the  several  State  Legislatures,  and  all  executive  and 
judicial  officers,  both  of  the   United  States   and  of  the   several 
States,  shall  be  bound  by  oath  or  affirmation  to  support  this  Con- 
stitution ;  but  no  religious  test  shall  ever  be  required  as  a  qualifi- 
cation to  any  office  or  public  trust  under  the  United  States. 

ARTICLE  VII. 

The  ratification  of  the  Conventions  of  nine  States,  shall  be  suffi- 
cient for  the  establishment  of  this  Constitution  between  States  so 
ratifying  the  same. 


461517 


38  MASTER    SPIRITS    OF    THE    WORLD,  AND 

AMENDMENTS  TO  THE  CONSTITUTION. 


ARTICLE  I. 

Congress  shall  make  no  law  respecting  an  establishment  of  relig- 
ion, or  prohibiting  the  free  exercise  thereof;  or  abridging  the 
freedom  of  speech  or  of  the  press;  or  the  right  of  the  people 
peaceably  to  assemble  and  to  petition  the  Government  for  a  redress 
of  grievances. 

ARTICLE  II. 

A  well-regulated  militia  being  necessary  to  the  security  of  a 
free  State,  the  right  of  the  people  to  keep  and  bear  arms  shall  not 
be  infringed. 

ARTICLE  III. 

No  soldier  shall,  in  time  of  peace,  be  quartered  in  any  house 
without  the  consent  of  the  owner ;  nor  in  time  of  war,  but  in  a 
manner  to  be  prescribed  by  law. 

ARTICLE  IV. 

The  right  of  the  people  to  be  secure  in  their  persons,  houses, 
papers,  and  effects,  against  unreasonable  searches  and  seizures, 
shall  not  be  violated  ;  and  no  warrants  shall  issue,  but  upon  prob- 
able cause,  supported  by  oath  or  affirmation,  and  particularly 
describing  the  place  to  be  searched,  and  the  persons  or  things  to 

be  seized. 

ARTICLE  V. 

No  person  shall  be  held  to  answer  for  a  capital  or  otherwise 
infamous  crime,  unless  on  a  presentment  or  indictment  of  a  Grand 
Jury,  except  in  cases  arising  in  the  land  or  naval  forces,  or  in  the 
militia,  when  in  actual  service  in  time  of  war  or  public  danger ; 
nor  shall  any  person  be  subject  for  the  same  offence  to  be  twice 
put  in  jeopardy  of  life  or  limb ;  nor  shall  he  be  compelled  in  any 
criminal  case  to  be  a  witness  against  himself,  nor  be  deprived  of 
life,  liberty,  or  property,  without  due  process  of  law ;  nor  shall 
private  property  be  taken  for  public  use,  without  just  compensation. 

ARTICLE  VI. 

In  all  criminal  prosecutions,  the  accused  shall  enjoy  the  right 
to  a  speedy  and  public  trial,  by  an  impartial  jury  of  the  State  and 


WHITE  HOUSE  AT  WASHINGTON. 


PATENT  OFFICE,  WASHINGTON. 


AMERICAN    CITIZEN'S    TREASURE    HOUSE.  39 

district  wherein  the  crime  shall  have  been  committed,  which  dis- 
trict shall  have  been  previously  ascertained  by  law,  and  to  be 
informed  of  the  nature  and  cause  of  the  accusation ;  to  be  con- 
fronted with  the  witnesses  against  him ;  to  have  compulsory  pro- 
cess for  obtaining  witnesses  in  his  favor ;  and  to  have  the  assistance 
of  counsel  for  his  defence. 

ARTICLE  VII. 

In  suits  at  common  law,  where  the  value  m  controversy  shall 
exceed  twenty  dollars,  the  right  of  trial  by  jury  shall  be  preserved, 
and  no  fact  tried  by  a  jury,  shall  be  otherwise  re-examined  in  any 
court  of  the  United  States,  than  according  to  the  rules  of  the  com- 
mon law. 

ARTICLE  VIII. 

Excessive  bail  shall  not  be  required,  nor  excessive  fines  imposed,, 
nor  cruel  and  unusual  punishments  inflicted. 

ARTICLE  IX. 

The  enumeration,  in  the  Constitution,  of  certain  rights  shall 
not  be  construed  to  deny  or  disparage  others  retained  by  the 
people. 

ARTICLE  X. 

The  powers  not  delegated  to  the  United  States  by  the  Consti- 
tution, nor  prohibited  by  it  to  the  States,  are  reserved  to  the  States 
respectively,  or  to  the  people. 

ARTICLE  XI. 

The  judicial  power  of  the  United  States  shall  not  be  construed 
to  extend  to  any  suit  in  law  or  equity,  commenced  or  prosecuted 
against  one  of  the  United  States  by  citizens  of  another  State,  or 
by  citizens  or  subjects  of  any  foreign  State. 

ARTICLE  XII. 

SECTION    I. 

The  electors  shall  meet  in  their  respective  States,  and  vote 
by  ballot  for  President  and  Vice-President,  one  of  whom  at  least 
shall  not  be  an  inhabitant  of  the  same  State  with  themselves. 
They  shall  name  in  their  ballots  the  person  voted  for  as  President, 


40  MASTER    SPIRITS    OF    THE    WORLD,  AND 

;and  in  distinct  ballots  the  person  voted  for  as  Vice-President,  and 
they  shall  make  distinct  lists  of  all  persons  voted  for  as  President, 
and  of  all  persons  voted  for  as  Vice-President,  and  of  the  number 
of  votes  for  each,  which  lists  they  shall  sign  and  certify,  and 
transmit  sealed  to  the  seat  of  the  government  of  the  United  States, 
directed  to  the  President  of  the  Senate.  The  President  of  the 
Senate  shall,  in  the  presence  of  the  Senate  and  House  of  Repre- 
sentatives, open  all  the  certificates,  and  the  votes  shall  then  be 
counted.  The  person  having  the  greatest  number  of  votes  for 
President,  shall  be  the  President,  if  such  number  be  a  majority  of 
the  whole  number  of  Electors  appointed  ;  and  if  no  persons  have 
such  majority,  then  from  the  persons  having  the  highest  numbers, 
not  exceeding  three  on  the  list  of  those  voted  for  as  President, 
the  House  of  Representatives  shall  choose  immediately  by  ballot, 
the  President.  But  in  choosing  the  President,  the  vote  shall  be 
taken  by  States,  the  representation  from  each  State  having  one 
vote.  A  quorum  for  this  purpose  shall  consist  of  a  member  or 
members  from  two-thirds  of  the  States,  and  a  majority  of  all  the 
States  shall  be  necessary  to  a  choice.  And  if  the  House  of  Rep- 
resentatives shall  not  choose  a  President  whenever  the  right  of 
choice  shall  devolve  upon  them,  before  the  fourth  day  of  March 
next  following,  then  the  Vice-President  shall  act  as  President,  as 
in  the  case  of  the  death  or  other  constitutional  disability  of  the 
President. 

SECTION  n. 

The  person  having  the  greatest  number  of  votes  as  Vice- 
President,  shall  be  the  Vice-President,  if  such  number  be  a  ma- 
jority of  the  whole  number  of  electors  appointed ;  and  if  no  person 
have  a  majority,  then  from  the  two  highest  numbers  on  the  list, 
the  Senate  shall  choose  the  Vice-President.  A  quorum  for 
the  purpose  shall  consist  of  two-thirds  of  the  whole  number  of 
Senators,  and  a  majority  of  the  whole  number  shall  be  necessary 
to  a  choice. 

SECTION    III. 

But  no  person  constitutionally  ineligible  to  the  office  of  Presi- 
dent, shall  be  eligible  to  that  of  Vice-President  of  the  United 
.States. 


GENEEAL  POST  OFFICE  AT  WASHINGTON. 


TREASURY  BUILDING,  WASHINGTON. 


AMERICAN    CITIZEN  S   TREASURE    HOUSE.  41 

ARTICLE  XIII. 

SECTION    I. 

Neither  slavery  nor  involuntary  servitude,  except  as  a  punish- 
ment for  crime,  whereof  the  party  shall  have  been  duly  convicted, 
shall  exist  within  the  United  States  or  any  place  subject  to  their 
jurisdiction. 

SECTION   II. 

Congress  shall  have  power  to  enforce  this  Article  by  appro- 
priate Legislation. 

ARTICLE  XIV. 

SECTION    I. 

All  persons  born  or  naturalized  in  the  United  States,  and  sub- 
ject to  the  jurisdiction  thereof,  are  citizens  of  the  United  States 
and  of  the  State  wherein  they  reside.  No  State  shall  make  or 
enforce  any  law  which  shall  abridge  the  privileges  or  immunities 
of  citizens  of  the  United  States.  Nor  shall  any  State  deprive  any 
person  of  life,  liberty  or  property,  without  due  process  of  law,  nor 
deny  to  any  person  within  its  jurisdiction  the  equal  protection  of 
the  laws. 

SECTION    II. 

Representatives  shall  be  apportioned  among  the  several  States 
according  to  their  respective  numbers,  counting  the  whole  number 
of  persons  in  each  State,  excluding  Indians  not  taxed.  But 
whenever  the  right  to  vote  at  any  election  for  electors  of  Presi- 
dent and  Vice-President,  or  for  United  States  Representatives  in 
Congress,  executive  and  judicial  officers,  or  the  members  of  the 
Legislatures  thereof,  is  denied  to  any  of  the  male  inhabitants  of 
such  State,  being  twenty-one  years  of  age,  and  citizens  of  the 
United  States,  or  in  any  way  abridged,  except  for  participation  in 
rebellion  or  other  crime,  the  basis  of  representation  therein  shall 
be  reduced  in  the  proportion  which  the  number  of  male  citizens 
shall  bear  to  the  whole  number  of  male  citizens  twenty-one  years 
of  age  in  such  State. 

SECTION    III. 

No  person  shall  be  a  Senator  or  Representative  in  Congress, 
elector  of  President  and  Vice-President,  or  hold  any  office,  civil 
or  military,  under  the  United  States  or  under  any  State,  who, 
having  previously  taken  an  oath  as  a  member  of  Congress,  or  as 


42  MASTER    SPIRITS    OF    THE    WORLD,  AND 

an  officer  of  the  United  States,  or  as  a  member  of  any  State 
Legislature,  or  as  an  executive  or  judicial  officer  of  any  State,  to- 
support  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States,  shall  have  engaged 
in  insurrection  or  rebellion  against  the  same,  or  given  aid  or  com- 
fort to  the  enemies  thereof,  but  Congress  may,  by  a  vote  of  two- 
thirds  of  each  House  remove  such  disability. 

SECTION    IV. 

The  validity  of  the  public  debt  of  the  United  States,  authorized 
by  law,  including  debts  incurred  for  the  payment  of  pensions  and 
bounties  for  services  in  suppressing  insurrection  or  rebellion,, 
shall  not  be  questioned ;  but  neither  the  United  States  nor  any 
State  shall  assume  or  pay  any  debt  or  obligation  incurred  in  aid 
of  insurrection  or  rebellion  against  the  United  States,  or  any 
claim  for  the  loss  or  emancipation  of  any  slave  ;  but  all  such  debts,, 
obligations  and  claims,  shall  be  held  illegal  and  void. 

ARTICLE  XV. 

SECTION    I. 

The  rights  of  citizens  of  the  United  States  to  vote  shall  not  be 
denied  or  abridged  by  the  United  States  or  by  any  State  on 
account  of  race,  color,  or  previous  condition  of  servitude. 

SECTION    II. 

The  Congress  shall  have  power  to  enforce  this  article  by  appro- 
priate legislation. 


AMERICAN   CITIZEN  S   TREASURE    HOUSE. 


45 


GREAT  SEAL  OF  THE    UNITED    STATES. 


fTS  HISTORY  is  one  of  peculiar  interest,  and  therefore  we 
feel  warranted  in  giving  more  details  of  its  design  and  history 
than  can  be  allotted  to  the  Seals  of  the  several  States. 
Soon  after  the  Declaration  of  Independence,  Benjamin  Franklin, 
John  Adams,  and  Thomas  Jefferson  were  appointed  a  committee 
to  prepare  a  great  seal  for  the  infant  republic ;  and  they  employed 
a  French  West  Indian,  named  Du  Simitiere,  not  only  to  furnish 
di  signs,  but  also  to  sketch  such  devices  as  were  suggested  by 
themselves.  In  one  of  his  designs,  the  artist  displayed  on  a  shield 
the  armorial  ensigns  of  the  several  nations  from  whence  America 
had  been  peopled — embracing  those  of  England,  Scotland,  Ireland, 
France,  Germany,  and  Holland.  On  one  side  was  placed  Liberty 
with  her  cap,  and  on  the  other  was  a  rifleman  in  uniform,  with 
his  rifle  in  one  hand  and  a  tomahawk  in  the  other — the  dress 
and  weapons  being  peculiar  to  America. 

Franklin  proposed,  for  the  device,  Moses  lifting  his  wand,  and 
dividing  the  Red  Sea,  and  Pharaoh  and  his  hosts  overwhelmed 
with  the  waters.  For  a  motto,  the  words  of  Cromwell,  "  Rebellion 
to  tyrants  is  obedience  to  God." 

Adams  proposed  the  Choice  of  Hercules ;  the  hero  resting  on  a 
club,  Virtue  pointing  to  her  rugged  mountain  on  one  hand,  and 


46  MASTER    SPIRITS    OF    THE    WORLD,  AND 

persuading  him  to  ascend;  and  Sloth,  glancing  at  her  flowery 
paths  of  pleasure,  wantonly  reclining  on  the  ground,  displaying 
the  charms,  both  of  her  eloquence  and  person,  to  seduce  him  into 
vice. 

Jefferson  proposed  the  Children  of  Israel  in  the  Wilderness,  led 
by  a  cloud  by  day  and  a  pillar  of  fire  by  night;  and,  on  the 
reverse,  Hengist  and  Horsa,  the  Saxon  chiefs,  from  whom  we 
claim  the  honor  of  being  descended,  and  whose  political  princi- 
ples and  form  of  government  we  have  assumed. 

Franklin  and  Adams  then  requested  Jefferson  to  combine  their 
ideas  in  a  compact  description  of  the  proposed  great  seal,  which 
he  did,  and  that  paper,  in  his  handwriting,  is  now  in  the  office  of 
the  Secretary  of  State  at  Washington.  This  design  consisted  of 
a  shield  with  six  quarterings,  parti  one,  coupi  two,  in  heraldic 
phrase.  The  first  gold,  and  an  enameled  rose,  red  and  white,  for 
England  ;  the  second  white,  with  a  thistle,  in  its  proper  colors,  for 
Scotland ;  the  third  green,  with  a  harp  of  gold,  for  Ireland ;  the 
fourth  blue,  with  a  golden  lily-flower,  for  France ;  the  fifth  gold, 
with  the  imperial  black  eagle,  for  Germany ;  and  the  sixth  gold, 
with  the  Belgic  crowned  red  lion,  for  Holland.  These  denoted 
the  countries  from  which  America  had  been  peopled.  He  pro- 
posed to  place  the  shield  within  a  red  border,  on  which  there  should 
be  thirteen  white  escutcheons,  linked  together  by  a  gold  chain, 
each  bearing  appropriate  initials,  in  black,  of  the  confederated 
States.  Supporters,  the  Goddess  of  Liberty  on  the  right  side,  in 
a  corslet  of  armor,  in  allusion  to  the  then  state  of  war,  and  hold- 
ing the  spear  and  cap  in  her  right  hand,  while  her  left  supported 
the  shield.  On  the  left,  the  Goddess  of  Justice,  leaning  on  a 
sword  in  her  right  hand,  and  in  her  left  a  balance.  The  crest,  the 
eye  of  Providence  in  a  radiant  triangle,  whose  glory  should  extend 
over  the  shield  and  beyond  the  figures.  Motto :  E  Pluribus 
Unum — "Many  in  one."  Around  the  whole,  "SEAL  OF  THE 
UNITED  STATES  OF  AMERICA,  MDCCLXXVI."  For  the  reverse, 
he  proposed  the  device  of  Pharaoh  sitting  in  an  open  chariot,  a 
crown  on  his  head  and  a  sword  in  his  hand,  passing  through  the 
divided  waters  of  the  Red  Sea  in  pursuit  of  the  Israelites.  Rays 
from  a  pillar  of  fire  in  a  cloud,  expressive  of  the  Divine  presence 
and  command,  beaming  on  Moses,  who  stands  on  the  shore,  and, 
extending  his  hand  over  the  sea,  causes  it  to  overwhelm  Pharaoh 


AMERICAN    CITIZEN  S    TREASURE    HOUSE.  49 

and  his  followers.  Motto  :  "  Rebellion  to  tyrants  is  obedience  to 
God." 

Jefferson's  device  was  highly  approved  by  his  coadjutors,  and  the 
committee  reported  on  the  loth  of  August,  1776;  but,  for  some 
unaccountable  reason,  their  report  was  neglected,  not  having  been 
even  placed  on  record ;  and  the  affair  was  allowed  to  slumber 
until  the  24th  of  March,  1779,  when  Messrs.  Lovell,  of  Massachu- 
setts, Scott,  of  Virginia,  and  Houston,  of  Georgia,  were  appointed 
a  committee  to  make  another  device. 

On  the  loth  of  May  following  they  reported  in  favor  of  a  seal 
four  inches  in  diameter,  one  side  of  which  should  be  composed  of 
a  shield  with  thirteen  diagonal  stripes,  alternate  red  and  white. 
Supporters,  a  warrior,  holding  a  sword,  on  one  side,  and  on  the 
other  the  figure  of  Peace,  bearing  an  olive  branch.  The  crest,  a 
radiant  constellation  of  thirteen  stars.  Motto :  Bello  vel  Pace — 
"  For  War  or  Peace,"  and  the  legend,  "  Seal  of  the  United  States." 
On  the  reverse,  the  figure  of  Liberty,  seated  in  a  chair,  holding 
the  staff  and  cap.  Motto :  Semper — "  Forever" — and  underneath, 
MDCCLXXVI.  This  report  was  re-committed,  and  again  sub- 
mitted with  some  slight  modifications  (substituting  the  figure  of 
an  Indian  with  bow  and  arrows  in  his  right  hand  for  that  of  a 
warrior)  just  a  year  afterward ;  but  it  was  not  accepted,  and  the 
matter  rested  until  April,  1782,  when  Henry  Middleton,  Elias 
Boudinot,  and  Edward  Rutledge  were  appointed  a  third  commit- 
tee to  prepare  a  seal.  They  reported  on  the  gth  of  May  following, 
substantially  the  same  as  the  committee  of  1779  and  1780;  but, 
this  not  being  satisfactory  to  Congress,  on  the  i3th  of  June  the 
whole  matter  was  referred  to  Charles  Thomson,  its  secretary. 

He  in  turn  procured  several  devices,  among  which  was  one  by 
William  Barton,  of  Philadelphia,  consisting  of  an  escutcheon,  with 
a  blue  border,  spangled  with  thirteen  stars,  and  divided  in  the 
centre,  perpendicularly,  by  a  gold  bar.  On  each  side  of  this  divis- 
ion, within  the  blue  border,  thirteen  bars  or  stripes,  alternate  red 
and  white,  like  the  American  flag  adopted  on  the  I4th  of  June, 
1777.  Over  the  gold  bar  an  eye  surrounded  with  a  glory,  and  in 
the  gold  bar  a  Doric  column  resting  on  the  base  of  the  escutcheon, 
having  a  displayed  eagle  on  its  summit.  The  crest,  a  helmet  of 
burnished  gold,  damasked,  grated  with  six  bars,  and  surmounted 
by  a  red  cap  of  dignity,  such  as  dukes  wear,  with  a  black  lining, 


50  MASTER    SPIRITS    OF    THE    WORLD,  AND 

and  a  cock  armed  with  gaffs.  Supporters,  on  one  side  the  Genius 
of  America,  with  loose  Auburn  tresses,  having  on  her  head  a  radi- 
ant crown  of  gold,  encircled  with  a  sky-blue  fillet,  spangled  with 
silver  stars,  and  clothed  in  a  long,  loose,  white  garment,  bordered 
with  green.  From  the  right  shoulder  to  the  left  side,  a  blue  scarf 
with  stars,  the  cinctures  being  the  same  as  in  the  border.  Around 
her  waist  a  purple  girdle,  fringed  with  gold,  and  the  word  VIRTUE 
embroidered  in  white.  Her  interior  hand  rested  on  the  escutch- 
eon, and  the  other  held  the  American  standard,  on  the  top  of 
which  a  white  dove  was  perched.  The  supporter  on  the  other 
side  was  a  man  in  complete  armor ;  his  sword-belt  blue,  fringed 
with  gold ;  his  helmet  encircled  with  a  wreath  of  laurel,  and  crested 
with  one  white  and  two  blue  plumes ;  his  left  hand  supporting  the 
escutcheon,  and  his  right  holding  a  lance  with  a  bloody  point. 
Upon  an  unfurled  green  banner  was  a  golden  harp  with  silver 
strings,  a  brilliant  star,  and  two  lily-flowers,  with  two  crossed 
swords  below.  The  two  figures  stood  upon  a  scroll,  on  which  was. 
the  motto  Deo  Favente — "  With  God's  Favor" — in  allusion  to  the 
eye  of  Providence  in  the  arms.  On  the  crest,  in  a  scroll,  was  the 
motto  Virtus  sola  Invicta — "Virtue  alone  is  Invincible." 

After  vainly  striving  to  perfect  a  seal  which  should  meet  the 
approval  of  Congress,  Thomson  finally  received  from  John  Adams, 
then  in  London,  an  exceedingly  simple  and  appropriate  device, 
suggested  by  Sir  John  Prestwitch,  a  baronet  of  the  West  of  Eng- 
land, who  was  a  warm  friend  of  America,  and  an  accomplished 
antiquarian.  It  consisted  of  an  escutcheon  bearing  thirteen  per- 
pendicular stripes,  white  and  red,  with  the  chief  blue,  and 
spangled  with  thirteen  stars ;  and,  to  give  it  greater  consequence, 
he  proposed  to  place  it  on  the  breast  of  an  American  eagle,  dis- 
played, without  supporters,  as  emblematic  of  self-reliance.  It 
met  with  general  approbation,  in  and  out  of  Congress,  and  was 
adopted  in  June,  1782;  so  it  is  manifest,  although  the  fact  is  not 
extensively  known,  that  we  are  indebted  for  our  national  arms  to 
a  titled  aristocrat  of  the  country  with  which  we  were  then  at  war. 
Eschewing  all  heraldic  technicalities,  it  may  be  thus  described  in 
plain  English :  Thirteen  perpendicular  pieces,  white  and  red ;  a. 
blue  field ;  the  escutcheon  on  the  breast  of  the  American  eagle 
displayed,  proper,  holding  in  his  right  talon  an  olive-branch,  and 
in  his  left  a  bundle  of  thirteen  arrows,  all  proper,  and  in  his. 


AMERICAN    CITIZENS   TREASURE    HOUSE.  51 

beak  a  scroll,  inscribed  with  the  motto  E  Pluribus  Unum.  For 
the  crest,  over  the  head  of  the  eagle,  which  appears  above  the 
escutcheon,  a  golden  glory  breaking  through  a  cloud,  proper,  and 
surrounding  thirteen  stars,  forming  a  constellation  of  white  stars 
on  a  blue  field. 

Reverse. — A  pyramid  unfinished.  In  the  zenith,  an  eye  in  a  tri- 
angle, surrounded  with  a  glory,  proper.  Over  the  eye,  the  words 
Annuit  Captis — "  God  has  favored  the  undertaking."  On  the  base 
of  the  pyramid,  are  the  numeral  Roman  letters  MDCCLXXVI; 
and  underneath  the  motto,  Novus  Ordo  Seclorum — "  A  New  Series 
of  Ages" — denoting  that  a  new  order  of  things  had  commenced 
in  the  Western  hemisphere.  Thus,  after  many  fruitless  efforts, 
for  nearly  six  years,  a  very  simple  seal  was  adopted,  and  yet 
remains  the  arms  of  the  United  States. 


SEAL  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


MASTER    SPIRITS    OF    THE    WORLD,  AND 


ORIGIN  AND  HISTORY  OF  GOVERNMENT. 


LEARNED  and  skillful  writer  traces  the  origin  of 
political  government  to  parental  government,  in  which 
we  will  agree  with  him  if  he  will  carry  that  back  to  our 
Creator,  who,  when  He  placed  in  the  garden  of  Eden  the 
children  whom  He  had  created,  instituted  a  government  by  laying 
down  certain  laws,  and  attaching  to  the  non-observance  of  them 
punishment  or  penalties.  Man  sinned,  and  the  penalty  was  in- 
flicted upon  him,  and  other  laws  were  added  to  suit  his  fallen 
nature.  It  is  probable  that,  when  the  children  of  Adam  became 
old  enough  to  understand  right  from  wrong,  looking  back  over  his 
own  fatal  mistake,  and  forward  to  the  consequences  of  that  rash 
act,  he  strove  to  teach  his  descendants  the  Divine  law,  as  given  to 
him  from  the  lips  of  God ;  and  thus  became  a  law  giver  to,  and 
ruler  over  them,  in  a  certain  sense.  The  children  of  men  multi- 
plied and  teeming  millions  covered  the  earth,  and  each  descending 
generation  gave  itself  up  more  and  more  to  the  indulgence  of 
every  forbidden  sin  and  pleasure,  until  the  world  reeked  with  cor- 
ruption ;  then  again  the  Omnipotent  Ruler  of  the  universe  inter- 
posed, and  the  wrath  which  they  had  kindled  against  themselves 
was  let  loose,  and  all,  save  righteous  Noah  and  his  family,  were 
swept  from  existence.  In  turn,  Noah  became  the  Parent  and  the 
Ruler,  and  government  was  established  over  his  descendants,  and 
from  time  to  time  God  gave  such  laws  as  He  saw  were  needed. 
The  most  ancient  of  our  modern  governments  were  exceedingly 
arbitrary,  in  many  cases  were  simply  unlimited  power  and  unre- 
strained tyranny. 

During  the  Old  Testament  age,  usually  called  the  Mosaic  dis- 
pensation, the  parent  had  control  of  his  child,  even  to  the  inflic- 
tion of  capital  punishment,  and  in  China  the  same  law  or  custom 


AMERICAN    CITIZEN'S    TREASURE    HOUSE.  6l 

still  prevails.  It  was  also  practiced  by  the  ancient  Romans,  and 
by  the  Grecians;  and  was  most  probably  common  over  all  the 
world,  since  it  was  found  in  all  our  savage  tribes  when  the  Amer- 
ican Continent  was  discovered.  In  ancient  times  every  tribe  and 
every  city  had  its  King,  and  the  kingdom  was  often  so  small  in 
extent  that  in  order  to  obtain  the  necessary  territory,  war  was 
resorted  to,  and  the  weaker  fled  before,  or  was  destroyed  by  the 
stronger  party. 

Observation  taught  the  rulers,  at  an  early  period  of  the  world's 
existence,  that  certain  restraints  and  laws  were  necessary  for  the 
preservation  of  order,  and  though  the  art  of  governing  was  not 
carried  to  that  perfection  which  marks  it  now,  yet  the  Mosaic  laws 
are  the  foundation  of  the  laws  of  our  own,  and  indeed  of  every 
civilized,  Christian  country.  As  the  population  of  the  world  in- 
creased, and  the  cares  of  state  pressed  too  heavily  upon  him, 
Moses  appointed  assistants,  or  district  judges  who  were  to  hear  all 
complaints  and  settle  small  matters  as  seemed  best  to  them;  but 
Moses,  still  at  the  head  of  the  tribes  of  Israel,  as  temporal  and 
spiritual  leader,  decided  all  matters  of  importance.  In  order  that 
every  family  should  be  provided  with  certain  means  of  support, 
it  has  been  the  custom  from  time  immemorial  to  set  apart  a  tract 
of  land  for  their  use,  and  it  was  deeded  or  secured  to  them  in  such 
a  way  that  except  by  actual  sale,  or  transfer,  or  by  confiscation  for 
crime,  it  could  not  be  taken  from  them,  and  they  were  required  to 
place  stationary  landmarks  to  define  their  boundaries,  and  the 
heaviest  penalties  were  inflicted  upon  any  man  who  was-known  to 
oe  guilty  ui  altering  the  position  of  those  marks. 

Three  points  of  law,  always  prominent,  were  established  as 
early  in  history  as  there  was  society  to  govern, — "  the  punishment 
of  crime,"  "the  institution  of  marriage,"  and  "regulations  con- 
cerning property;"  and  we  infer  from  this  that  laws  of  some  sort 
have  always  governed  mankind.  As  the  world  advanced  from  the 
gloom  of  barbarism,  the  laws  relaxed  somewhat  of  their  severity, 
and  each  progressive  step  adds  to  our  liberty ;  but  entire  freedom 
from  all  law  would  plunge  society  into  the  most  terrible  state  that 
ever  existed  ;  and  never,  until  man  becomes  something  better  than 
humanity  is  capable  of,  can  this  be;  nay,  never,  since  even  in 
Heaven,  he  will  be  subject  to  law.  All  just  laws  are  enacted  with 
a  view  to  preserving  and  defending  the  rights  and  liberties  of  those 


62  MASTER    SPIRITS    OF    THE    WORLD,   AND 

who  are  subject  to  them,  but  often  laws  that  are  selfish  and  unjust 
impose  upon  the  people  wrongs  that  are  too  oppressive  to  be  borne. 

In  countries  where  the  Republican  form  of  government  exists, 
this  cannot  be,  or  if  laws  are  found  to  be  unwise,  and  injudicious,, 
it  is  in  the  power  of  the  people  to  repeal  or  modify  them.  In 
olden  times  the  power  of  the  sovereign  was  unlimited — absolute, 
but  gradually  mind  asserted  its  superiority  over  matter ;  the  voice 
of  the  people  began  to  be  heard,  and  their  influence  felt,  and  the 
low  mutteringsof  discontent  from  the  masses  have  shaken  the 
firmest  thrones  to  their  foundation.  To-day  there  is  scarcely  a 
civilized  government  in  existence  where,  in  some  way  the  people 
do  not  have  representation  and  a  voice  in  making  the  laws  that 
govern  them. 

The  patriarchial  form  of  government  seems  to  have  assumed 
the  monarchial,  and  to  have  held  sway  even  down  to  the  present 
time ;  but  in  latter  years,  under  the  influence  of  Christianity  and 
civilization,  it  has  abated  its  rigors,  and  become  more  limited  in 
its  power.  With  every  circle  of  the  whirling  years,  man's  experi- 
ence teaches  him  wisdom,  and  nations  learn  in  the  same  hard,  sad 
school,  and  profit  by  the  lesson  they  conned  through  years  that 
were  clouded  by  their  errors,  ignorance  or  folly.  There  is  no> 
form  of  government  in  the  world  so  well  adapted  to  the  human 
race,  and  so  well  calculated  to  develop  the  noblest  sentiments  of 
patriotism  and  love  of  country,  as  the  Republican ;  no  other  gov- 
ernment which  calls  into  being,  and  stimulates  into  action  so 
strong  a  feeling  of  personal  interest  and  responsibility,  and  com- 
pels a  man  to  study  its  principles.  No  injustice  can  be  complained 
of — no  arbitrary  or  cruel  oppression — no  laws  that  are  an  outrage 
upon  his  manhood — for  the  voice  of  the  people  enacted  these  stat- 
utes, and  framed  those  laws.  For  the  liberty  of  thought  and 
speech  that  has  blessed  us  above  all  other  lands — for  the  freedom 
from  thrall  of  church  that  has  blessed  us  above  all  other  nations — 
for  the  patriotism  that  has  defended  our  cherished  institutions — for 
the  Republican  government  which  has  elevated  us  into  the  high- 
est position  held  by  the  nations  of  the  world,  we  reverently  thank 
God,  as  we  worship  him  according  to  the  dictates  of  our  own  con- 
science. 


AMERICAN    CITIZEN'S   TREASURE    HOUSE.  65 


THE  WAY  WE  ARE  GOVERNED. 


ROM  the  nature  of  the  Federal  compact  which  unites  the 
several  States  of  this  Union  under  one  National  Govern- 
ment, each  State  retains,  to  a  great  extent,  its  inde- 
pendent, individual  sovereignty.  Every  citizen  of  each  of  the 
United  States  is,  therefore,  at  the  same  time  subject  to  the 
authority  of  two  distinct  governments,  administered  by  three 
separate  classes  of  agents,  Legislative,  Executive  and  Judicial, 
each  with  powers  peculiar  to  itself. 

THE  LEGISLATIVE  authority  of  the  General  Government  is 
vested  in  a  Congress  of  the  United  States,  consisting  of  a  Senate 
and  House  of  Representatives,  meeting  at  Washington  upon  the 
first  Monday  of  December  in  each  year. 

The  Senate  is  composed  of  two  members  from  each  State, 
chosen,  either  by  joint  ballot  or  concurrent  vote  of  the  respective 
Legislatures,  for  the  term  of  six  years. 

No  person  can  be  elected  Senator,  unless  he  be  thirty  years  old, 
has  been  nine  years  a  citizen  of  the  United  States,  and  be,  at  the 
time  of  his  election,  an  inhabitant  of  the  State  for  which  he  is 
chosen. 

The  Vice-President  of  the  United  States  is  President  of  the 
Senate,  having  a  casting  vote  in  case  of  an  equal  division  of  its 
members.  In  case  he  be  acting  as  President  of  the  United  States, 
be  absent,  or  deceased,  a  president  pro  tempore  is  chosen. 

The  House  of  Representatives  is  composed  of  members  elected 
directly  by  the  people  of  their  various  Districts,  for  the  term  of 
two  years  only ;  commencing  (except  in  case  of  vacancies  being 
filled)  on  the  fourth  day  of  March.  The  number  of  members  to 
which  each  State  is  entitled,  varies  greatly  with  its  population ; 


66  MASTER    SPIRITS    OF    THE    WORLD,  AND 

the  number  of  inhabitants  apportioned  to  each  member  being 
regulated  by  Congress  upon  the  basis  of  the  census  returns  of 
every  period  of  ten  years,  with  the  restrictions,  that  the  number 
shall  never  exceed  one  for  every  thirty  thousand  inhabitants,  and 
that  every  State  shall  have  at  least  one  representative. 

To  be  eligible  for  this  office,  a  person  must  be  twenty-five  years 
of  age,  have  been  a  citizen  of  the  United  States  for  seven  years, 
and  at  the  time  he  is  chosen  be  an  inhabitant  of  the  State  which 
elects  him.  The  presiding  officer  of  the  House  is  the  Speaker, 
chosen  by  the  House  at  the  beginning  of  each  congress. 

Every  organized  Territory  of  the  United  States  is  entitled  to 
elect  one  delegate  to  the  House  of  Representatives  for  the  term  of 
two  years,  who  may  participate  in  debate,  but  cannot  vote. 

The  compensation  of  members  of  Congress  is  $3,000  per 
annum,  together  with  eight  dollars  mileage  for  every  twenty  miles 
of  the  usual  route  traveled  in  going  to  and  returning  from 
Washington.  For  each  day's  absence  pay  is  to  be  deducted, 
except  in  case  of  sickness.  The  Speaker  of  the  House  receives 
$6,000,  and  the  President  of  the  Senate  pro  tern.  $8,000  per 
annum. 

The  legislation  of  Congress  is,  of  necessity,  strictly  confined  to 
those  subjects  over  which  power  to  legislate  has  been  expressly 
surrendered  by  the  individual  States,  in  the  Constitution. 

THE  EXECUTIVE  authority  of  the  United  States  Government  is 
vested  by  the  Constitution  in  the  President.  He  is  chosen  by  a 
College  of  Electors,  equal  to  the  number  of  Senators  and  Repre- 
sentatives, the  people  of  each  State  electing  its  proportion  by 
general  ticket,  except  South  Carolina,  where  they  are  elected  by 
the  Legislature.  The  qualifications  of  a  President  are,  that  he  be 
a  natural-born  citizen,  thirty-five  years  of  age,  and  for  fourteen 
years  a  resident  within  the  United  States.  His  term  of  office  is 
four  years.  All  Executive  offices  are  filled,  directly  or  indirectly, 
by  his  appointment,  the  advice  and  consent  of  the  Senate  in  some 
specific  cases  being  first  required. 

He  is  assisted  in  the  administration  of  the  General  Government 
by  seven  officers,  Heads  of  Departments,  called  his  Cabinet,  whom 
he  may  consult  on  all  matters  of  moment,  and  who  share,  to  some 
extent,  in  his  responsibility.  They  are  all  nominated  by  himself, 
but  must  be  confirmed  by  the  Senate  before  they  can  act.  All 


AMERICAN    CITIZEN'S    TREASURE    HOUSE.  67 

acts  of  Congress  must  be  approved  by  him  before  they  can 
become  laws,  unless  two-thirds  of  each  House  of  Congress  agree 
to  their  passage,  after  his  refusal  to  approve  them ;  or  ten  days 
(excluding  Sundays)  elapse  from  the  time  any  act  is  presented  to 
him  for  his  approval,  to  its  return  by  him  to  Congress,  provided 
Congress  do  not  meanwhile  adjourn. 

The  Secretary  of  State  is  the  leading  member  of  the  Cabinet, 
having  charge  of  the  Foreign  Relations  of  the  United  States, 
including  all  matters  relative  to  Diplomacy,  Foreign  Ministers, 
Charges  d'Affaires,  Consuls,  etc.,  and  the  reception  of  all  com- 
munications from  sovereign  powers. 

The  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  has  the  fiscal  affairs  of  govern- 
ment under  his  direction,  involving  the  collection  of  the  revenue 
from  imposts  and  all  other  sources,  together  with  the  oversight  of 
the  various  Custom  Houses,  and  the  numerous  officers  therein 
employed. 

The  Secretary  of  War  has  charge  of  the  Army  and  national 
defense  on  land,  the  various  details  connected  with  the  land 
forces  of  the  United  States,  together  with  the  superintendence  of 
all  the  forts  and  military  stations. 

The  Secretary  of  the  Navy  has  charge  of  the  National  defense 
by  sea,  in  all  its  necessary  details. 

The  Secretary  of  the  Interior.  This  department  was  first 
established  in  1849,  for  the  relief  of  the  other  departments.  This 
officer  has  charge  of  the  Patent  Office,  formerly  under  the  super- 
vision of  the  State  .Department;  the  Land  Office,  formerly 
connected  with  the  Treasury ;  Indian  Affairs  and  Soldiers'  Pen- 
sions, from  the  War  Department ;  Naval  Pensions,  from  the  Navy 
Department ;  the  taking  of  the  Census,  the  care  of  the  public 
buildings,  and  other  matters. 

The  Attorney-General  is  the  legal  adviser  of  the  President  and 
the  Heads  of  the  various  Departments. 

The  Postmaster-General,  though  not  originally  a  Cabinet  officer, 
is  now  recognized  as  such,  having  the  control  of  all  the  postal 
arrangements,  the  appointment  of  Postmasters,  contracts  for  the 
mail  service  by  sea  and  land,  and  the  execution  of  the  laws  passed 
by  Congress  for  the  regulation  of  Posts  and  Post-roads 

In  case  of  the  removal  of  the  President  from  office,  or  of  his 
death,  resignation,  or  inability  to  discharge  his  duties,  the  office 


6o  MASTER    SPIRITS    OK    THE    WORLD,  AND 

devolves  upon  the  Vice-President,  who  must  possess  the  same 
qualifications  as  the  President  and  is  elected  in  the  same  way. 
The  President  and  Vice-President  cannot  be  inhabitants  of  the 
same  State. 

In  case  of  the  incompetency,  inability,  etc.,  of  both  President 
and  Vice-President,  the  President  pro  tern,  of  the  Senate  acts  as 
President;  in  case  of  his  inability,  the  Speaker  of  the  House. 
If  no  person  receives  the  votes  of  a  majority  of  the  whole 
Electoral  College  for  President,  the  election  of  President  devolves 
upon  the  House  of  Representatives,  which  is  to  choose  the  Presi- 
dent, by  ballot,  from  the  persons,  not  exceeding  three,  having  the 
highest  number  of  votes  in  the  College.  The  vote,  in  such  cases, 
is  'to  be  taken  by  States,  each  State  having  one  vote,  and  a 
majority  of  States  elects.  If,  in  such  cases,  the  House  do  not 
choose  by  the  fourth  day  of  March  next  ensuing,  the  Vice-Presi- 
dent acts  as  President. 

If  no  person  is  elected  by  the  majority  of  the  College  as  Vice- 
President,  a  majority  of  the  Senate  elects  one  from  the  two 
highest  numbers  on  the  list  of  the  College. 

The  compensation  of  the  President  is  $25,000  per  annum ;  of 
the  Vice-President,  $8,000 ;  of  each  member  of  the  Cabinet, 
,$S,ooo. 

THE  JUDICIAL  power  of  the  United  States  is  vested,  by  the 
Constitution,  in  one  Supreme  Court,  and  in  such  inferior  courts 
as  Congress  may  establish.  The  Judges  of  all  these  courts  are 
appointed  by  the  President,  with  the  advice  and  consent  of  the 
Senate ;  they  hold  their  office  during  good  behavior,  and  receive 
a  compensation  which  cannot  be  diminished  during  their  con- 
tinuance in  office. 

The  Supreme  Court,  consisting  of  one  Chief  Justice  (salary 
$6,500)  and  eight  Associate  Justices  (salary  $6,000),  has  one 
session  annually,  at  Washington,  commencing  on  the  first  Monday 
of  December.  This  tribunal  has  original  jurisdiction  in  all  cases 
relating  to  embassadors,  other  public  ministers  and  consuls,  and 
those  in  which  a  State  is  a  party.  It  also  has  jurisdiction,  under 
such  regulations  as  Congress  may  provide,  by  way  of  appeal  from 
the  inferior  United  States  courts,  in  all  cases  arising  in  law  and 
equity  under  the  Constitution  and  laws  of  the  United  States  and 
treaties  made  by  them;  in  all  cases  of  admiralty  and  maritime 


AMERICAN    CITIZEN'S    TREASURE    HOUSE.  69 

jurisdiction,  when  the  United  States  is  a  part)-;  in  all  contro- 
versies between  two  or  more  States,  between  a  State  and  citizens 
of  another  State,  between  citizens  of  different  States,  between 
citizens  of  the  same  State  claiming  lands  under  grants  of  dif- 
ferent States,  between  a  State,  or  its  citizens,  and  foreign  States, 
or  their  citizens. 

The  Circuit  Courts  have  been  established  by  Congress  as  the 
tribunals  next  inferior  to  the  Supreme  Court.  The  United  States 
is  divided  into  nine  Judicial  Circuits,  in  each  of  which  a  Circuit 
Court  is  held  twice  in  every  year,  for  each  State  within  such 
Circuit,  by  a  Justice  of  the  United  States  Supreme  Court,  and  by 
the  District  Judge  of  the  State  or  District.  Florida,  Texas,  Iowa, 
Wisconsin  and  Minnesota,  not  being,  as  yet,  attached  to  any 
circuit,  the  District  Courts  therein  have  the  power  of  Circuit 
Courts.  These  courts  have  original  jurisdiction,  concurrent  with 
the  several  State  courts,  of  all  suits  of  a  civil  nature,  when  the 
sum  in  dispute  exceeds  $500  (excepting  when  the  United  States 
are  plaintiffs,  when  no  such  limitation  is  required) ;  or,  where  an 
alien  is  a  party,  or  the  suit  is  between  a  citizen  of  the  State  where 
suit  is  brought,  and  a  citizen  of  another  State ;  and  in  all  cases 
arising  under  the  Patent  laws.  They  have,  also,  appellate  juris- 
diction in  cases  brought  •before  them  from  the  District  Courts 
where  the  matter  in  dispute  exceeds  fifty  dollars. 

District  Courts,  to  the  number  of  fifty-one,  constitute  the  next 
grade  of  United  States  courts.  These  courts  have,  among  other 
things,  cognizance  exclusively  of  the  several  State  courts,  of  all 
offenses  cognizable  under  authority  of  the  United  States,  commit- 
ted within  their  jurisdiction,  or  on  the  high  seas  (with  certain 
limitations  as  to  the  punishment) ;  exclusive  cognizance  in  all 
cases  of  admiralty  and  maritime  jurisdiction ;  together  with  juris- 
diction of  all  suits  against  consuls  or  vice-consuls,  exclusively  of 
the  State  courts. 

The  Court  of  Claims,  sitting  at  Washington,  was  instituted  in 
1855.  It  consists  of  a  presiding  Judge,  and  two  associate  Judges 
(salary  $4,000),  and  has  jurisdiction  of  all  claims  founded  upon 
any  Uw  of  Congress,  upon  any  regulation  of  an  Executive  depart- 
ment, upon  any  contract  with  the  United  States  government,  or 
such  claims  as  may  be  referred  to  it  by  either  House  of  Congress. 

Congress  has  enacted,  in  relation  to  all  of  the  United  States 


70  MASTER    SPIRITS   OF    THE    WORLD,  AND 

courts,  that  the  laws  of  the  several  States,  except  when  the  Con- 
stitution, Treaties  or  Statutes  of  the  United  States  shall  otherwise 
require,  shall  be  regarded  as  rules  of  decision  in  trials  at  common 
law,  in  cases  where  they  apply. 

A  detailed  account  of  the  scope  and  operation  of  the  various 
State  governments  embraced  within  this  Union,  cannot  be  expected 
in  the  space  here  allotted.  Since,  however,  they  rest  upon  a  com- 
mon basis,  a  passing  allusion  may  not  be  inappropriate  or  valueless. 

In  each  of  the  States,  the  government,  as  in  the  case  of  the 
United  States,  is  distributed  among 'three  departments,  the  Legis- 
lative, Executive  and  Judicial.  Experience  has  demonstrated  this 
separation  to  be  vital  to  the  existence  of  healthful  government, 
and,  consequently,  especial  care  is  taken  to  prevent,  as  far  as  may 
be,  each  from  trenching  upon  the  peculiar  functions  of  the  other. 

The  legislative  powers  of  each  State,  are  lodged  in  a  Legislature 
consisting  of  two  branches ;  the  common  title  of  the  higher  being 
"The  Senate,"  that  of  the  lower,  "House  of  Representatives," 
"  Assembly,"  or  the  like. 

The  principal  differences  existing  between  these  branches,  are 
to  be  found  in  the  number  of  members — that  of  the  higher  branch 
being  much  less  than  that  of  the  lower;  in  the  age  of  their  mem- 
bers— a  more  advanced  period  being  requisite  in  the  former  case ; 
in  the  extent  of  their  constituency — a  greater  number  of  inhabi- 
tants uniting  to  elect  to.  the  upper ;  in  the  tenure  of  their  office — 
a  longer  term  being  generally  assigned  to  the  Senate  ;  and  in  the 
requirement,  in  vogue  in  some  States,  that  the  terms  of  but  a  por- 
tion of  the  Senators  shall  expire  at  any  one  time,  the  object  being 
to  secure  greater  stability  and  certainty  in  legislation. 

In  most  of  the  States,  comparatively  slight,  if  any,  requirements 
as  to  property  qualifications  exist,  either  in  the  case  of  members 
or  those  who  elect  them. 

In  the  earlier  history  of  the  country  the  sessions  of  the  various 
Legislatures  were  held  annually  ;  of  late  years,  however,  especially 
in  the  States  more  recently  admitted  into  the  Confederacy,  the 
practice  has  obtained  of  having  biennial  sessions.  The  compen- 
sation of  members  of  the  Legislature  differs  greatly,  both  in 
amount  and  in  the  principles  upon  which  it  is  based ;  some  being 
paid  a  per  diem  allowance  and  mileage,  irrespective  of  the  length 
of  the  session  ;  others  having  a  per  diem  only  for  a  specific  number 


AMERICAN    CITIZEN  S    TREASURE    HOUSE.  73 

of  days ;  while  yet  others  are  paid  an  aggregate  sum  instead  of 
daily  compensation. 

The  approval  of  the  chief  executive  officer  of  the  State  is  requisite 
to  ensure  validity  to  the  acts  of  the  Legislature,  saving  in  those  cases 
wherein,  by  constitutional  provisions,  acts  may  be  repassed  by  the 
necessary  majorities  over  the  vote  of  the  Executive.  In  some  of 
the  States,  the  Legislatures  are  prevented,  by  constitutional  inter- 
dicts, from  imposing  taxes  beyond  a  specific  amount,  or  creating 
a  larger  amount  of  debt  than  is  thereby  allowed  ;  while  in  others, 
both  of  these  important  subjects  are  left  wholly  within  the  control 
of  the  law-making  body. 

The  chief  magistrate  of  each  State  is  styled  "Governor,"  and  is 
vested  with  powers  more  or  less  extensive,  as  the  particular  Con- 
stitution prescribes.  In  some  of  the  States  he  has  authority,  with 
the  approval  of  the  Senate,  or  Executive  Council,  to  appoint 
Judges  and  various  minor  judicial  officers,  to  grant  pardons, 
reprieves,  etc.  He  is  commander-in-chief  of  the  militia  of  the 
various  States,  and  even  in  those  where  the  large  majority  of  civil 
officers  are  elective,  is  the  only  authority  to  commission  all  such 
officers.  The  length  of  the  gubernatorial  term  varies  much  in 
the  different  States,  a  few  still  clinging  to  the  old  system  of  an 
annual  election,  while  the  larger  number  have  lengthened  it  to 
two  or  three  years. 

Governors  are  elected  by  the  people  of  the  several  States,  except- 
ing in  South  Carolina,  where  the  Legislature  elects ;  and,  in  most 
of  the  States  there  are  slight,  if  any,  property  qualifications 
requisite. 

Subordinate  officers,  generally  elected  by  the  people,  whose 
duties  are  both  advisory  and  executory  as  to  the  details  of  the 
administration  of  the  government,  are  to  be  found  in  every  State, 
corresponding  in  some  degree  to  Heads  of  Departments  under  the 
United  States  government. 

Formerly,  all  judges  were  appointed  by  the  Executive,  with  the 
consent  of  the  advising  Board.  As  a  general  rule,  they  are  now 
elective,  mostly  by  the  people,  though  in  some  States  by  the  Leg- 
islature. Their  tenure  of  office,  too,  is  now,  as  a  general  thing, 
for  a  specific  term  of  years,  instead  of  for  life,  as  formerly. 

Each  State  has  established  a  Court  for  the  interpretation  of 
Constitutional  Law  and  the  adjudication  of  weightier  matters  of 


74  MASTER    SPIRITS   OF    THE    WORLD,  AND 

•dispute  between  its  inhabitants,  called  a  Supreme  Court,  Superior 
Court,  Court  of  Errors,  Court  of  Appeals,  or  the  like.  A  few  of 
the  States  have  separate  tribunals  for  disposal  of  cases  in  equity. 

Next  below  the  highest  court  are  courts  adapted  to  the  partic- 
ular wants  of  ordinary  litigants  in  the  various  counties  or  other 
subdivisions.  These  are  called  Courts  of  Common  Pleas,  Circuit 
Courts,  District  Courts,  Police  Courts,  Recorder's  Courts,  etc.  The 
lowest  class  of  judicial  officers  is  styled  Justices  of  the  Peace,  or 
Aldermen,  having  jurisdiction  in  trivial  suits  and  over  petty 
'Offenses.  Besides  these  Courts  there  are,  in  some  States,  specific 
tribunals  for  the  trial  of  criminal  cases,  as  Courts  of  Quarter  Ses- 
sions of  the  Peace,  Oyer  and  Terminer,  etc. ;  and  for  settlement 
of  estates  of  deceased  persons,  as  Register's  Courts,  Probate 
Courts,  Orphans'  Courts,  etc.  Indeed,  in  no  State  can  the  citizens 
complain  of  a  lack  of  opportunity  afforded  them  for  gratifying 
whatever  litigious  propensities  they  may  possess. 

From  this  brief  glance  at  the  structure  of  our  governments,  both 
National  and  State,  it  will  readily  be  seen  with  what  scrupulous 
care  and  jealous  anxiety  the  illustrious  men  who  have  gone  before 
us,  laid  the  foundation  of  our  Union  in  that  noble  Constitution 
which  has  served  as  the  model  by  which  the  individual  States,  as 
a  whole,  have  elaborated  their  own  governments.  With  the  minute 
details  of  that  Constitution,  it  is  the  first  duty  of  every  American 
citizen  to  familiarize  himself.  If  the  intentions  of  its  framers  are 
truly  and  faithfully  carried  out ;  if  the  National  Government  is 
cautious  to  avoid  all  infringements  upon  the  reserved  rights  of 
the  individual  States ;  if  the  several  States  are  reciprocally  deter- 
mined to  fulfil  every  obligation  imposed  upon  them  by  the 
common  compact ;  in  short,  if  a  spirit  of  concession,  forbearance, 
and  love  for  the  whole  country  pervades  the  bosom  of  every  citi- 
zen of  every  State,  then,  indeed,  we  may  feel  proudly  confident 
that  the  fond  hopes  of  the  most  sanguine  of  the  early  friends  of 
the  Federal  Union  shall  be  more  than  realized — then  shall  each 
day's  rising  sun,  while  time  endures,  smile  upon  a  free,  enlightened, 
independent,  and  united  people,  and  our  glory  as  a  nation  reach 
its  culmination  in  the  wise  exercise  of  a  power  which  none  may 
safely  resist,  in  the  cultivation  of  a  genuine  rational  liberty,  which, 
recognizing  the  dignity  of  the  individual  man,  shall  afford  ample 
.room  and  scope  for  its  development. 


AMERICAN    CITIZEN'S   TREASURE    HOUSE  75 


THE  CONGRESS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 


CONSISTS  of  a  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives,  and 
must  assemble  at  least  once  every  year,  on  the  first  Mon- 
day of  December,  unless  otherwise  provided  by  law. 

The  Vice-President  of  the  United  States  is  ex-officio  President 
of  the  Senate,  and  has  a  casting  vote  in  case  of  an  equal  division. 
In  his  absence,  a  President  pro  tern,  is  chosen  from  among  the 
members. 

The  Senate  comprises  two  members  from  each  State  (now  num- 
bering 74),  who  are  chosen  by  the  State  legislatures  for  the  term 
of  six  years — one-third  biennially. 

The  members  of  the  House  of  Representatives  (limited  by  law 
to  the  number  of  234)  are  elected  by  the  people  for  the  term  of 
two  years,  and  are  apportioned  among  the  several  States,  accord- 
ing to  population,  in  the  following  manner :  After  each  decennial 
enumeration,  the  aggregate  representative  population  of  the  United 
States  is  ascertained  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior,  by  counting 
the  whole  number  of  persons  in  each  State,  excluding  Indians  not 
taxed.  This  aggregate  is  divided  by  233,  and  the  quotient,  reject- 
ing fractions,  if  any,  is  the  rate  of  apportionment.  The  represen- 
tative population  of  each  State  is  then  ascertained  in  the  same 
manner,  and  is  divided  by  the  above-named  ratio,  the  quotient 
giving  the  apportionment  of  representatives  to  each  State.  The 
loss  by  fractions  is  compensated  for  by  assigning  to  as  many 
States  having  the  largest  fractions  as  may  be  necessary  to  make  the 
whole  number  of  representatives  234,  one  additional  member  each 
for  its  fraction.  If,  after  the  apportionment,  new  States  are  admit- 
ed,  representatives  are  assigned  to  such  States  on  the  above  basis, 
in  addition  to  the  limited  number  of  234 ;  but  such  excess  con- 


76  MASTER    SPIRITS    OF    THE    WORLD,    AND 

tinues  only  until  the  next  apportionment  under  the  succeeding 
census.  When  the  apportionment  is  completed,  the  Secretary 
sends  a  certificate  thereof  to  the  House  of  Representatives,  and 
to  the  Governors  of  the  States  a  certificate  of  the  number  appor- 
tioned to  each  state. 

The  whole  number  of  members  when  all  the  States  are  fully 
represented,  is  at  present  243.  There  are,  besides,  ten  delegates 
— one  each  from  Utah,  New  Mexico,  Washington,  Arizona,  Colo- 
rado, Dakota,  Idaho,  Indian  Territory,  Montana  and  Wyoming — 
who  have  a  right  to  speak,  but  no  vote. 

Since  the  4th  of  March,  1817  the  compensation  of  senators  and 
representatives  has  been  $8  a  day  during  the  period  of  attendance 
in  Congress,  without  deduction  in  case  of  sickness ;  and  $8  for 
every  twenty  miles'  travel,  in  the  usual  road,  in  going  to  or  return- 
ing from  the  seat  of  government.  The  President  of  the  Senate, 
pro  tern,  and  the  Speaker  of  the  House  of  Representatives  each 
receive  double  this  sum.  At  the  first  session  of  the  Thirty-Fourth 
Congress,  however,  an  act  was  passed,  fixing  the  pay  of  members 
at  $3,000  per  annum,  but  the  rates  of  mileage  were  left  undis- 
turbed. This  salary  was  afterwards  raised  to  $5,000  per  annum. 


AMERICAN    CITIZEN  S    TREASURE    HOUSE.  79, 


BIRD'S-EYE    VIEW    OF    THE    UNITED 
STATES. 


great  Republic,  truly  great  and  glorious,  lies  between-. 
lat.  24  deg.  30  min.  and  49  deg.  N.,  and  between  long.  66 
deg.  50  min.  and  124  deg.  30  min.  W.  Its  boundaries, 
with  the  exception  of  British  America  west  of  Lake  Superior,  are 
water ;  the  Atlantic  on  the  east,  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  on  the- 
south,  the  Pacific  on  the  west ;  on  the  north,  from  the  St.  Law- 
rence River  to  Lake  Superior,  lie  Huron,  St.  Clair,  Erie,  and 
Ontario,  a  silver  chain  that  encircles  our  treasure.  America  has 
added  to  her  territory  the  Russian  Possessions,  lying  to  the  far 
north.  Whether,  in  adding  to  her  broad  acres  over  half  a  million 
of  square  miles  she  has  added  materially  to  her  wealth,  is  a. 
problem  which  only  a  century  in  advance  of  ours  can  solve- 
Either  in  a  domestic  or  political  sense,  it  is  at  present  only  a. 
Castle  in  Spain  to  us.  We  may  dream  of  its  future  development 
— we  may  fondly  imagine  that  it  will  some  day  be  a  storehouse  of 
countless  and  boundless  wealth — but  we  shall  never  see  that 
snow-shrouded  desert  "  blossom  as  a  rose,"  as  at  the  touch  of 
labor,  and  industry,  and  art,  and  skill,  it  shall  wake  from  the 
winter  sleep  that  has  held  it  prisoned  forever,  and  with  the 
blushes  sweeping  over  her  still  white  face,  go  forth  at  their 
command  to  meet  the  incoming  civilization.  With  an  area  of 
3,878,245  square  miles,  three-fourths,  or  perhaps  four-fifths  of 
which  is  tillable,  most  of  it  surpassing  rich  in  vegetable  and 
mineral  products,  there  appear  no  natural,  or  possible  bounds  to 
our  prosperity. 

Every  good  thing  seems  to  have  been  gathered  here      Our  land- 


8o  MASTER    SPIRITS    OF    THE    WORLD,  AND 

floweth  with  milk  and  honey,  and  its  corn  and  wine  make  glad  the 
hearts  of  her  children.  Standing  between  the  impoverished 
nations  of  the  East  and  the  West,  she  opens  her  arms  to  the  poor 
and  needy,  the  wronged  and  oppressed,  of  all  lands  and  climes ; 
gives  them  shelter  and  refuge  in  her  bosom,  and  homes  and  for- 
tunes in  her  broad  domains.  It  is  not  strange,  under  these 
circumstances,  that  the  tide  of  emigration  should  turn  to  our 
shores,  and,  bringing  with  them  habits  of  industry  and  economy, 
and  obedience  to  law,  should  add  to  our  own,  as  well  as  their 
wealth.  Neither  is  it  strange  that,  in  the  fulness  of  their  gratitude, 
they  love  the  land  of  their  adoption,  and  the  Government  which 
has  made  their  interests  identical  with  its  own.  During  the  last 
twenty  years  nearly  five  million  have  arrived  at  the  port  of  New 
York  alone,  who  have  come  under  emigrant  regulations,  solely  for 
the  purpose  of  settling  and  making  homes  in  the  New  World. 

The  political  divisions  are  too  well  understood  to  need  an 
explanation,  and  consist  of  thirty-seven  States  and  eleven  Terri- 
tories. The  Mississippi  is  our  most  important  river,  and,  together 
with  the  Missouri,  the  longest  in  the  world.  In  reality,  the  upper 
Mississippi,  by  the  usual  rules  of  measurement,  is  the  branch,  and 
the  Missouri  is  the  main  stream — being  more  than  a  thousand 
miles  longer,  from  its  head  to  its  mouth,  or  junction  with  the  Mis- 
sisippi.  The  total  length  from  its  source  in  Lake  Itasca  to  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico,  is  2,986  miles,  but  from  the  source  of  the  Mis- 
souri to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  is  nearly  5,000  miles. 

The  principal  lakes  are  Lakes  Superior,  Michigan,  Huron,  Erie, 
Ontario  and  Champlain,  all  of  which  lie  along  our  northern 
boundary,  and  the  Great  Salt  Lake,  in  Utah  Territory.  This  lake, 
so  called,  is  more  properly  an  inland  sea.  Lake  Superior  is  a  mag- 
nificent body  of  water,  and  the  largest  body  of  fresh  water  in  the 
world.  The  bluffy  shores  on  the  north  side  of  the  lake  are  grand ; 
nc  words  perhaps  can  do  them  justice,  but  so  desolate — oh,  so 
wild,  and  dreary,  and  desolate.  A  feeling  of  sadness  comes  over 
you,  you  cannot  tell  how  or  why,  as  you  stand  upon  the  deck  of  a 
steamer  and  pass  mile  after  mile  of  unbroken  forest,  without  a 
sign  of  civilization,  without  a  sign  of  life,  save  where  at  long  inter- 
vals the  blue  smoke  rises  from  an  Indian  s  bark  hut,  or  a  solitary 
red  man  stands  on  a  crag  to  watch  the  passing  boat,  or  a  group  of 
their  beautiful,  fleet-footed  ponies  tells  of  their  proximity.  The 


AMERICAN  CITIZEN'S  TREASURE  HOUSE.  81 

dense,  dark,  low  evergreens  cover  the  land  closely,  interspersed 
with  clumps  or  groves  of  oak,  beech,  birch  and  hickory  trees. 
On  the  south  side  of  the  lake  the  shore  is  bold,  but  less  steep  and 
mountainous.  The  old  Fort  of  Mackinaw  still  stands  in  good 
order,  and  the  new  fort  is  a  fine  building.  The  Pictured  Rocks  are 
very  beautiful,  and  well  worthy  of  a  visit  from  the  passing  tourist. 
At  sunrise  they  appear  more  like  some  fancy  painting  than  any 
earthly  reality.  Rising  boldly  to  a  hight  of  from  three  to  five 
hundred  feet,  covered  with  trees  that  are  century  crowned,  perfor- 
ated with  caves,  worn  and  broken  into  fantastic  shapes  by  the 
storms  of  ages,  stained  with  every  imaginable  shade  of  coloring 
from  the  dripping  of  the  springs  in  the  rock  upon  mineral  sub- 
stances, it  is  impossible  to  fancy  any  thing  more  picturesque  or 
sublime.  The  water  at  their  base  is  very  deep  and  transparently 
clear ;  at  a  depth  of  two  or  three  hundred  feet  below  the  surface 
you  can  plainly  discern  the  wreck  of  a  steamer  lying  where  it  went 
down  one  fatal  night  some  years  ago.  The  richest  copper  mines 
in  the  world  are  those  of  the  Superior.  The  ore  is  taken  out  in 
immense  bodies,  often  too  large  to  be  transported  in  any  manner, 
and  nearly  pure.  The  region  of  the  upper  Superior  is  but  sparsely 
settled,  but  since  the  location  of  the  Northern  Pacific  Railroad  is 
rapidly  improving. 

The  mountain  ranges  most  worthy  of  note  are  the  Alleghany 
in  the  east,  and  the  Rocky  Mountains  on  the  western  side  of  the 
continent.  The  length  of  the  Alleghanies  is  about  1500  miles. 
The  Rocky  Mountains  are  broken  ranges,  and  although  running 
from  north  to  south,  cover  a  district  of  a  thousand  miles  in 
width.  Between  these  ranges  lie  some  of  the  most  beautiful 
prairies,  table  lands  or  plateaus,  in  the  world.  The  mountain 
passes,  defiles  and  canons  are  awfully  grand  and  sublime,  and  it  is 
said  by  those  who  have  visited  both — even  by  Europeans  them- 
selves— that  the  Alps  present  nothing  more  wild  and  grand  than 
the  Sierra  Nevadas,  with  their  hoary,  snow  covered  heads, 
piercing  the  clouds. 

The  soil  of  the  United  States  presents  every  variety  known 
upon  the  globe,  from  the  soft,  rich  mould  of  the  tropics,  to  the 
sterile  sands  of  the  desert^  but  with  the  exception  of  the  dry 
plains  or  desert  in  the  vicinity  of  Salt  Lake,  nearly  the  entire 
surface  of  our  country  is  productive,  and  from  the  Atlantic 


82  MASTER    SPIRITS   OF    THE    WORLD,  AND 

shores  to  the  Pacific  coast,  verdure,  beauty  and  wealth  spread  out 
in  every  direction. 

The  climate  is  as  varied  as  the  soil.  Lying,  as  the  Republic 
does,  between  such  extremes  of  longitude  and  latitude,  it  is  impos- 
sible but  that  our  climate  would  embrace  every  variety  which  it  is 
possible  to  produce.  In  the  northern  of  the  Middle  States  the 
temperature  varies  from  one  extreme  to  the  other,  and  the  changes 
are  so  rapid  as  to  leave  one  wholly  unprepared  to  meet  them.  In 
the  East,  we  have  longer  winters,  and  steady  cold  or  heat.  In 
Florida  the  temperature  is  even,  scarcely  varying  from  January  to 
January  again ;  while  in  Georgia,  Alabama,  South  Carolina, 
Texas,  California  and  New  Mexico,  the  climate  is  very  like  that 
of  Italy. 

The  mineral  productions  are  extensive  and  varied.  There  is 
scarcely  a  mineral  or  precious  stone  known  in  the  world,  but  is 
produced  in  America.  Coal  and  iron  are  abundant  in  nearly 
every  State  in  the  Union.  Nitrate  of  soda  and  potassa  are  found 
in  quantities  to  supply  the  ages  to  come,  in  the  caves  of  Virginia, 
Kentucky  and  Arkansas ;  while  the  very  desert  of  the  Salt  Lake 
country  is  a  mine  of  inexhaustible  wealth  for  its  nitrate  and  car- 
bonate of  soda.  Maine,  Maryland,  Texas  and  Arizona  produce 
gypsum,  while  marble  of  every  variety,  for  building  or  statuary,  is 
found  everywhere.  Iron  is  found  in  every  State  and  Territory, 
and  Illinois  alone  is  capable  of  furnishing  all  the  lead  required 
by  the  manufactories  of  the  world.  The  richest  copper 
mines  are  found  in  the  Superior  region,  yet  almost  every  State 
produces  it  in  greater  or  less  quantities.  Zinc  is  found  in  Penn- 
sylvania and  New  Jersey,  and  tin  in  Maine  and  California.  Gold 
is  found  in  all  the  States  bordering  on  the  Atlantic  coast,  and  pre- 
vious to  the  discovery  of  the  rich  mines  of  the  Western  States, 
Virginia  furnished  nearly  all  the  gold  of  the  United  States. 
These  mines  are  all  abandoned,  however,  since  the  discovery  of 
the  immense  deposits  in  California,  Oregon,  Washington,  Nevada, 
Arizona,  New  Mexico,  Colorado  and  Dakota.  California  also 
yields  a  limited  quantity  of  platinum,  and  mercury  in  immense 
quantities,  sufficient,  indeed,  to  meet  the  great  demand  created 
by  the  gold  mines  for  it.  Osmium  and  iridium  have  been  dis- 
covered in  Oregon.  Cobalt  is  produced  by  North  Carolina  and 
Missouri,  and  Pennsylvania  yields  nickel  in  abundance. 


AMERICAN  CITIZEN'S  TREASURE  HOUSE.  83 

The  people.of  the  United  States  are  from  every  land  and  every 
clime  under  the  sun.  In  a  few  of  the  States  you  can  trace,  through 
the  established  habits  and  customs  of  the  people,  the  origin  of  the 
first  settlers;  but  in  most  places,  the  emigration  from  foreign  lands 
constantly  changes  the  characteristics  of  the  inhabitants.  The 
New  England  States,  settled  by  the  Puritans,  retain  something  of 
their  prim  severity  of  manners.  Maryland  was  settled  by  the 
Catholics,  and  they  have  always  been,  and  still  are,  the  strongest 
religious  denomination  in  the  State.  Pennsylvania  was  settled  by 
Quakers  and  Germans,  Louisiana  by  the  French,  and  Texas  and 
California  by  Spanish.  An  immense  number  of  Chinese  have 
found  homes  on  the  western  slopes  of  the  continent,  and  promise 
to  become  useful  citizens/ 

The  agricultural  interests  of  the  Republic,  already  stupendous, 
are  constantly  increasing,  and  one  looks  over  the  statistics  of  pro- 
duce of  farm  and  garden  in  a  bewildered  way  as  he  fails  to  grasp 
or  comprehend  the  figures  that  testify  truthfully  of  our  national 
wealth,  industry  and  prosperity.  Indian  corn  is  and  always  will 
be  a  staple  product.  In  1862,  the  number  of  bushels  raised  by 
seven  of  the  Middle  States,  amounted  to  482,250,800.  Illinois 
alone  produced  125,500,000.  In  the  scale  of  importance,  wheat 
stands  next  to  corn,  and  the  yield  of  1862  counts  up  264,146,950. 

American  wheat  received  the  prize  medal  at  the  London  exhibi- 
tion. There  is  no  question  but  ours  is  the  best  grown  in  the  world. 
Rye,  barley  and  oats  are  grown  in  all  the  States,  also  buckwheat, 
peas  and  beans,  and  as  a  field  crop  the  two  latter  grow  in  import- 
ance every  year.  Rice  is  produced  in  all  the  Southern  States, 
and  has  been  grown  in  the  Middle  States,  though  it  can  never  be 
made  a  profitable  crop  there,  since  the  soil  is  too  dry.  The  yield 
in  1860  was  187,140,173  pounds.  In  this,  South  Carolina  leads 
off,  having  produced  that  year  119,100,528.  The  potato  ranks 
next  to  corn  and  wheat.  In  1869  the  number  of  bushels  grown  of 
this  favorite  vegetable  was  133,886,000.  Hay,  also  is  a  valuable 
crop,  and  hops,  as  the  demand  increases,  are  receiving  favorable 
notice.  Tobacco  is  raised  in  almost  every  State  in  the  Union, 
flourishing  upon  every  soil  and  giving  profitable  returns  for  little 
labor.  The  crop  of  1860  amounted  to  429,390,771  pounds. 

Sugar  cane  is  raised  in  all  of  the  Southern  States,  and  the 
manufacture  of  sugar  and  molasses  has  long  been  a  leading 


84  MASTER    SPIRITS   OF    THE    WORLD,  AND 

branch  of  industry  in  that  part  of  the  Union.  Of  late  years, 
with  improved  machinery  and  better  facilities  for  performing  the 
labor,  the  amount  of  sugar  had  increased  steadily  each  year,  until 
the  war  checked  it,  but  it  is  again  prosperous,  and  the  latest 
returns  credit  Louisiana  with  the  production  of  297,816  hogs- 
heads, and  15,535,157  gallons  of  molasses,  for  that  year. 

Sorghum  is  raised  to  considerable  extent  in  the  North,  but  it 
will  not  make  sugar,  and  seems  not  to  be  really  popular.  In  1869 
the  yield  of  molasses  in  the  Middle  States,  from  sorghum,  was 
7,235,884  gallons,  and  the  same  year  produced  40,863,884  pounds 
of  maple  sugar,  and  1,944,594  gallons  of  maple  molasses.  The 
prairie  lands  of  the  United  States  furnish  unlimited  pasturage 
and  hay,  and  stock  raising  and  dairy-farming  seem  to  follow  as 
naturally  as  effect  follows  cause.  The  total  amount  of  butter 
produced  for  market  in  the  year  1869,  was  470,536,468  pounds, 
and  the  same  year  also  produced  for  market  114,154,211  pounds 
of  cheese ;  and  enormous  as  the  amount  seems,  it  was  not  a  year 
remarkable  for  the  quantity,  which  has  steadily  increased  since. 
The  cultivation  of  grapes  for  the  purpose  of  manufacturing  wine 
is  becoming  one  of  the  leading  enterprises  of  the  country ;  and 
California  has  a  prospect,  at  no  distant  day,  of  eclipsing  the  vine- 
yards of  France  or  Italy.  Ohio  also  produces  a  large  quantity  of 
very  fine  quality  of  flax  and  hemp,  which  have  been  raised  to  a  con- 
siderable extent,  both  for  seed  and  material  for  the  manufacture  of 
linen  and  hemp  goods ;  and  the  growing  of  wool,  always  a 
profitable  and  popular  business,  has  received  a  great  deal  of 
encouragement  for  a  few  years  past.  Statistics  prove  that  the 
growth  of  cotton  in  the  United  States  is  not  as  great  as  formerly, 
but  has  decreased  in  quantity  for  several  years  ;  1869  produced 
5,198,077  bales. 

The  commerce  of  the  United  States  with  foreign  countries  is 
very  heavy.  In  1869  the  exports  of  the  United  States  to  foreign 
countries  amounted  to  $373,189,274;  while  her  imports  amounted 
to  $463,461,427.  When  we  consider  that  America  is  made  inde- 
pendent of  every  other  country  by  her  ability  to  produce  every- 
thing in  her  own  fields  and  factories  which  comfort  or  luxury 
demand,  this  excess  of  imports  over  exports  would  appear  to  be 
unnecessary. 

In   internal   improvements    the    Republic    of    America    ranks 


AMERICAN    CITIZEN'S    TREASURE    HOUSE.  87 

second  to  no  power  in  the  world.  In  river  and  harbor  improve- 
ment, in  canals  and  railroads,  nothing  that  industry  and  enter- 
prise, united  to  almost  limitless  capital  could  accomplish,  has  been 
left  undone.  Continuous  lines  of  railroad  span  the  continent  from 
the  "  rock  bound  coast  "  of  the  Atlantic  to  the  blue  waters  of  the 
Pacific,  and  from  the  lakes  of  the  north  to  the  gulf  that  breaks 
upon  our  southern  coast,  and  forty  thousand  miles  of  iron  track 
girdle  the  States  in  every  possible  direction  ;  while  high  over 
wood  and  prairie,  over  stream  and  hill,  over  mountain  and  valley 
the  dark  wires  of  the  telegraph  stretch  out,  bearing  with  an  unseen, 
unheard  and  mysterious  power,  words  of  peace  or  tidings  of  war — 
joy  and  gladness  to  one  hearth,  sorrow  and  desolation  to  another. 
With  all  his  wisdom  and  far-seeing  sagacity,  Franklin  never 
prophesied  how  great  results  would  follow  the  experiments  which 
to  common  minds  seemed  but  the  vague  vision  of  an  idealist. 
Later,  Morse  brought  the  art  to  what  seems  to  us  a  glorious  per- 
fection, but  in  the  unborn  years  before  us,  other  master  minds, 
profiting  by  what  philosophy  has  already  proven,  will  carry  on  the 
well  begun  work. 

To  our  public  or  common  schools  America  owes  her  greatness, 
since  to  strength  of  developed  muscles  is  added  strength  of 
developed  and  cultivated  intellect,  and  ample  and  generous  pro- 
vision for  the  education  of  every  child  has  been  made.  Our 
system  of  to-day  is  the  system  which  was  established  by  the  Pil- 
grim Fathers,  who,  fleeing  from  the  ignorance  and  superstition  of 
the  old  world,  kindled  the  flame  of  general  knowledge,  and  set  the 
light  on  a  hill  where  it  cannot  be  hid ;  and  succeeding  generations 
have  fed  the  sacred  fire  until  to-day  it  lights  the  world.  Fellow 
laborer  with  the  free  school  is  the  free  press.  Thank  God  for  the 
free,  unfettered  press,  whose  voice  is  potent  to  break  the  chains 
of  tyranny  and  thunder  its  denunciations  at  abuse  and  wrong,  and 
demand  the  execution  of  justice,  even  while  it  advocates  mercy. 

With  that  commendable  prudence  and  wisdom  which  marked 
the  course  pursued  by  the  "  Fathers  of  the  Republic,"  every 
citizen  is  left  free  and  untrammeled  by  bigotry  or  prejudice,  "to 
worship  God  after  the  dictates  of  his  own  heart,"  and  in  doing 
this,  that  man  must  be  callous  indeed  who  cannot,  in  some 
religious  denomination,  find  a  home  till  such  time  as  he  is  called 
to v"  come  up  higher." 


88  MASTER    SPIRITS    OF    THE    WORLD,  AND 

Our  standing  army,  according  to  the  act  passed  July  28,  1866, 
consists  of 

10    Regiments   Cavalry,     12    Companies   each. 
5  Artillery,  12 

45  Infantry,    12 

In  addition  to  this  the  militia  of  each  State  is  always  considered 
a  reserve  force,  which  may  be  called  out  whenever  needed.  The 
force  which  could  be  thus  called  into  the  field  without  a  moment's 
delay,  would  be  more  than  a  million  of  men,  many  of  whom  have 
served  on  the  battle  grounds  of  Mexico  and  the  South.  The 
President  of  the  United  States  is  the  Commander-in-Chief  of  the 
army,  but  it  is  neither  customary  nor  expected  that  he  will  exercise 
the  rights  or  duties  of  this  office. 

Our  navy,  regulated  by  the  same  act  as  the  army,  consists  of 
a  force  of  206  vessels,  carrying  1743  guns;  35  of  these  are  the 
first-rates,  carrying  662  guns.  The  second  rates  are  37  in 
number,  carrying  483  guns.  The  third  rates,  36  in  number,  carry 
184  guns.  Fifty-two  of  these  are  iron  clad,  and  carry  129  guns; 
28  are  paddle  wheel  steamers,  carrying  197  guns;  95  are  screw 
steamers,  carrying  938  guns.  The  policy  of  our  Government, 
both  wise  and  proper,  is  to  avoid  war  by  a  course  of  honesty, 
liberality,  and  justice  toward  all  nations,  conciliating  rather  than 
provoking,  as  thoughtful  of  the  rights  of  others  as  she  is  jealous 
of  her  own,  and  by  this  means  she  has  had  little  need  to  study 
the  barbarous  arts  of  war.  Respected,  loved  and  honored  rather 
than  feared,  peace  and  prosperity  are  within  all  her  borders. 


AMERICAN    CITIZEN'S    TREASURE    HOUSE.  89 


OUR  COUNTRY. 


OUR  COUNTRY  !  — 'tis  a  glorious  land  ! 

With  broad  arms  stretch'd  from  shore  to  shore, 
The  proud  Pacific  chafes  her  strand, 

She  hears  the  dark  Atlantic  roar ; 

And,  nurtur'd  on  her  ample  breast, 
Ho\v  many  a  goodly  prospect  lies,  . 

In  Nature's  wildest  grandeur  drest, 
Enamel'd  with  her  loveliest  dyes. 

Rich  prairies  deck'd  with  flowers  of  gold, 

Like  sunlit  oceans  roll  afar  ; 
Broad  lakes  her  azure  heavens  behold, 

Reflecting  clear  each  trembling  star, 

And  mighty  rivers,  mountain-born, 
Go  sweeping  onward,  dark  and  deep, 

Through  forests  where  the  bounding  fawn 
Beneath  their  sheltering  branches  leap. 

And  cradled  'mid  her  clustering  hills, 
Sweet  vales  in  dreamlike  beauty  hide, 

Where  love  the  air  with  music  fills, 
And  calm  content  and  peace  abide  ; 

For  plenty  here  her  fullness  pours 

In  rich  profusion  o'er  the  land, 
And  sent  to  seize  her  generous  store, 

There  prowls  no  tyrant's  hireling  band. 


$0  MASTER    SPIRITS    OF    THE    WORLD,    AND 


UNITED  STATES  GOVERNMENT. 

JANUARY  i,  1872. 


THE  EXECUTIVE. 

ULYSSES  S.  GRANT,  of  I\\\no\s,President  of  tke  United  States,  Salary  $25,000 
SCHUYLER  COLFAX,  of  Indiana,  Vice-President  of  the  U.  S.        "          8,000 

THE  CABINET. 

HAMILTON  FISH,  of  New  York,  Secretary  of  State .Salary  $8,000 

GEORGE  S.  BOUT  WELL,  of  Massachusetts,  Sec,  of  the  Treasury  "  8,000 

WILLIAM  W.  BELKNAP,  of  Iowa,  Secretary  of  War. "  8,000 

GEORGE  M.  ROBESON,  of  New  Jersey,  Secretary  df  the  Navy  "  8,000 

COLUMBUS  DELANO,  of  Ohio,  Secretary  of  the  Interior. .....  "  8,000 

GEORGE  H.  WILLIAMS,  of  Oregon,  Attorney  General "  8,000 

JOHN  A.  J.  CRESWELL,  of  Maryland,  Postmaster  General "  8,000 

THE  JUDICIARY. 

SUPREME  COURT  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

SALMON  P.  CHASE,  of  Ohio,    Chief  Justice Salary  $8 ,500 

SAMUEL  NELSON,  of  N.  Y., Associate  Justice, 

NATHAN  CLIFFORD,  of  Maine, "  " 

NOAH  H.  SWAYNE,  of  Ohio, "  " 

SAMUEL  F.  MILLER,  of  Iowa, "  " 

DAVID  DAVIS,  of  Illinois, "  " 

STEPHEN  J.  FIELD,  of  California, "  " 

WILLIAM  M.  STRONG,  of  Pennsylvania, "  " 

JOSEPH  P.  BRADLEY,  of  N.  J., "  " 

Salary  of  Associate  Justices, $8,000 

Court  meets  first  Monday  in  December,  at  \Vashington. 


AMERICAN    CITIZEN  S    TREASURE    HOUSE.  91 

MINISTERS  TO  FOREIGN  COUNTRIES. 

ENVOYS     EXTRAORDINARY    AND     MINISTERS     PLENIPOTENTIARY. 
Country.  Capital.  Ministers.  Salary.  Appointed. 

Austria. Vienna John  Jay,  N.  Y., $12,000.. 1868 

Brazil Rio  Janeiro James  R.  Partridge,  Md.    I2,ooo..i87i 

Chili. Santiago Joseph  P.  Root,  Kan...   10,000.. 1869 

China Pekin Frederick  F.  Low,  Cal._  12,000..  1869 

France Paris Elihu  B.Washburne,  111.  17,500. .1869 

Great  Britian London Robert  C.  Schenck,  Ohio  17, 500..  1870 

Italy Florence George  P.  Marsh,  Vt...   I2,ooo_.i86i 

Mexico Mexico Thomas  H.  Nelson,  Ind.  12,000.  .1869 

Peru Lima Thomas  Settle,  N.  C io.ooo..i8i7 

Germany Berlin George  Bancroft,  Mass.  17,500. .1867 

Russia St.  Petersburg Andrew  G.  Curtin,  Penn.  12,000.  .1869 

Spain Madrid Daniel  E.  Sickles,  N.  Y.  12,000.  .1869 

MINISTERS  RESIDENT. 

Argentine  Republic Buenos  Ayres $7,5OO..i8o9 

Belgium Brussels J.  R.  Jones,  111... 7,500..  1869 

Bolivia .Cochabamba Leopold  Markbreit,  O._  7,5OO..i869 

CostaRica ..San  Jose Jacob  B.  Blair,  W.Va..  7,500.. 1868 

Denmark Copenhagen M.  J.  Cramer,  Ky 7.5OO.  .1870 

Ecuador Quito E.  Rumsey  Wing,  Ky._  7, 500. .1870 

Guatemala ..  Guatemala S.A.Hudson,   Iowa 7,5OO-.i869 

Hawaiian  Islands Honolulu Henry  A.  Peirce,  Mass.  7,500.  .1869 

Honduras Comayagua Henry  Baxter,  Mich 7, 500..  1809 

Japan Yeddo C.  E.  Delong,  Oregon..  12,000.. 1869 

Netherlands -.Hague .Chas.  T.  Gorham,  Mich.  7,500..  1870 

Nicaragua Nicaragua Charles  N.  Riotte.Texas,  7,500.  .1869 

Paraguay Asuncion See  Uruguay 7,500.. 

Portugal Lisbon.. Chas.  H.  Lewis,  Va 7,500. .1870 

San  Salvador San  Salvador Thomas  Biddle,  Penn..  7,500. .1869 

Sweden  and  Norway Stockholm C.C.Andrews,  Mass 7,500. .1869 

Switzerland Berne Horace  Rublee,  Wis...  7,500. .1869 

Turkey Constantinople  ..Geo.  H.  Boker,  Penn...  7,500..  1870 

Uruguay  and  Paraguay. Montevideo John  L.  Stevens,  Me...  11,250..  1871 

U.  S.  of  Columbia Bogota. __S.  A.  Hurlburt,  111 7,500..  1869 

Venzuela ..Caraccas William  A.  Pile,   Mo...  7, 500..  1869 

MINISTERS  RESIDENT  AND  CONSULS  GENERAL. 

Hayti Port-au-Prince E.  D.  Bassett,  Pa 7, 500.  .1869 

Liberia Monrovia J.  Milton  Turner 7,oop.  .1871 


MASTER    SPIRITS    OF    THE    WORLD,  AND 


AMERICAN  CITIZEN  s  TREASURE  HOUSE. 


95 


POPULATION  OF  THE  STATES  AND  TERRITORIES, 

1790-1870. 


STATES   AND 

AGGREGATE. 

TERRITORIES. 

187O. 

I860. 

185O. 

184O. 

183O. 

1X30. 

1810. 

18OO. 

1790. 

Alabama  
Arkansas  
California  
Connecticut  __ 
Delaware  
Florida  
Georgia  
Illinois  
Indiana  
Iowa  

096992 
484471 
560247 
537454 
125015 
187748 
1184109 

2539891 
1680637 
1191792 
364399 
1321011 
726915 
626915 
780894 
I45735I 
1184059 
430706 
827922 
1721295 

694201 
435450 
379994 
460147 
112216 
140424 
1057286 
1711951 
1350428 
674913 
107206 
1155684. 
708002 
628279 
687049. 
1231066 

749"3 
172023 

79*305 
1182012 
28841 

771623 
209897 

92597 
370792 
9*532 
87445 
906185 
851470 
988416 
192214 

590756 
97574 

309527 
30388 

127901 
14273 

309978 
78085 

54477 
691392 
476183 
685866 
43112 

297675 
76748 
3473° 
516823 
157445 
343°3* 

275248 
72749 

261942 
72674 

251002 
64273 

237946 
59,096 

340989 
552" 
147178 

252433 
12282 
24520 

162686 

82,548 

5641 



Kentucky  
Louisiana  .  

982405 
517762 
583169 
583034 
9945H 
397654 
6077 
606526 
682044 

77982* 
3524" 
501793 
470019 

737699 
212267 

687917 
215739 
399455 
447040 
610408 
3*639 

f>543*7 
153407 
298335 
407350 
523287 

406511 
76556 
228705 
380546 
472040 
4762 

220955 

73,677 

151719 
341548 
422845 

96,540 
359,728 
378,787 

Maryland  
Massachusetts 
Michigan  
Minnesota  
Mississippi  
Missouri  
Nebraska 

375651 
383702 

136621 
140455 

75448 
66586 

40303 
20485 

8850 

42491 
318300 
906096 

4382759 
1071361 
2665260 
90239 
3521791 

765!io 
1258520 
818579 

2305S1 
1225163 

326073 
672035 
3880735 
992622 
2339511 
52465 
2906215 
1174620 
703708 
1109801 
604215 
315098 
1596318 

N.  Hampshire 
New  Jersey  
New  York  
NorthCarolina 
Ohio  
Oregon  
Pennsylvania  - 
Rhode  Island. 
South  Carolina 
Tennessee  

3  *  7976 

489555 
3097394 
860039 
1980329 
13294 

2311786 

147545 
668507 

1002717 
212592 
314120 

1421661 

284574 
373306 
2428821 
7534i6 
1519467 

269328 
320823 
1918608 

737987 
937903 

244161 
277575 
1372812 
638829 
58i434 

214460 

245562. 
959049 
555500 
230760 

183858 
211149 
589051 
478103 
45365 

141,885 
184,139 
340,120 
393,751 

1724033 
108830 
594398 
829210 

1348233 
97199 
581185 
681904 

1049458 

83059 
502741 
422823 

810091 
76931 
4i5"5 
261727 

602365 
69122 
345591 
105602 

^H73 
68,825 

*49.°73 
35,691 

Vermont  
Virginia  
W.Virginia 

291948 
1239797 

280652 
1211405 

235981 
1065366 

217895 
974600 

154465 
880200 

85,425 
747,610 

Wisconsin  
Arizona  
Colorado  
Dakota  
Dist.  Columbia 
Idaho  

1054670 
9658 
39864 
14181 
131700 

775881 

305391 

3°945 

34277 
4837 
75080 

51687 

437" 

39834- 

33039 

24023 

14093 

Montana  

20595 

New  Mexico.. 
Utah... 

91874 

86786 

935*6 
40273 
I  x  594 

61547 
11380 









Washington  .. 

Wyoming  

9118 

Total  .. 

i 

38555983 

31443321  23191876,17069453  12866020 

9638453 

723988115,308483 

3929,214 

96 


MASTER    SPIRITS   OF    THE    WORLD,  AND 


NATIVE  AND  FOREIGN  POPULATION". 


STATES  AND 
TERRITO- 
RIES. 

Total 
popu.a- 

Native 
born. 

Foreign 
born. 

Total 
popula- 
tion. 

Native 
born. 

Foreign 
born. 

Un- 

Chinese. 

Indian. 

1870. 

1870 

I860. 

Alabama  
Arkansas  
California  
Connecticut  
Delaware  

964201 
435450 
879994 

4(50147 
112216 
140424 
10B7S86 
1711951 
1450428 
674913 
•107206 
1155684 
708002 
628279 
687049 
1231066 
749113 
172023 
791305 
1182012 
28841 
6857 
326073 
672035 
3880735 
992622 
2339511 
52465 
2906215 
174620 
703708 
1109801 
604215 
315098 
1218680 
376688 
775881 

951849 
431850 
233466 
379451 
103051 
137115 
1045615 
1387308 
1232144 
568830 
94515 
1095885 
627027 
590826 
609520 
970960 
600020 
113295 
782747 
1021471 
22490 
4793 
805145 
549245 
2879455 
98W324 
2011262 
47342 
2475710 
137226 
693722 
1088575 
560793 
282355 
1201117 
360143 
498954 

12352 
3600 
14652S1 
806% 
9165 
3309! 
11671 
324643 
118284 
106077 
12691 
59799 
80975! 
37453: 
77529: 
260106 
149093 
587281 
8558 
160541 
6351  ! 
2064 
20938; 
122790' 
10012801 
3298 
328249 
5123 
430505 
37394 
9986 
21226 
43422 
32743 
18513! 
16545 
276927 

771623 
209897 
92597 
370792 
91532 
87445 
906185 
851470 
988416 
192214 

763089 
207636 
70340 
331560 
86268 
84665 
899132 
736149 
930458 
170931 

7509 
1471 
21802 
38518 
5253 
2669 
6488 
111892 
55572 
20969 

1025 
790 
455 
714 
11 
11 
565 
3439 
2386 
314 

98 
89 
7241 
235 

160 
48 
17798 
16 

98 
49310 
2 

2 

40 
32 
240 

48 
914 
108 
569 
499 
4 
153 
4926 
690 
809 
75 
87 
23 
23 

1 
38 
32 
290 
65 
189 
33 
173 
5 

1 
1 

3 

Kentucky  
Louisiana  
Maine  

982405 
517762 
583169 
583034 
994514 
397654 
6077 
606526 
682044 

949652 
448848 
550878 
531476 
827430 
341656 
4097 
601230 
604522 

31420 
68233 
31825 
51209 
164024 
54703 
1977 
4788 
76592 

1433 
681 
466 
349 
3060 
1295 
3 
508 
930 

1 
71 
1 
2 
97 
2 

Maryland  

Massachusetts 
Michigan  
Minnesota  
Mississippi  

32 
6172 
2369 

a 

20 
63 

16 
3 

Nebraska  
Nevada.. 

3152 

N.  Hampshire 
New  Jersey.  .. 
New  York  
N.  Carolina... 
Ohio.. 

317976 
489555 
3097394 
869039 
1980329 
13294 
2311786 
117545 
668507 
1002717 
212592 
314120 
1421661 

303563 
429176 
2436771 
S66241 
1757746 
12081 
2006207 
123564 
659743 
995478 
194433 
280055 
1398205 

14265 
50948 
655929 
2581 
2181*3 
1022 
303417 
23902 
8707 
5653 
17681 
43715 
22985 

148 
431 
4694 
217 
4390 
191 
2162 
79 
57 
1586 
478 
350 
471 

15 
29 

16 
439 
1241 
100 
318 
34 
154 
124 
70 
379 
14 
229 
1 

140 
1158 
30 
177 
7 
19 
88 
60 
403 
20 
11% 

1 
4330 
14 

Pennsylvania.. 
Rhode  Island. 
S.  Carolina  — 
Tennessee  
Texas  . 

1 

25 

Vermont  
Virginia..  
West  Virginia. 
Wisconsin  

4 

305391 

194099 

110477 

815 

1206 
31 
180 
1200 
15 
47 
157 
1309 
179 
1319 
66 

1017 

"2261 

1 

~  10507 
89 
42tt 

20 

.       7 

Colorado  
Dakota  
Dist.  Columbia 

34277 
4837 
75080 

31611 
3063 
625% 

266ft 
1774 
12184 

51687 

46720 

4918 

49 

3 
4274 
1949 

New  Mexico.  . 
Utah  

93516 
40273 
11594 

86793 
27519 
8450 

6723 
12754' 
3144 

61547 
11380 

59187 
9326 

2151 
2044 

209 
10 

445 
234 
143 

Washington  .  . 

Total  

31443321  '27304624  4138697  23191876209126122244602   S46621     6325425731 

44021 

AMERICAN    CITIZEN  S    TREASURE    HOUSE. 


97 


NATIVE  AND  FOREIGN  POPULATION. 


187O. 


STATES  AND 
TERRITORIES. 

Total 
population. 

Native 
born. 

Foreign 
born. 

I  or  both 
parents 
foreign. 

Foreign 
fattier. 

Foreign 

Foreign 
father  and 
mother. 

996,992 
484.471 
560.247 
537.454 
125,015 
187,748 
1,184,109 
2.539.891 
1,680,637 
1,191,792 
364.399 
1,821.011 
726,915 
626,915 
780,894 
1,457,351 
1,184,059 
439,706 
827,922 
1,721,295 

987,030 
479.445 
350,416 
423.815 
115,879 
182,781 
1,172,982 
2,024,693 
1,539,163 
987,7:15 
316,007 
1,257,613 
665,088 
578,034 
697,482 
1,104,032 
916,049 
279,009 
816,731 
1,499,028 

9,962 
5,026 
209,831 
113,639 
9,136 
4,967 
11,127 
515,198 
141,474 
204.057 
48,392 
63,398 
61,827 
48,881 
83,412 
353,319 
268,010 
160,697 
11.191 
222,267 
30,748 
18,801 
29,611 
188,494 
1,138.353 
3,029 
372,393 
11.600 
545.261 
55,396 
8,074 
19,316 
62,411 
47.155 
13,754 
17,091 
364.499 
5,809 
6,599 
4,815- 
16,254 
7,885 
7,979 
5,620 
30,702 
5,024 
3,513 

21.844 
10,617 
323.507 
203.  650 
20,361 
9,295 
23,814 
986,035 
441,001 
316,139 
87.211 
142.720 
132,011 
91,651 
181,362 
626.211 
4S8.159 
285.516 
18,756 
465,125 
50,017 
25,117 
44,592 
350.316 
2,225.627 
6.464 
849.815 
20,705 
1,151.208 
95.090 
16.449 
36,326 
107,327 
83,615 
30.794 
46.204 
717,832 
6,766 
10,707 
7,319 
34.106 
9.305 
10.246 
8,677 
59024 
8.382 
5,000 

20,765 
9,893 
310.927 
198,958 
19,338 
8,734 
22,901 
956,711 
326,312 
397,672 
82,848 
139.336 
127,480 
84.381 
176,274 
609,836 
459,537 
277,345 
17,«62 
453,264 
48,277 
24.222 
42.862 
340:661 
2,161,752 
6,148 
816,780 
19,320 
1,108.603 
92,762 
15,875 
35.045 
103,713 
79,287 
29,677 
43,917 
700.402 
6,612 
10,200 
7,137 
32,721 
9,180 
9,926 
8.392 
54649 
7,880 
4,850 

18.060 
8,484 
308.  303 
197.377 
18.311 
8020 
19,413 
920,147 
298,753 
379,438 
77,828 
130,183 
118,017 
81,128 
164,960 
606,727 
444,958 
273,860 
15,861 
428,770 
46,392 
24.042 
42,550 
330,900 
2,106,987 
4.644 
764^380 
17,541 
1,034,456 
92,311 
14,156 
31,861 
100,047 
76,482 
24,751 
39,077 
688,189 
6.664 
9,854 
6,786 
30.568 
9;  122 
9,682 
7,636 
50,182 
7,069 
4,710 

16,981 
7,760 
295,723 
192,685 
17,288 
7,459 
18,500 
890,823 
284,064 
360,971 
73,465 
126,799 
113,486 
73,858 
159,872 
590,852 
416,336 
265,689 
14,967 
416,909 
44,652 
23,147 
40,820 
321,245 
2,043,1  12 
4,328 
731,345 
16,156 
991,851 
89,983 
13,582 
30,580 
96,233 
72,154 
23,634 
36,790 
670,759 
6,500 
9,347 
6,604 
29,183 
9,906 
9,362 
7,351 
51,807 
6,567 
4,560 

Connecticut  
Delaware  

Georgia  

Massachusetts  ... 

Nebraska  

122,993 
42,491 
318,300 
906,096 
4,382,759 
1,071,361 
2,065,260 
90,923 
3,521,791 
217,853 
705,606 
1,258,520 
818,579 

aso,55i 

1,225,163 
442,014 
1,054,670 
9,658 
39,864 
14,181 
131,700 
14,999 
20,595 
91,874 
86,786 
23,955 
9,118 

92.245 
23,690 
288,689 
717,153 
3,244,406 
1,068,332 
2,292,767 
79,323 
2,976,530 
161,957 
697,532 
1,239,204 
756,168 
283,396 
1,211,409 
424,923 
690,171 
3,849 
33,265 
9,360 
115,446 
7,114 
12.616 
86.254 
56,084 
18,931 
5,605 

New  Hampshire- 

North  Carolina  .. 
Ohio 

Pennsylvania  
Rhode  Island  
South  Carolina... 
Tennessee  

West  Virginia  

Arizona  

Dakota  

Dist.  of  Columbia 
Idaho 

Montana  

New  Mexico  
Utah  

Washington  

Total  

38,555,983 

32,989,437 

5,566,546'  10,892,015  10,521,2*3 

10,105,627 

9,734,845 

NOTE  TO  NATIVE  AND  FOREIGN  TABLE. — Of  the  sums  contained  in  the  four  columns  in  order, 
respectively,  fourth,  fifth,  sixth,  and  seventh,  in  this  table,  that  in  the  seventh  is  invariably  the 
smallest,  and  that  in  the  fourth  invariably  the  laqgest.  The  sum  given  in  column  five  may  be 
larger  or  smaller  than  that  in  column  six,  according  to  circumstances'  It  happens  to  be  larger  in 
the  case  of  every  State,  and  of  each  of  the  Territories  except  Arizona  and  Utah  (in  the  latter 
case  for  obvious  reasons).  The  mathematical  proof  of  column  four  is  by  adding  columns  five  and 
six,  and  subtracting  column  seven.  The  difference  between  columns  six  arid  column  seTen  yieids 
the  number  having  foreign  mothers  but  native  fathers. 


98  MASTER    SPIRITS   OF    THE    WORLD,  AND 

POPULATION    OF    THE    PRINCIPAL    CITIES    OF  THE 
UNITED  STATES. 


CITIES. 
Adrian,  Mich     

1870. 

8438 
10006 
69422 
13570 
53180 
13884 
8665 
Io6lO 
21789 
17225 

15339 
IIl62 

267354 
18289 
8146 
10282 
12692 
14590 
250526 
18969 
396099 
II77I4 
14930 
14387 
39634 
20045 
8660 
298977 
48956 
28323 
8920 

9485 
216239 
92829 
9298 
31274 
15357 
12241 
IOO2O 
24505 
20038 

30473 
12035 

79577 
9294 
18434 
H350 
20832 
15863 
19646 
21830 
26766 
12764 

I77l8l 

I860. 

6213 

3477 
62367 
12652 
28702 
8025 
3585 
3591 
9554 
10986 

14875 
6011 
212418 
16407 
7520 
9349 
8325 
7075 
202977 
13299 
266661 
81129 
6700 

2606 
14358 
4041 
112172 
40467 
25065 
458i 
4631 
161041 

43417 
8052 

18554 
8799 
6896 

201  1 

16471 
11267 
2OO8l 
3965 
45619 
8502 
I3OOO 
3OOI 
H567 

9419 

11484 
14026 
5450 

CITIES. 
Frederick,  Md. 

1870. 

8526 
10158 
13818 
11384 
16507 
11081 
10125 
2310^ 
37i8o 
13092 
20297 
9382 
8615 
48244 
11447 
9203 
8789 
82546 
32200 
12766 
8682 
13506 
20233 
8320 
28921 

17873 
13600 
14801 
12380 
12426 
8950 
100753 
40928 
28233 
10810 
23536 
10709 
9176 
8029 
40226 
71440) 
13066 
32034 

10543 

25865 

9057 
15396- 
105059 
21320 
17014 
21595 
150581 
50840 

IO.I4.lS 

I860' 

8143 
I     4953 
7307 
8733 
8084 
7223 
6505 
13405 
17956 
9995 
9659 
4845 
7187 
18611 

4999 
5528 
7702 
29226 
4418 
8136 

9387 
17603 

1645 
17639 
7420 

7424 
9321 

3727 

2979 
68033 
36827 
19083 
-8247 
20107 
8130 
66n 
458i 
22621 
45246 
2563 
29250 
1065 
16988 
6612 
12647 
71941 
22300 

13401 
11256 
39267 
118670 

Akron,  Ohio.       

Galesburg,  111. 

Albany,  N.  Y     

Galveston,  Tex. 

Alexandria,  Va.  

Georgetown,  D.  C. 

Allegheny,  Pa. 

Grand  Rapids,  Mich  
Hamilton,  Ohio 

Allento\vn,  Pa.. 

Alton  111. 

Hannibal,    Mo. 

Altoona,    Pa.  ., 

Harrisburg,  Pa. 

Atlanta,  Ga. 

Hartford,  Ct. 

Auburn,  N.  Y  

Haverhill,  Mass. 

Augusta,  Ga..           

Hoboken,  N.  J. 

Aurora,    111.         

Houston,  Tex.   . 

Baltimore,  Md.  

Hudson,  N.  Y. 

Brngor,    Me.     

Indianapolis,  Ind.  . 

Bellville,  111  

Jackson,  Mich. 

Biddeford,  Me  

Jacksonville,  111.  

Binghamton,  N.  Y. 

Janesville,  Wis. 

Bloomington,  111..      

Jersey  City,   N.  J  

Boston,   Mass. 

Kansas  City,  Mo. 

Bridegeport,  Ct.   . 

Keokuk,  Iowa 

Brooklyn,  N.  Y  

Knoxville,   Tenn.  . 

Buffalo,         "     

Lafayette,  Ind  .. 

Burlington,  Iowa..  

Lancaster,  Pa  

Burlington,  Vt. 

Lawrence,  Kan.. 

Cambridge,  Mass. 

Lawrence,  Mass. 

Camden,  N.  J. 

Leavenworth,  Kan. 

Canton,  Ohio. 

Lewiston,  Me. 

Chicago,  111. 

Lexington,  Ky.  .. 

Charleston,  S.  C. 

Little  Rock,  Ark  

Charlestown,  Mass..    ._ 

Lockport,  N.  Y.  

Chillicothe,  Ohio  

Logansport,  Ind  

Chester,  Pa. 

Louisville,    Ky. 

Cincinnati,  Ohio 

Lowell,  Mass. 

Cleveland,       " 

Lynn,          "     

Columbia  S  C 

Macon,  Ga. 

Columbus,   Ohio 

Manchester,  N.  H. 

Cohoes,  N.  Y. 

Madison,  Ind.  

Concord,  N.  H. 

Madison,  Wis  

Council  Bluffs,  Iowa  
Covington    Ky. 

Mansfield,  Ohio  

Memphis,  Tenn. 

Davenport,  Iowa 

Milwaukee,  Wis. 

Dayton,  Ohio         . 

Minneapolis,  Min  

Des  Moines,  Iowa 

Mobile,  Ala  

Detroit,  Mich. 

Nashua,  N.  H  

Dover,  N.  H. 

Nashville,  Tenn  

Dubuque,  Iowa         .   . 

Natchez,  Miss.   

East  Saginaw,  Mich  
Elizabeth,  N.  J. 

New  Albany,  Ind. 

Newark,  N.  J. 

Elmira,  N.  Y  

New  Bedford,  Mass  
Newburgh,  N.  Y. 

Erie,  Pa. 

Evansville,   Ind. 

Newburyport,  Mass  
New  Brunswick,  N.  J.__ 
New  Haven,  Ct. 

Fall  River,  Mass. 

Fond  du  Lac,  Wis  
Fort  Wayne.  Ind..:.. 

New  Orleans,  La... 

AMERICAN    CITIZENS'    TREASURE    HOUSE. 


99 


POPULATION  OF  THE  PRINCIPAL  CITIES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES, 

(Concluded). 


CITIES. 
Newport,   Ky.  

1S70. 

15087 
12521 
942292 
19229 
16653 
10076 
16083 
9348 
12643 
20910 

33579 
22849 
18950 
674022 
86076 
3I4I3 
9293 
9211 
10592 
10492 
20080 
68904 
24052 
9880 
7790 
33930 
9445 
51038 
62386 

IIOOO 

16283 
19565 

110864 

1>M». 
IOO46 
10508 
805051 
14620 
14048 
7409 

1881 
8877 
6086 
16816 
19586 

14045 
18266 

565529 
49217 
26341 
2868 

9335 
6268 
9488 
14726 
50666 
I37I8 
7822 
4780 
23162 
6623 

37907 
48204 

35S4 
12797 
8932 
l6o?7'i 

CITIES. 
St.  Paul,  Min.     . 

1870. 

20030 
24117 
12854 
12250 
13000 
149473 
28335 
10029 
35092 
17364 
26703 
12652 
8107 
18966 
43051 
10629 
16103 
8639 

31584 
22874 

46465 
28804 

12443 
109199 
10826 
9336 
19289 
16030 
30841 
13446 
41105 
11003 

IOOII 

1870. 

10400 
22252 
8207 

8235 
8408 
56802 
22292 
9576 
9223 
932O 

I5I99 
7002 

6l54 
3679 
28110 
15376 
8594 
438 
13768 
17228 
39232 
22529 

4591 
61122 
10004 

14083 
5568 
21254 
9552 
24960 
8605 

Q22Q 

Newport,  R.  I.  

Salem,  Mass.   .  .   . 

New  York,  N.  Y.  .  . 

Salt  Lake  City,  Utah... 
San  Antonio,  Texas  
Sandusky,  Ohio 

Norfolk,  Va. 

Norwich,  Ct..        .... 

Ogdensburgh,  N.  Y.  

San  Francisco,  Cal. 

Omaha,  Neb  

Savannah,  Ga. 

Orange,  N.  J  

Shenectady,  N.  Y.  

Oshkosh,  Wis  

Scranton,  Pa.   

Oswego,  N.  Y. 

Springfield,  111. 

Patterson,  N.  J.           t. 

Springfield,  Mass. 

Peoria,  111. 

Springfield,  Ohio 

Petersburg,  Va.     .    

Steubenville,  Ohio  .   . 

Philadelphia,  Pa  

Stockton,  Cal.     ..    . 

Pittsburgh,   Pa  

Syracuse,  N.  Y  

Portland,   Me  

Taunton,  Mass..  

Portland,  Oregon 

Terre  Haute,  Ind. 

Portsmouth,  N.  H. 

Titusville,  Pa. 

Portsmouth,  Ohio  

Toledo,  Ohio     .    . 

Portsmouth,  Va.   .   

Trenton,  N.  J.   .   . 

Poughkeepsie,  N.  Y  
Providence,  R.  I  

Troy,  N.  Y. 

Utica,     "              

Quincy,    111.   

Vicksburg,  Miss  

Racine,  Wis. 

\Vashington,  D.  C. 

Raleigh,  N.  C. 

Waterbury,  Ct. 

Reading,  Pa. 

Watertown,  N.  Y. 

Richmond,  Ind.  

Wheeling,  W.  V. 

Richmond,   Va  

Williamsport,  Pa..   _    . 

Rochester,  N.  Y. 

"Wilmington,  Del. 

Rome,             " 

Wilmington,  N.  C. 

Sacramento,  Cal  

Worcester,  Mass.. 

St.  Joseph,  Mo  

York,  Pa  

St.  Louis,       "   . 

Zanesville.  Ohio... 

AMERICAN    CITIZEN  S    TREASURE    HOUSE.  105 

.     OUR  IMPORTS  AND  THEIR  COST. 

The  Chief  of  the  Bureau  of  Statistics  on  Commerce  and  Navigation  furnishes 
the  following  statement  of  the  value  and  duty  on  the  principal  articles  entered 
into  consumption  in  the  United  States  for  the  fiscal  year  ending  June  30, 1871: 

Articles.                                                                    Value.  Duty. 

Animals,  living,  of  all  kinds __ $5,287,669  12  $1,165,533  83 

Articles  worn  by  men,  women,  children,  of  what- 
ever material,  made  up  in  whole  or  part  by 

hand,  not  otherwise  specified.. 249,51900  87,33165 

Beer,  ale  and  porter 1,154,254  98  434,321  63 

Books,  periodicals,  &c.,  print,  and  blank ._    1,706,30471  426,57620 

Brass  and  manuf.  of 54,38417  10,88943 

Bricks  and  tiles 76,86659  16,08897 

Bristles 721,51800  87,21428 

Brushes -... 222,18809  88,87523 

Butter 1,091,374  87  193,720  50 

Buttons  and  button  molds 1,299,895  75  389,968  73 

Candles  and  tapers,  all  kinds. 5.89165  •    1,08894 

Chalk  of  all  kinds 18,36700  37,48700 

Cheese 376,395  37  100,530  07 

Chemicals,  dyes,  drugs  and  medicines 12,979,661  85  4,640.055  94 

Chicory,  root' and  gr'd 70,495  00  116,120  82 

Chocolate,  cocoa,  &c 346.210  86  74,583  10 

Clay  and  fullers'  earth 106,527  00  54,917  04 

Clocks,  watches  and  watch  materials 3,457.261  21  804,840  71 

Coal  and  culm  of  coal ...    1,144,538  34  543,257  88 

Coffee 29,428,698  27  10,069,098  77 

Copper  and  manuf.  of 765,186  27  331,703  68 

Cork  and  manuf.  of 237,549  52  100,180  49 

Cotton,  manuf.  of 26.587,994  91  10,773,832  48 

Diamonds,  gems,  &c.'_ 2,351,963  25  235,234  73 

Earthenware,  china 4,632,355  21  1,915,109  81 

Embroideries  of  cotton,  silk,  wool,  not  otherwise 

specified 2,565.914  00  898,069  90 

Fancy  articles,  perfumery,  &c 3,798,816  97  1,718,583  09 

Fire-crackers  and  fireworks 170,264  25  196,929  80 

Fish  of  all  kinds 2,066,832  70  660.225  34 

Flax  and  manuf.  of  (linens,  &c.) 19.235,959  55  6.475,953  72 

Fruits  of  all  kinds. 6.872,741  36  3,428,097  72 

Furs  and  manuf.  of .. 2,194,462  58  434,972  72 

Ginger,  root,  ground  and  preserved 171,18251  79,41170 

Glass  and  manuf.  of 4,450,724  68  2,472,412  50 

Gold  and  silver,  manufacturers  of,  &c 223,277  07  77.082  44 

Gums,  arabic,  copal,  mastic,  myrrh,  shellac,  &c...        422,833  06  221,102  41 

Gutta-percha,  crude,  and  manuf.  of 16,173  00  5,109  90 

Hair  of  alpaca  goat,  &c.,  and  manuf.  of 34,559  70  25,003  13 

Hair  and  manuf.  of  (hair-cloth,  &c.)- 1 538,942  73  131,202  58 

Hair,  human,  and  mannfactures  of 535,852  00  149,608  00 

Hats  and  bonnets  of  hair,  straw,  chip,  &c 658,380  58  253  352  24 

Hemp  and  manuf.  of 8.013,364  43  l,7i,009  47 

Hides  and  skins 13,431,781  27  1,343,17814 

Honey 53,119  91  17,071  50 

Hops.. 12,81100  5,04420 

India-rubber  and  manufacturers  of 2,044,936  95  361,365  31 

Instruments,  mathematical,  philosophical,  &c_. .            15,51900  3,521  20 

Ink  and  ink  powders 85,82321  30,03812 


io6 


MASTER    SPIRITS    OF    THE' WORLD,   AND 


Articles.  Value.                Duty.  • 

Iron,  manuf.  of 31,852,03483    13,766,121  32 

Steel  and  manuf  of 11,404,08485     4,892,56263 

Ivory  and  manuf.  of. 174,94200           20,37970 

Jet  and  jewelry,  real  and  imitation. 1,322,266  67         374,742  03 

Lead  and  manuf.  of. 3,837,363  93      1,870,609  54 

Leather  and  manuf.  of- 10,552,155  34     3,839,679  50 

Macaroni  and  vermicelli 80,47880           28,16759 

Marble,  granite,  stone  and  manuf.  of 764,32310         396,96406 

Matts,  cocoa,  coir,  dunnage,  £c.,  and  matting...  564,239  85         162,632  36 

Meats,  eggs,  game,  poultry,  &c 1,128,395  84         240,612  77 

Metals,  bronze,  nickel,  &c.,  and  manuf.  of,  not 

elsewhere  specified  _ . 240,575  85 

Mineral  waters 34,918  13 

Music,  printed,  bound  or  unbound 47,547  00 

Musical  instruments  and  music  strings 842,507  98 

Nuts,  almonds,  cocoa,  filberts,  walnuts,  &c 1,196,779  44 

Oil-cloths  for  floors 63,406  55 

Oils,  fixed  or  expressed : 

Castor 20,240  49 

Flaxseed  or  linseed 24,814  49 

N eats-foot  and  other  animal 20,155  00 

Olive,  in  casks 111,453  00 

Olive,  in  bottles : 257,868  08 

Palm  and  cocoanut 87,288  40 

Seal  and  whale 183,751  38 

All  other  fixed  oils 115,479  66 

Total $821,050  50 

Oils,  volatile  or  essential : 

Anise. 16,355  00 

Bergamot-. 93,260  00 

Citronella 13,535  00 

Orange  and  lemon 144,505  00 

Roses,  attar  of 46,242  00 

All  other  essential  oils 132,415  41 

Total $446,212  41 

Olives 32,458  58 

Paintings,  statuary,  &c.,  not  by  American  artists  767,160  06 

Photographs. .      43,006  25 

Paints  and  colors: 

White  lead 483,392  31 

Red  lead 73,410  75 

Ultramarine  blue 115,816  00 

Vermillion 43,935  11 

All  other  paints  and  colors 597,276  84 

Total $1,318,831  01 

Paper  and  manuf.  of 1,895,150  35 

Pens,  penhold'rs,  pencils,  crayons,  &c 237,850  47 

Pickles,  sauces,  catsup,  &c 431,634  39 

Pins,  all  metallic 60,912  00 

Plumbago  or  black  lead 139,954  00 

Potatoes .- 225,972  48 

Rice  and  paddy 1,449,198  50 

Salt  in  bulk  and  bags,  cake,  &c. 1,158,208  56 


AMERICAN    CITIZEN  S    TREASURE    HOUSE.  107 

Articles.  Value.  Duty. 
Seeds,  plants,  trees,  shrubs,  &c.,  &c. : 

Canary 56,95200  37,77624 

Cardamon 13,98200  2,77850 

Castor 44,39300  22,11180 

Flaxseed  or  linseed 5,977,925  80  724,420  40 

Garden,  agricultural,   &c 563,536  38  169,006  41 

All  other  kinds  of  seeds,  &c 159,382  75  64,675  73 

Total $6,818,12193  $1,020,76908 

Silk  and  manufactures  of: 

Velvets 1,424,12300  854,47380 

Ribbons 6,979,52750  4,187,71650 

Dress  and  piece  goods 13,235,849  60  7,941,509  77 

Laces,  braids,  fringes,  galloons,  &c., 2,281,23925  1,368,74355 

All  other  manuf.  of 7,147,512  67  3,613,376  23 

Total $31,068,252  02  $17,965,819  85 

Slate  and  manuf.  of. 138,86500  49,67180 

Soap,  common,  castile,  and  toilet 299,560  84  147,434  12 

Spices : 

Cassia 291,97226  222,33025 

Cloves 64,547  25  104,197  45 

Mustard 114,535  74  80,508  27 

Nutmegs 390,17510  266,41500 

Pepper,  black  and  white 484,635  68  596,020  65 

Pimento 55,288  87  111,073  20 

Vanilla  beans 113,21200  44,29200 

All  other  spices 102,10012  97,57453 

Total $1,616,467  02  $1,522,411  35 

Spirits  and  wines : 

Brandy 1,261,34342  1,793,27685 

Spirits  from  grain  and  other  materials 615,292  85  2,042,029  06 

Cordials,  liquors,  arrack,  &c 58,897  96  88,629  90 

Wines  of  all  kinds 5,876,613  14  4,478,973  91 

Spirituous  compounds 19,125  59  29,168  55 

Total $7,831,27296  $8,432,07827 

Straw,  manufactures  of 1,360,323  14  408,018  63 

Sponges. 113,12700  22,62540 

Starch,  of  corn,  potatoes  or  rice 2,555  46  1,339  14 

Sugar,  &c. : 

Sugar  of  all  kinds 58,382,938  21  29,690,521  58 

Confectionery 11,73506  7,16038 

Syrup  of  cane  juice  or  melado 2,454,696  40  1,060,975  75 

Molasses  from  sugar  cane 10,953,029  02  2,826,462  45 

Total $70,802,398  69  $32,585,120  16 

Tea 14,274,48867  8,322,99467 

Tin,  and  manuf.  of 12,528,61276  2,846,69539 

Tobacco  and  manufacture  of : 

Leaf,  manufactured,  stems,  and  snuff 2,784,155  74  2,342,954  11 

Cigars 2,422,552  94  2,458,622  62 


Total $5,206,70868        $4,801,57673 


io8 


MASTER    SPIRITS    OF    THE    WORLD,  AND 


Articles.  Value.  Duty. 

Umbrellas,  parasols,  &c.,  (not  of  silk) 94,276  50  47,138  25 

Varnish 72,26556  829,75550 

Vegetables,  yams,  &c.,  new  and  prepared 584,61122  28,76833 

Vinegar 54,85506  8,86322 

Wax,  and  manuf.  of 10,87076  3,15753 

Wheat,  grain,  flour,  meal,  &c. : 

Wheat, _. 245,753  79  43,664  80 

Wheatflour 157,80528  31,56106 

Rye 45,14375  10,13876 

Barley. 3.632,48478  721,47980 

Oats. 290,982  90  72,702  20 

Indian   corn. 100,90291'  10,55348 

All  other  kinds.. 911,82373  167,05536 

Total $5,424,897  14  $1,057,15546 

Willow  or  osier,  and  manufacturers  of 245,50775  83,93097 

Wood  and  manuf.  of : 

Cabinet  ware,  household  furniture,  &c 942,973  37  330,040  69 

Boards,  plank  and  scantling 6.555,192  03  1,311,038  41 

Aough  timber 494,45645  98.89128 

Other  lumber 316,05764  •      63,21153 

Fire-wood 202,08152  40,41630 

Allother 207,00685  56,62387 

Total $8,807,85786  1,900,32205 

Wool,  and  manufactures  of  wool,  and  worsted : 

Wool,  raw  of  all  kinds 9,906,031  03  4,515,103  72 

Cloths. 9,187,36528  6,430,22641 

Shawls.. 281,66900  151,05253 

Flannels 7,12049  5,074(55 

Blankets 19,42695  17.29293 

Hats  of  wool 131,23000  81,00754 

Hosiery.... --  537,05650  309,195 

Shirts,  drawers  and  other  knit  goods 21,729  00  12,559  27 

Balmorals 3,46575  2,69021 

Yarns 284,79290  231.87355 

Dress  goods.. 21,617,32294  14,353,85333 

Clothing,  ready-made  and  article  of  wear.  2,249,600  00  1,208,568  22 

Bunting 4,16700  4,89840 

Carpets  and  carpeting 4.931,62190  3,320,09731 

All  other  manuf.  of,  not  otherwise  specified  3,583,419  63  2,895,982  29 

Total $52,766,068  37  $33,539,475  93 

'Zinc,  and  manuf.  of...  943,96463  348,66720 

All  other  articles 3,412,11557  291,78486 

Total $459,597,057  86  $201,985,574  93 

Amount  entered  for  direct  consumption 270,967,025  96  109,089,585  94 

Withdrawn  from  warehouse  for  consump'n..  188,630,031  90  92,895,988  99 

Free  of  duty 59,162,46046        

Additional  and  discriminating  duty 461,09839 

Aggregate  total $518,759,518  32  $202,446,673  32 


AMERICAN    CITIZEN  S    TREASURE    HOUSE. 


lop 


DIFFERENCE  OF  TIME. 


When  it  is  12  o'clock  at  noon  at  New  York  City,  it  will  be  morning  at  all 
places  west  of  New  York,  and  afternoon  at  all  places  east,  as  in  the  annexed 
table : 


Place. 


Morning. 


Augusta,  Ga  ................  11  28  28 

Buffalo,  N.  Y  _____  .........  .11  40  24 

Chicago,  111  ................  11     6     2 

Cincinnati,  0  ..............  11  18  16 

Detroit,  Mich.  ..  ..........  .11  23  54 

Ft.  Leavenworth,  Kan  ______  10  87     8 

Galveston,  Tex  .............  10  86  58 

Honolulu,  S.  1  .............  6  24    8 

Jackson,  Miss  ..............  10  55  32 

Jefferson,  Mo  ..............  10  47  32 

Louisville,  Ky,  .............  11  14    4 

Mexico,  Mex.--  ............  10  19  44 

Milwaukee,  Wis  ...........  .11     4  16 

Mobile,  Ala  ................  11     0     2 

Nashville,  Tenn  .....  _______  11     8  48 

Natchez,  Miss  ..............  10  50  26 


Place. 


Afternoon. 


Albany,  N.  Y  ..............  016 

Augusta,  Me  ......  _________  0  16  44 

Berlin,  Prussia  ........  _____  5  49  39 

Boston  Mass  ..........  _____  0  11  50 

Constantinople  ............  6  52    0 

Edinburgh  ...  ......  _______  3  43  21 

Hamburg,  Ger  .............  .  5  86  58 

London  ______  ..  4  55  41 


Place.  Morning. 

H.      M.      S. 

New  Orleans,  La 1055    4 

Raleigh,  N.  C.. 11  40  52 

Sacramento,  Cal 856    4 

St.  Louis,  Mo 1056    4 

St.  Paul,  Minn 10  43  45 

San  Francisco,  Cal 8  46  19 

Santa  Fe,  N.  M 9  51  59 

Springfield,  111 10  57  52 

Toronto,  C.  W -11  88  38 

Utica,  N.  Y -.11  55  12 

Vera  Cruz,  Mex 10  31  30 

Washington,  D.  C 11  47  53 

Wheeling,  W.V 11  83  16 

Wilmington,  N.  C 11  43  21 

Wilmington,  Del. 11  54  12 


Place.  Afternoon. 

M.     H.      S. 

Montreal,  L.  C 0    1  44 

Paris,  France 5     5  26 

Portland,  Me 0  15  10 

Quebec.L.C Oil     0 

Rome,  Italy 5  45  59 

St.   Petersburg .'.  6  57  18 

Stockholm,  Sw 6     8  18 

Vienna,  Austria 6     1  37 


STATISTICS  OF  RELIGION  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

The  total  number  of  Church  organizations  upon  the  1st  of  June  1870,  were 


CHURCH  ACCOMMODATION. 

Baptist  (regular) 3,997,1 1 6 

Baptist  (other) 363,019 

Roman  Catholic. 1,990,514 

Congregational  - 1,117,212 

Episcopal 991,051 

Lutheran 997,332 

Methodist 6528,209 

Presbyterian    (regular)-..  2,198,900 

Presbyterian   (other) 499,844 

Total..  21,659,562 


VALUE  OF  CHURCH  PROPERTY. 

Baptist  (regular). $39,229,221 

Baptist  (other) 3,378,977 

Roman   Catholic 60,985  566 

Congregational 25,069,698 

Episcopal 36,514,549 

Lutheran 14,917,747 

Methodist 69,854,121 

Presbyterian  (regular). . . .     47,828,782 

Presbyterian  (other) 5,436,524 

Aggregate  value $354,429,581 


Total  number  of  Church  edifices 63,074 


MASTER    SPIRITS   OF    THE    WORLD,  AND 


A  TABLE  SHOWING  THE  NUMBER  OF  NEWSPAPERS 
AND   PERIODICALS 

PUBLISHED    IN    THE    UNITED     STATES,    TERRITORIES,    DOMINION    OF 
CANADA  AND  BRITISH  PROVINCES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


Daily. 

Tri- 
Wkly 

Semi- 
Wkly. 

Wkly. 

Bi- 
Wkly. 

M'thly  iM'thly 

Bi-     i  Quar- 
M'thlyj  terly. 

Total. 

P 

4 
34 

17 
i 

6 
1 
14 
38 
20 
20 
14 
10 
9 

<J 
9 

21 
13 
8 
4 
21 
7 
7 
7 
21 
89 
8 
25 
5 

66 
5 
12 
11 
3, 
16 

a 

16 

»!          2 
•!           2 

3 

. 
1 
5 
11 

i     t 

1          3 

i     \ 

1 
4 

i 

5 
5 

3 
13 
9 

2 

4 
2 

Q 

9 
1 
2 

6 

1 
3 

1 

7 
7 
3 
3 

5 

3 

13 

1 
1 

s 

1 

18 
4 
5 

1 
1 
2 
1 

7 

8 
1 
3 

66 
41 
129 
51 
13 
12 
21 
86 
371 
209 
231 
85 
76 
71 
48 
77 
16& 
10T 
85 
75 
227 
31 
& 
39- 
98 
56* 
43 
306 
25 
410- 
IS 
42 
79 
95. 
39i 
71 

4!» 

165 

1 

3 
1 

1 

4 
1 

1 

2 
1 
1 

1 
9 

S 

9 
6 
3 
1 

1 

6 
1 

a 

5 
1 

2 
1 
25 
1 
9 

7 
1 

2 
1 
6 

4 

12 

1        13 

1     i 

:       9 

58 
25 
18 
8 
12 
3 
9 
9 
60 
11 
5 
6 
25 

6 
16 
167 
5 
53 
1 
82 
1 
4 
9 
2 
2 
11 
3 
9 

!     2 
i 

i 

i 
i 

2 
1 
3 

1 
1 

1 

4 
1 
1 
1 

2 

1 

10 

a 

i 
i 

20 

1 
1 

8 

2 

78 
51 
187 
87 
18 
25 
25 
123 
499 
264 
280 
112 
105 
90 
66 
96 
280 
139 
104 
93 
289 
46 
15 
56 
138 
894 
65 
411 
32 
584 
26 
59 
104 
123 
44 
116 
58 
201 

District  of  Columbia  

Ohio                       

Rhode  Island      

West  Virginia     .   

Wisconsin  

581 
13 

3 
3 
21 
13 

102 
3 

1 
5 
1 
5 

108 
4 

2 
7 

4330 
50 

18 
20 
166 
43! 

16 
1 

1 
1 

99 
1 

1 
1 

676 
1 

1 
3 
21 
12 

13 

1 

59 

1 

1 
1 

5983 
73 

26 
32 
213 
82 

New  Brunswick,  D.  C  
Nova  Scotia  D.  C 

Ontario,  D.  C  

•Quebec  D    C 

40 
3 

12 
1 

9 

8 

247 
15 

2 
2 

21 

2 

37 

1 

3 

353 
29 

Totals  .  .  . 

637:      118i      129.'    4642. 

100       7151        14i        62     6438 

AMERICAN    CITIZEN  S    TREASURE    HOUSE. 


TABLE   SHOWING   THE  AVERAGE  CIRCULATION  OF 
THE  NEWSPAPERS  AND  PERIODICALS 

PRINTED  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES  AND  DOMINION  OF  CANADA. 


Daily. 

Tri- 
W'kly. 

Semi- 
Wkly. 

W'kly. 

Bi- 
Wkly. 

Semi- 
M'thly 

1      Bi. 
M'thlylM'thly 

Quar- 
terly. 

T^tal. 

1%0 
788 
3387 
2160 
1488 
7275 
450 
2095 
4333 
2490 
1102 
1539 
3348 
3903 
1496 
4920 
1043ft 
2354 
1126 
881 
4511 
910 
600 
961 
2164 
10714 
694 
6148, 
1264 
7789 
4410 
1686 
2483 
628 
963 
1651 
1267 
2044 
733 
2367 
1367 
3046, 
3154 
367 
2717 

838 
250 
2500 

876 
3294 
450 
480 
309 
500 
400 
348 

600 
1301 
480 
480 
2997 

1007 
233 
663 

5000 

906 
1150 
704 

772 
350 
1600 
222 
400 
1610 
1100 
1647 
350 
1057 

1067 
1080 
783 

400 
587 
4«4 
628 
734 

1080 
1000 

1983 

225 

4000 

575 

300 
4950 
1181 
1720 

5000 
"000 
490 
1700 
443 

986 
216 
2050 
645 

700 
1596 
556 
1272 

944 
652 
1308 
1632 
1278 
4260 
635 
1050 
2249 
1129 
983 
1024 
1768 
846 
2377 

iasi 

4541 
1429 
1124 
719 
1633 
885 
493 
1760 
1146 
6300 
835 
2888 
1257 
2938 
2066 
1054 
1383 
721 
1465 
1001 
801 
1200 
933 
1600 
1165 
1594 
2687 
758 
1598 

700 

4000 
500 

480 

1267 
800 

200 
900 
300 
2000 

2000 
400 

700 

10%i 

1500 

1500 
410 

438 

7756 
587 

720 
1670 

1968 
7900- 
1000- 

400 

500 
5332 
2500- 
2748 

2671 

950 
600 
1383 
1000 
5000 

14500 
2741 

.     600 
3519 
10425 
200O 
2500 

3273 
6069 
4102 
186i 
10665 
2880 
2838 
2763 
2075 
8852 
3318 
2056 
1179 
3111 
1021 

6880 
2646 
10899- 
650* 
4140) 
5000 
10175 
900 
5338 
1305 
980 
25600 
1389 
1550 
2009 
960 
700 
2288 
3267 
1492 

4081 

5500 
5000 

4000 

1500 

1000 
38700 
1400 
2717 

7421 

2000 
1500 

500 

1504 
3000 
750 
5000 

1168 

1500 
6174 
980 

1490 

3162 

500 

500 
3400 

475 

1500 

3000 
900 

1951 

1070 
650 
1846 
3000 
1247 
4323 
616 
1270 
2907 
1490 
1013 
1828 
1968 
1220 
2257 
2277 
5709 
1654 
1121 
75-3 
2104 
913 
516 
2194 
1476 
7411 
814 
3154 
1352 
3704 
2489 
1354 
1747 
701 
2528 
1107 
842 
1317 
858 
1750 
1334 
1897 
1409 
640 
1842. 

California  

District  of  Columbia  
Florida 

Georgia  

Iowa  

Kansas  

Louisiana  

Massachusetts  . 

Minnesota  

Nebraska  

North  Carolina     

Ohio                 / 

Rhode  Island  

Texas 

New  Brunswick,  D.  C  

Ontario,  D.  C  

Quebec,  D.  C 

Total  averaee  

"£&  AH   ffi    ' 

xJoii'tn  wi'WifflE!  •asgt.-sagK'r--^.-". :  >.::i;;i 


Il6  MASTER    SPIRITS    OF    THE    WORLD,  AND 


HISTORY  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  AND 
TERRITORIES 


MAINE. 

the  year  1638,  the  same  year  in  which  New  Haven  was  set- 
tled, Ferdinand  Gorges  procured  a  charter  of  the  King  of 
England  for  all  the  lands  from  the  borders  of  New  Hampshire, 
on  the  south-west,  to  Sagadahoc,  on  the  Kennebec  River,  on  the 
north-east,  under  the  name  of  the  Province  of  Maine.  It  remained 
a  separate  province  till  1652,  when  it  became  a  part  of  Massachu- 
setts. Various  attempts  were  made,  between  1785  and  1802  to 
form  it  into  an  independent  State;  but  these  efforts  failed.  In 
1819  a  large  majority  of  the  people  were  in  favor  of  separating 
from  Massachusetts.  A  convention  was  called,  a  Constitution 
prepared  and  adopted,  and,  in  1820,  Maine  was  received  into  the 
Union.  It  is  by  no  means  an  agricultural  State,  but  its  extensive 
fisheries  and  great  lumber  trade  have  greatly  enriched  it,  and  its 
progress  in  morality  has,  perhaps,  been  superior  to  that  of  any 
other  State. 

The  staple  export  of  the  State  is  lumber,  of  which  vast  quanti- 
ties are  manufactured  from  the  boundless  forests.  Her  water 
power  is  good,  but  little  attention  is  yet  given  to  the  manufacture 
of  woolen  or  cotton,  though  the  interest  in  this  branch  of  busi- 
ness is  increasing.  The  State  has  made  steady  progress  in  rail- 
road and  other  internal  improvements.  The  soil  is  good  and  pro- 
ductive; the  mineral  resources  limited.  It  was  settled  in  1625,  at 
Bristol,  by  the  English.  The  population  is  626,915. 


AMERICAN    CITIZEN  S   TREASURE   HOUSE. 


NEW  HAMPSHIRE. 

|HIS  State  was  a  part  of  Massachusetts  up  to  the  year  1680. 
It  was,  however,  settled  in  1624,  the  first  settlement  being 
formed  at  Dover  by  the  English.  In  1680  it  was  erected 
into  a  separate  colony,  and  its  first  legislative  assembly  met  that 
year.  John  Mason  was  its  first  Governor.  It  suffered  severely  from 
Indian  wars,  and  its  progress,  during  the  first  years  of  its  existence, 
was  slow.  In  1742  it  contained  only  six  hundred  persons  liable 
to  taxation.  Its  first  Constitution  was  formed  in  1683.  It  suffered 
from  the  effects  of  an  insurrection  in  1686,  although  prior  and 
subsequent  to  this  affair,  it  seems  to  have  been  one  of  the  most 
peaceful  and  quiet  of  the  colonies.  It  is  distinguished  for  its 
excellent  pastures,  towering  hills,  and  fine  cattle.  The  White 
Mountains  are  the  highest  in  New  England.  This  State  took  a 
prominent  and  active  part  in  the  Revolution.  It  ratified  the 
Constitution  June  21,  1788,  since  which  time  it  has  been  highly 
prosperous. 

The  soil  is  sterile,  and  a  very  large  proportion  is  devoted  to 
grazing  purposes.  New  Hampshire  has  but  one  navigable  river, 
and  that  but  a  short  distance,  but  her  water  power  is  good  and 
the  people  are  largely  engaged  in  manufactures.  Fine  quarries  of 
marble  and  granite  are  abundant ;  and  minerals  of  almost  every 
specie,  and  a  variety  of  precious  stones  are  found  in  different  por- 
tions of  the  State.  The  population,  according  to  last  censu%  was 
318,300. 


I2O  MASTER    SPIRITS    OF    THE    WORLD,   AND 


VERMONT. 

territory  of  which  this  State  is  composed  began  to  be  set- 
tled in  the  year  1731,  but  was  for  some  years  considered  as  a 
part  of  New  Hampshire.  It  was  also  claimed  at  one  time  by 
New  York,  and  a  contest  arose  between  that  State  and  New  Hamp- 
shire, which  was  adjusted  by  the  King  of  England  in  a  manner  by 
no  means  satisfactory  to  the  settlers.  The  result  was  a  quarrel 
between  Vermont  and  the  Crown,  in  which  the  Green  Mountain 
Boys,  led  by  Col.  Ethan  Allen,  resisted  the  officers  of  justice,  as 
well  as  the  New  York  militia,  who  were  called  out  to  sustain  them. 

The  province  appears  not  to  have  had  even  a  territorial  gov- 
ernment until  1777,  at  which  time  a  convention  of  delegates  met 
at  Westminster,  and  declared  themselves  an  independent  State, 
under  the  name  of  New  Connecticut.  Previous  to  this  time, 
however,  they  had  rendered  material  aid  to  the  Revolution.  In 
May,  1755,  Col.  Allen,  at  the  head  of  two  hundred  and  seventy 
men,  reduced  Fort  Ticonderoga  and  Crown  Point,  and  thus  became 
complete  masters  of  Lake  Champlain.  During  the  whole  period 
of  the  Revolution  the  State  did  good  service  in  the  cause  of  lib- 
erty, although  it  remained  independent.  Some  time  subsequent  to 
its  declaration  of  independence  its  name  was  changed  to  Vermont. 
As  it  was  not  one  of  the  original  States,  it  did  not  ratify  the  Con- 
stitution, but,  upon  application,  was  admitted  to  the  Union  during 
the  second  session  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1791. 

The  climate  of  Vermont  is  pleasant,  and  the  temperature  even. 
The  soil,  in  the  valleys,  is  fertile,  and  large  quantities  of  maple 
sug^are  made.  The  water  power  of  Vermont  is  the  best  in  New 
England,  but  is  but  little  used.  Granite,  marble  and  slate  are 
found  in  large  quantities.  Iron  and  sulphuret  of  iron  are  abund- 
ant. A  most  liberal  provision  is  made  for  education.  Present 
population,  330,552. 


AMERICAN    CITIZENS    TREASURE    HOUSE.  121 


MASSACHUSETTS. 

MASSACHUSETTS  was  settled  in  the  year  1620,  by  the 
Pul"itans-  These  people,  having  been  severely  persecuted 
in  England,  had  previously  taken  refuge  in  Holland ;  but 
for  various  reasons  they  determined,  after  remaining  in  Holland 
a  season,  to  emigrate  to  the  New  World.  They  started  at  a  very 
unpropitious  season,  arriving  at  New  England  in  the  winter. 
The  severity  of  the  climate  and  the  scarcity  of  food  at  times,  ope- 
rated seriously  against  their  comfort  and  progress.  It  is  said  that 
they  were  frequently  threatened  with  starvation.  At  one  time  the 
entire  company  had  but  one  pint  of  Indian  corn,  which  being 
divided  equally  among  them,  allowed  to  each  person  eight  grains. 
But,  unlike  the  early  settlers  of  Virginia,  they  were  all  working 
men,  and  good  economists.  From  the  time  of  the  landing  at 
Plymouth  up  to  1691,  this  first  settlement  was  known  as  the  Ply- 
mouth Colony.  Meantime  another  settlement  had  been  formed, 
styled  the  Massachusetts  Colony.  Both  were  for  some  years  under 
the  control  of  a  London  company.  In  1691  Massachusetts  and 
Plymouth  Colonies  were  united,  and  thenceforward  their  history  is 
one.  The  people  of  Massachusetts  were,  during  the  early  part  of 
their  colonial  existence,  sorely  vexed,  at  times,  by  the  Indians, 
especially  by  the  Pequods.  They,  unfortunately,  had  imbibed, 
during  their  own  persecutions,  too  much  of  the  spirit  of  conscrip- 
tion and,  although  themselves  refugees  from  religious  bigotry, 
sullied  much  of  their  history  prior  to  the  Revolution  by  punishing 
what  they  called  heresy  in  the  Quakers  and  Baptists.  During 
1774  and  1775,  Massachusetts  took  a  very  prominent  part  in  favor 
of  colonial  rights,  and  was  the  first  State  to  manifest  the  spirit  of 
resentment  toward  Great  Britain. 


122 


MASTER   SPIRITS   OF    THE    AGE,  AND 


This  State  has  wisely  made  education  one  of  its  first  objects, 
and  its  public  school  system  is  unsurpassed.  The  public  schools 
are  supported  by  direct  tax.  Harvard  College,  at  Cambridge,  is 
the  oldest  University  in  the  Union.  Massachusetts  is  the  third 
State  in  the  Union  in  manufactures,  and  first  in  cotton  and  woolen. 
Its  cotton  mills  alone  furnish  employment  to  24,988  persons.  In 
internal  improvements,  she  is  also  rich,  and  in  proportion  to  her 
size,  is  really  the  most  important  State  in  the  Union.  Salem  is 
the  oldest  city  in  New  England,  celebrated  alike  for  being  the 
place  where  the  Pilgrim  Fathers  landed  when  they  arrived  from 
England,  and  for  being  the  scene  of  the  witchcraft  superstition. 
Boston  has  long  enjoyed  the  title  of  the  Athens  of  America,  and 
is  justly  Celebrated  for  the  high  and  intellectual  character  of  her 
inhabitants.  Population,  lASTAS1-  • 


AMERICAN    CITIZENS   TREASURE    HOUSE.  125 


RHODE  ISLAND. 

June,  1636,  Roger  Williams,  an  earnest,  enthusiastic  advo- 
cate of  religious  liberty  in  the  broadest  sense,  having  been  ban- 
ished by  the  Puritans  of  Massachusetts  from  that  colony,  went 
to  what  is  now  known  as  Rhode  Island,  purchased  the  present 
site  of  Providence  of  the  Narragansett  Indians,  and  founded  a  col- 
ony, of  which  he  was  at  once  pastor,  teacher,  and  father.  He  donated 
land  to  any  whom  he  thought  worthy,  and  Providence  Plantation,  as 
it  was  long  called,  became  an  asylum  for  persecuted  Christians  of  all 
denominations,  especially  the  Baptists.  The  first  settlement  in 
Rhode  Island  proper,  was  formed  by  William  Codington,  in  the 
year  1636.  Up  to  1640  the  citizens  of  Rhode  Island  made  their 
own  laws  in  general  convention.  But,  in  1644,  Roger  Williams, 
with  the  aid  of  Gov.  Vane,  of  Massachusetts,  procured  a  charter 
for  two  settlements,  under  the  name  of  Rhode  Island  and  Provi- 
idence  Plantations.  The  Constitution  framed  under  this  charter 
was  a  good  one;  and  lasted  until  the  year  1818.  For  many  years 
the  legislative  assembly  of  this  colony  met  twice  a  year. 

Rhode  Island  is  distinguished  as  the  smallest  State  in  the 
Union.  It  did  noble  service  in  the  war  for  independence,  but  did 
not,  for  some  reason,  adopt  the  Constitution  till  the  zpth  of  May, 
1790.  It  has  been  a  highly  prosperous  State  ;  is  distinguished  for 
its  good  schools  and  large  manufactories.  There  are  no  lofty 
mountains — no  rivers  of  imposing  length  or  breadth,  and  but 
few  minerals ;  but  the  Narragansett  Bay,  which  divides  the  State 
into  two  parts,  is  picturesque  and  beautiful — thickly  studded  with 
a  charming  cluster  of  islands.  The  State  is  actively  engaged  in 
manufactures,  and  her  water-power  is  unsurpassed.  Education 
receives  a  fair  share  of  interest,  and  the  State  is  alive  with  energy 
and  activity.  Present  population  220,350. 


126  MASTER    SPIRITS    OF    THE    WORLD,  AND 


CONNECTICUT. 

i>IN  the  year  1633,  the  Puritans  of  Massachusetts,  having  heard 
very  flattering  reports  of  the  valley  of  Connecticut,  resolved  to 
make  an  effort  to  settle  it.  Accordingly,  a  company  of  them 
sailed  for  the  Connecticut  River,  taking  with  them  the  frame  of  a 
house.  Meantime  the  Dutch,  claiming  the  territory  as  theirs,  built 
a  fort  on  the  river  where  Hartford  now  stands,  to  prevent  the  emi- 
grants from  passing  up.  The  Yankees,  however,  with  that  steady 
perseverance  which  has  always  marked  their  course,  proceeded  on 
their  way,  paying  no  attention  to  the  Dutch  fort,  whose  only  demon- 
stration was  an  unexecuted  threat  to  fire  on  the  emigrants  if  they 
passed  it.  Landing  where  Farmington  River  enters  the  Connect- 
icut, they  founded  the  town  of  Windsor.  Other  settlements  were 
subsequently  formed  at  Westfield,  Hartford  and  Watertown.  The 
first  general  court  was  held  at  Hartford,  in  the  year  1636.  The 
province  suffered  severely  from  the  depredations  of  the  Pequot 
Indians,  with  which  tribe  a  great  and  decisive  battle  was  ulti- 
mately fought  on  the  river  Mystic,  in  the  year  1636.  This  battle 
resulted  in  the  destruction  of  the  Pequot  tribe.  During  this 
year  the  towns  of  Windsor,  Hartford  and  Wethersfield  met  in 
convention  and  formed  a  government,  electing  John  Haynes  the 
first  Governor  of  the  colony. 

Its  course  from  this  period  forward  was  one  of  great  prosperity. 
It  stood  in  the  front  rank  during  the  war  for  Independence,  and  in 
no  case  was  ever  known  to  flinch  from  duty.  It  ratified  the  Con- 
stitution June  9,  1788. 

In  minerals,  Connecticut  is  very  rich.  Marble  of  a  fine  quality 
is  abundant,  as  is  also  granite.  But  the  beryl  and  the  chrysoberyl 


AMERICAN    CITIZEN  S    TREASURE    HOUSE. 


127 


are  found  near  Haddam,  and  Columbite  near  Middletown.  Gold, 
silver,  lead,  iron,  and  copper  are  found  in  different  parts  of  the 
State,  as  also  bismuth. 

Her  manufacturing  and  educational  interests,  as  in  most  of  the 
Eastern  States,  are  in  a  flourishing  condition.  Yale  College,  in 
this  State,  is  very  old,  having  been  founded  in  1700.  A  curious 
law  once  existed  in  Connecticut  prohibiting  kissing.  One  trial  is 
on  record  where,  under  this  law,  the  parties  were  proven  guilty 
and  fined  twenty  shillings  each.  It  is  to  be  presumed  that  it  is 
long  since  repealed.  Population,  537,454. 


128  MASTER    SPIRITS   OF    THE    WORLD,    AND 


NEW  YORK. 


CAPTAIN  Henry  Hudson,  the  famous  voyager,  discovered 
what  is  now  New  York,  together  with  a  considerable  extent 
of  territory  contiguous  to  it,  in  the  year  1609.  Although  an 
Englishman  by  nativity,  Hudson  was  at  this  time  employed  by  the 
Dutch  (Hollanders),  who,  consequently,  claimed  the  territory. 
Meantime  the  English  set  up  a  claim  to  it,  as  being  part  of  North 
Virginia.  They  also  claimed  it  on  account  of  Hudson  being  an 
Englishman.  The  Dutch,  however,  determined  to  hold  it,  and  in 
1610  opened  a  trade  with  the  natives  at  Manhattan  Island,  on  the 
spot  where  the  city  of  New  York  now  stands.  They  erected  a  fort 
on  or  near  the  site  of  Albany,  named  the  country  in  general,  New 
Netherlands,  and  the  station  at  Manhattan,  New  Amsterdam. 
The  Dutch  retained  the  country  until  the  year  1664. 

It  seems  that,  up  to  this  time,  they  claimed  not  only  the  present 
territory  of  New  York,  but  also  that  of  Connecticut  and  New 
Jersey.  The  liberal  governments  of  the  surrounding  colonies 
stood  in  great  contrast  with  the  despotic  one  imposed  by  the 
Dutch  Government  upon  their  American  colonists.  And  when, 
in  1664,  the  English  squadron  dispatched  by  James,  Duke  of 
York,  with  instructions  to  take  possession  of  the  province  of  New 
Netherlands,  appeared  before  New  Amsterdam,  the  inhabitants 
were  willing  to  capitulate  without  resistance.  Peter  Stuyvesant, 
their  Governor,  and  an  able  executive,  made  vain  efforts  to  arouse 
them  to  defense,  and  was  forced  to  surrender.  The  English 
Government  was  now  acknowledged  over  the  whole  of  New 
Netherlands,  the  capital  receiving  the  name  of  New  York,  as  well 


AMERICAN    CITIZEN  S   TREASURE    HOUSE.  131 

as  the  province.  From  this  time  forward  to  the  Revolutionary 
War,  New  York  remained  in  the  hands  of  the  English,  and  was 
under  the  control  of  a  very  arbitrary  succession  of  governors. 
The  progress  of  the  colony  was  steady  in  numbers,  wealth  and 
civilization.  It  took  an  active  part  in  the  Revolution,  and 
adopted  its  Constitution  July  26,  1788.  After  this  it  outstripped 
every  State  in  the  Union  in  everything  pertaining  to  wealth  and 
greatness,  save  education,  in  which  matter  no  State  can  compare 
with  Massachusetts. 

The  commerce  of  New  York  is  immense — greater,  by  far,  than 
of  any  other  State — and  she  possesses  one  of  the  finest  harbors  in 
the  world.  Almost  every  variety  of  industry,  and  manufacture, 
and  art  is  represented  and  encouraged,  and  carried  to  great  per- 
fection. Its  internal  improvements  are  carried  on  on  a  large 
scale,  and  nothing  is  omitted  which  would  add  to  the  wealth  of 
the  State  or  the  people.  New  Yor^*^ity  is  the  most  important 
city  in  the  Union.  Unfortunately,  its  situation  will  prevent  it 
from  becoming  the  largest.  The  hotels  of  New  York  are  the 
finest  in  the  world.  The  State  is  rich  in  minerals,  and  mineral 
and  salt  springs  abound.  The  soil  is  good,  and  scientific  farming 
is  carried  to  a  high  degree  of  excellence.  The  population  is 
4,374,499- 


132      .  MASTER   SPIRITS   OF    THE    WORLD,  AND 


NEW  JERSEY, 

T  first,  formed  a  part  of  the  Dutch  province  of  New  Nether- 
lands. But  soon  after  the  latter  came  into  the  hands  of  the 
English,  the  Territory  of  New  Jersey  was  transferred  to 
Lord  Berkley  and  Sir  George  Carteret,  by  the  Duke  of  York.  The 
first  permanent  settlement  was  formed  at  Elizabethtown,  in  1664, 
by  emigrants  from  Long  Island.  Philip  Carteret  arrived  in  the 
colony  in  1665,  and  became  its  first  governor.  The  province  had 
very  little  trouble  with  the  Indians.  Many  emigrants  from  New 
England  and  New  York  soon  arrived,  and  for  a  series  of  years  the 
colony  advanced  in  prosperity.  It  enjoyed  the  blessings  flowing 
from  a  liberal  form  of  government. 

In  the  year  1685  the  Duke  of  York  became  the  King  of  Eng- 
land, under  the  title  of  James  II,  and  disregarding  his  former 
pledges,  assumed,  in  1688,  the  government  of  New  Jersey, 
placing  it  under  the  control  of  Sir  Edmund  Andros,  whom  he 
had  already  made  Governor  of  New  York  and  New  England. 
This  state  of  things  was  terminated  by  the  revolution  in  England, 
but  left  New  Jersey  for  years  in  a  very  precarious  condition.  In 
2702,  its  proprietors  having  resigned  their  claims,  it  became  a 
royal  province,  and  was  united  to  New  York.  In  1738  it  became 
again  a  separate  province,  and  so  continued  until  the  Revolution, 
in  which  it  took  a  very  active  part  in  favor  of  liberty.  It  ratified 
the  Constitution  December  18,  1787.  Thenceforward  its  career 
has  been  a  highly  prosperous  one. 

The  scenery  of  New  Jersey  is  picturesque  and  beautiful ;  and 
its  watering  places  are  our  most  fashionable  resorts  during  the 
summer  season.  The  State  is  also  rich  in  minerals,  and  its  beds 
of  marl  and  peat  are  very  extensive.  Its  commerce  is  limited,  but 
its  manufactures  are  excellent  and  its  water  power  not  surpassed. 
A  great  deal  of  attention  is  given  to  education,  and  her  colleges 
and  libraries  are  in  a  prosperous  condition.  Population,  906,096. 


PENNSYLVANIA  OIL  WELLS. 


Cincinnati  and  Covington  Suspension  Bridge. 

View  taken  from  the  Covington  Side  of  the  River. 


Main  Span,  1057  feet. 

Length  of  Bridge,  2252  feet. 

Height  from  Low  Water,  100  feet. 

Height  of  Towers,  230  feet. 

Towers,  at  base,  86  by  52. 

In  the  two  cables  are  10,360  wires. 


Diameter  of  the  Cables,  12^  inches,   weigh- 
ing one  million  pounds. 
Amount  of  Lumber,  500,000  feet. 
Strength  of  Bridge,  16,300  tons. 
Width  of  Bridge  in  the  clear,  36  feet. 
Total  cost,  $1,750,000. 


AMERICAN    CITIZEN'S    TREASURE    HOUSE.  133 


PENNSYLVANIA. 


Old  Keystone  State,  and  one  of  the  most  wealthy  and 
prosperous  in  the  Union,  was  settled  by  the  Quakers,  under 
the  direction  of  Wm.  Penn,  at  Philadelphia,  in  the  year  1682. 
The  founder  of  this  colony  showed  himself  a  philosopher,  philan- 
thropist, and  thorough  political  economist,  at  the  very  commence- 
ment of  his  labors.  He  put  the  province  under  the  government 
of  a  Council  of  Three  and  a  House  of  Delegates,  chosen  by 
the  freemen,  who,  according  to  his  arrangement,  were  all  those  who 
acknowledged  the  existence  of  one  God.  He  pursued  such  a 
course  with  the  natives  as  won  their  confidence  and  esteem.  No 
Quaker  was  ever  murdered  by  an  Indian;  and  to  this  day  the 
"  sons  of  Wm.  Penn"  are  everywhere  respected  by  the  savage. 
The  treaty  Penn  made  with  the  Indians  was  never  violated.  In 
framing  the  colonial  government,  he  provided  for  the  largest  relig- 
ious liberty,  allowing  every  one  to  worship  according  to  the  dictates 
of  his  own  conscience.  Up  to  1864,  Delaware,  as  before  men- 
tioned, was  included  in  Penn's  grant.  But  about  this  time  he 
procured  a  new  charter,  more  strictly  defining  the  rights  and  limits 
of  Pennsylvania,  and  Delaware  was  detached.  For  seventy  years 
prosperity  smiled  upon  this  colony,  during  much  of  which  time 
Penn  was,  according  to  the  historian,  its  governor,  magistrate, 
preacher  and  teacher.  It  was  troubled  with  no  Indian  wars  till 
1754,  when  Penn's  example  and  teachings  began  to  be  forgotten. 
The  population,  owing  to  a  considerable  influx  from  Sweden, 
Germany,  and  some  othci  countries,  began,  at  a  later  date,  to 


134  MASTER   SPIRITS    OF    THE    WORLD,  AND 

assume  a  more  varied  aspect ;  and  when  the  colonies  rebelled 
against  the  mother  country,  Pennsylvania  contained  sufficient 
"  fighting  "  material  to  lend  valuable  assistance  to  the  cause  of 
liberty. 

Pennsylvania  stands  first  in  the  abundance  and  quality  of  her 
coal  and  iron,  and  though  no  diamond  fields  have  made  her  a  sec- 
ond Golconda,  exhaustless  mines  of  gold  have  ranked  her  an  Eldo- 
rado, yet  her  more  substantial  metals  have  steadily  increased  her 
prosperity.  Her  coal,  iron,  copper,  zinc,  marble  and  slate  are 
apparently  inexhaustible,  while  in  greater  or  less  quantities,  all 
the  rarer  minerals  are  found  in  different  sections  of  the  country. 
The  railroads  and  canals  of  Pennsylvania  are  very  important,  and 
both  in  number  of  miles  and  cost  of  construction  she  stands  num- 
ber one.  Her  school  system  is  excellent,  and  has  received  great 
attention.  Population,  3,519,601. 


LOADING  STEAMBOAT  WITH  COTTON  ON  THE 
MISSISSIPPI  RIVER. 


AMERICAN    CITIZEN'S    TREASURE    HOUSE.  137 


DELAWARE. 


USTAVUS  Adolphus,  King  of  Sweden,  formed  a  plan  of 
establishing  colonies  in  America  as  early  as  the  year  1626. 
But  as  he  died  on  the  field  of  Leutzen,  during  the  German 
war  in  1633,  without  carrying  his  scheme  into  effect,  his  minister 
took  it  up,  and  employed  Peter  Minuets,  the  first  Governor  of  New 
Netherlands  to  carry  it  into  effect.  In  1638,  a  small  Swedish  colony 
arrived  under  the  direction  of  Minuets;  and  settled  on  Christian 
Creek,  near  the  present  town  of  Wilmington.  Notwithstanding 
the  remonstrances  of  the  Dutch  Government  of  New  Netherlands, 
who  claimed  the  territory,  the  Swedes  continued  to  extend  their 
settlements  from  this  time  until  they  pre-empted  all  the  territory 
from  Cape  Henlopen  to  the  falls  of  the  Delaware.  At  this  time 
the  colony  was  called  New  Sweden.  In  1651,  Governor  Stuy- 
vesant,  to  check  the  aggressive  movements  of  the  Swedes,  built  a 
fort  near  the  present  site  of  New  Castle,  of  which  the  Swedes 
afterward  obtained  possession  by  stratagem.  Enraged  at  this 
movement,  the  Government  of  Holland  ordered  Stuyvesant  to 
reduce  the  Swedes  to  submission,  which  he  speedily  accomplished 
with  six  hundred  men,  in  1655.  The  province  was  soon  after 
annexed  to  New  Netherlands.  Delaware  was,  after  it  fell  into  the 
hands  of  the  English,  included  in  the  grant  made  to  William 
Penn,  in  1692.  It  remained  attached  to  Pennsylvania  till  1691, 
when  it  was  allowed  a  separate  government.  It  was  reunited  to 
Pennsylvania  in  1692.  In  1703  it  was  again  separated,  having 


138  MASTER    SPIRITS   OF    THE    WORLD,  AND 

its  own  legislature,  though  the  same  Governor  presided  over  both 
colonies.  The  ancient  forms  of  the  government  were  preserved 
through  the  revolutionary  struggle.  It  ratified  the  Constitution 
December  7,  1787. 

The  direct  foreign  trade  of  Delaware  is  scarcely  worthy  of  men- 
tion, as  all  its  business  passes  through  Philadelphia  and  New 
York.  She  sends  large  quantities  of  fruit  to  the  North,  and  both 
the  quantity  and  quality  are  being  improved  upon  every  year. 
The  climate  is  fine,  but  the  sea  breeze  renders  the  winters  some- 
what severe.  The  soil  is  productive,  and  it  is  rapidly  becoming 
one  of  the  most  fertile  and  prospersous  States.  Delaware  is 
without  mineral  wealth  of  any  sort,  if  we  except  a  fine  glass  sand, 
which  is  exported  to  the  New  England  States.  The  population  is 
125,015. 


AMERICAN    CITIZEN  S   TREASURE    HOUSE. 


139 


MARYLAND. 

/N  1632,  Sir  George  Calvert  (Lord  Baltimore)  visited  America, 
explored  a  tract  of  country  lying  on  the  Chesapeake  Bay,  be- 
longing to  what  was  then  called  South  Virginia,  and  returned 
to  England  to  procure  a  grant  for  it.  But  before  the  patent  was 
made  out,  he  died,  and  it  was  given  to  his  son  Cecil.  The  pro- 
vince was  named  by  King  Charles  I.  in  the  patent,  in  honor  of  his 
Queen,  Henrietta  Maria.  A  part  of  the  province  appears  to  have 
been  included  in  the  grant  made  sometime  afterward  to  William 
Penn,  and  to  have  caused  much  contention  between  the  successors 
of  Penn  and  Baltimore. 

In  March,  1634,  Leonard  Calvert,  the  brother  of  Cecil,  arrived 
at  the  mouth  of  the  Potomac  River,  bringing  with  him  two  hun- 
dred emigrants,  most  of  whom  were  Roman  Catholic  gentlemen. 
Leaving  the  vessel,  he  ascended  in  a  pinnace  as  far  as  Piskataqua, 
an  Indian  village  nearly  opposite  Mount  Vernon.  The  Indian 
Sachem  gave  him  full  liberty  to  settle  there  if  he  chose ;  but  not 
deeming  it  safe,  he  began  a  settlement  lower  down  on  a  branch  of 
th'e  Potomac,  at  the  Indian  town  of  Yoacomoc.  The  settlement 
was  called  St.  Mary's. 

Maryland  made  a  very  fortunate  beginning.  The  colonists 
arrived  in  time  to  make  a  crop  for  that  year.  Their  neighbors  in 
Virginia  supplied  them  with  cattle,  and  protected  them  in  great 
part  from  the  Indians,  while  their  own  kind  and  consistent  course 
materially  promoted  their  happy  relations  with  the  savages. 

The  charter  granted  them  was  very  liberal — ceding  to  them 
the  full  power  of  legislation,  without  any  interference  on  the  part 
of  the  Crown.  In  1635  they  made  laws  for  their  government, 
which  were  somewhat  modified  in  1636.  In  1650  they  had,  like 
Virginia,  an  upper  and  lower  legislative  assembly.  Pop.,  780,894. 


T40  MASTER    SPIRITS   OF    THE    WORLD,   AND 


DISTRICT  OF  COLUMBIA. 

District,  originally  ten  miles  square,  now  embraces  an 
area  of  but  sixty  square  miles.  It  is  the  seat  of  our  Na- 
tional Government,  and  lies  at  the  head  of  tide  water,  on 
the  east  side  of  the  Potomac  River.  It  includes  both  the  cities 
of  Washington  and  Georgetown.  Until  the  year  1781  it  was 
governed  by  Congress,  but  in  that  year  a  law  was  passed  giving 
the  District  the  control  of  its  own  affairs.  At  the 'time  that  war 
was  declared  between  the  Colonies  and  Great  Britain,  Philadel- 
phia was  the  Capital  of  the  new  territory,  and  continued  to  be 
so  until  1783.  At  that  time  some  difficulty  arose  between  a  band  of 
dissatisfied  soldiers,  who  marched  to  the  hall  where  Congress  was  in 
session,  forced  the  doors  of  the  building,  and  in  a  violent  and  in- 
sulting manner  demanded  the  back  pay  due  them,  amounting  to  a 
considerable  sum,  and  which  it  was  not  then  in  the  power  of  the 
Government  to  pay.  The  outrage  pressed  upon  their  attention 
the  subject,  already  under  consideration,  of  a  better  site  for  the 
Capitol,  removed  from  the  seat  of  war  and  beyond  danger  of  a 
recurrence  of  such  scenes.  It  was  proposed  that  it  be  located  on 
the  banks  of  the  Delaware  or  Potomac  river,  and  in  December, 
1788,  Delaware,  through  its  legislature,  offered  Congress  the 
necessary  ground,  provided  it  did  not  cover  to  exceed  ten  miles 
square.  The  matter  was  debated  in  Congress,  and  the  North  and 
South,  then,  as  since,  divided  upon  almost  every  question,  clam- 
ored like  two  spoiled  children  for  the  location  of  the  new  build- 
ings. The  House  of  Representatives  at  one  time  declared  the 
Capital  should  be  in  Pennsylvania,  on  the  Susquehanna,  at  which 
the  South  demurred.  Germantown  was  next  proposed — voted 
upon  by  the  House,  and  carried  by  a  vote  of  31  to  19.  The  fur- 
ther consideration  of  the  matter  was  then  postponed  until  the 
next  session  of  Congress,  and  so,  for  the  time,  Germantown  was 
the  Capital.  The  South  was  very  much  excited  over  the  state  of 
affairs ;  the  North  was  anything  but  pleased  with  it,  and  in  De- 
cember, 1789,  Virginia  ceded  a  district  to  Congress  on  the  Poto- 


AMERICAN    CITIZEN'S    TREASURE    HOUSE.  143 

mac  for  the  purpose  of  founding  there  the  Capital,  and  also 
pledged  herself  to  give  the  sum  of  $120,000  for  the  erection  of 
public  buildings ;  at  the  seme  time  asking  the  intercession  of  Ma- 
ryland to  induce  Congress  to  accept  the  gift,  and  also  to  pledge 
herself  to  give  $25,000  for  the  same  purpose.  Maryland  agreed- 
to  both  propositions.  In  Congress  the  matter  came  to  a  complete 
standstill.  Neither  the  North  nor  South  would  yield,  and  it  re- 
quired the  most  delicate  diplomacy  just  then  to  prevent  serious 
trouble.  The  great  question  which  at  that  time  hung  suspended 
over  the  heads  of  politicians,  like  the  fabled  sword,  by  a  single 
hair,  was  the  debt  of  the  States,  amounting  to  $21,000,000;  and  it 
had  become  in  some  way  a  party  question,  and  also  become  in 
some  way,  associated  with  the  location  of  the  Capital.  It  is  for- 
tunate that  when  matters  had  assumed  this  ominous  form,  we  had 
wise  men  at  the  helm  of  our  Ship  of  State.  Jefferson  was  Secre- 
tary of  State,  and  Hamilton  of  the  Treasury,  and  they  were 
clearsighted  enough  to  see  that  there  must  be  a  compromise- 
between  the  two  sections,  or  there  would  be  a  sad  rupture.  The 
South  must  be  won  over  to  consent  to  the  General  Government's 
assuming  the  debt,  while  the  North  must  accept  the  offer  of  Vir- 
ginia and  Maryland.  The  thing  was  at  length  brought  around  by 
fhe  utmost  tact  and  delicacy,  and  the  interests  of  the  North  and 
South  so  skillfully  balanced  that  the  threatening  clouds  passed 
over,  and  again  sunshine  flooded  the  land.  Commissioners  were 
appointed,  three  in  number,  to  lay  out  the  District,  and  on  the 
i5th  of  April  of  the  same  year,  the  corner  stone  was  laid  at 
Jones  Point,  near  Alexandria ;  and  having  located  its  boundaries, 
it  was  christened  "  Columbia,"  with  appropriate  honors.  The 
next  step  was  to  lay  off  the  new  city,  which  was  done  by  major  L'En- 
fant,  and  it  was  called  "Washington."  The  Capitol  building  is 
not  yet  finished,  and  will  cost,  when  completed,  from  twelve  to 
fifteen  million  dollars.  Georgetown  is  separated  from  Washington 
only  by  Rock  Creek.  It  is  a  beautiful  town,  and  the  inhabitants 
are  noted  for  culture,  intellect,  and  hospitality.  The  Georgetown 
College,  a  noted  Roman  Catholic  institution,  is  located  here,  as 
also  is  a  fine  hospital  for  sailors,  said  to  be  one  of  the  best  planned 
and  conducted  in  the  Union.  The  population  of  Georgetown  is 
11,384;  that  of  Washington,  107,204.  The  population  of  the 
entire  District  is  131,000. 


MASTER    SPIRITS   OF    THE    AGE,  AND 


VIRGINIA. 


Old  Dominion,"  so  distinguished  as  being  the 
native  State  of  the  Father  of  American  Liberty,  and  the 
"  Mother  of  Presidents,"  really  seemed  at  one  time  to  be 
peculiarly  favorable  to  the  birth  and  development  of  statesmen. 
It  has  furnished  no  less  than  five  Presidents,  among  whom  are 
Washington,  Monroe,  Madison  and  Jefferson.  It  was  the  first 
Colony,  on  the  Continent,  settled  by  the  English.  In  1607,  a  com- 
pany formed  under  the  patronage  of  James  I.  obtained  a  grant  to 
make  settlements  in  America,  between  the  34th  and  38th  degrees 
of  north  latitude.  In  May,  1607,  a  colony  of  one  hundred  and 
five  persons,  under  direction  of  this  company,  arrived  off  the  coast 
of  South  Virginia.  Their  intention  had  been  to  form  a  settlement 
on  Roanoke,  now  in  North  Carolina  ;  but  being  driven  north  by 
a  violent  storm,  they  discovered  and  entered  the  mouth  of  Chesa- 
peake Bay.  Passing  up  this  bay  they  named  its  capes  Henry 
and  Charles,  in  honor  of  the  king's  two  sons.  They  were  com- 
manded by  Capt.  Christopher  Newport,  an  experienced  navigator. 
Passing  up  James  River,  they  arrived  at  a  peninsula,  upon  which 
they  landed  and  established  Jamestown. 

After  promulgating  a  code  of  laws  which  had  been  formed  by 
the  London  company,  Capt.  Newport  sailed  for  England,  leaving 
the  colony  under  the  care  of  Capt.  John  Smith,  whose  subsequent 
relations  to  the  settlement  became  so  important,  and  without 
whose  efforts  the  enterprise  would  doubtless  have  proved  a  fail- 
ure. The  colonists  seem  to  have  been  very  poorly  adapted  to  the 


AMERICAN    CITIZEN  S   TREASURE    HOUSE.  145 

labor  required  at  their  hands.  Too  many  of  them  were  gentlemen^ 
and  came,  it  appears,  only  to  enrich  themselves  by  gathering  gold, 
which,  they  had  heard,  was  very  abundant. 

The  State  is  especially  rich  in  mineral  resources,  which  are  yet 
but  slightly  developed.  Gold  is  found  in  many  parts  of  it,  and  its 
copper  ore  is  very  rich.  Iron  is  abundant,  while  immense  beds, 
apparently  inexhaustible,  of  both  bituminous  and  anthracite  coal 
are  found  in  the  mountain  region,  and  in  and  beyond  the  valley. 
Salt  springs  of  excellent  quality  are  numerous.  Fruits,  grain  and 
vegetables  of  every  variety  are  raised  in  the  State,  and  the  soil  is 
productive.  Her  commerce  in  tobacco,  flour,  oysters  and  cotton 
was  very  valuable  previous  to  the  war,  and  is  rapidly  improving 
at  present ;  and  in  manufactories — cotton,  woolen,  leather,  iron, 
steam  engines  and  machinery,  lumber,  flour,  salt  and  tobacco,  she 
was  'in  advance  of  many  of  her  sister  States. 

There  is  no  better  water  power  in  the  world  than  in  Virginia,  and 
on  this  account  she  must  some  day  be  one  of  our  first  manufac- 
turing States.  Her  internal  improvements  are  fully  medium.  The 
free  school  system  has  been  fairly  established,  while  some  of  the 
colleges  are  in  a  most  prosperous  condition  and  unsurpassed  for 
the  advantages  they  afford.  The  Washington-Lee  University  is 
very  old,  dating  back  of  the  revolutionary  war.  It  was  endowed 
and  opened  by  Washington,  and  after  the  war  of  1861  it  was 
reopened  by  Gen.  Lee,  who  was  its  president.  After  his  death  it 
was  given  his  name,  in  addition  to  that  of  Washington. 


WEST  VIRGINIA. 


State  of  West  Virginia  was  separated  from  the  "Old 
Dominion  "  in  May,  1861,  and  a  convention  met  at  Wheel- 
ing in  November  of  the  same  year,  to  draft  a  constitution. 
On  the  3ist  of  Dec.  1867,  Congress  passed  an  act  admitting  the  new 
State  into  the  Union  on  an  equal  footing  with  the  original  States  j 
allowing  them  three  Representatives  in  the  House. 

The  scenery  is  very  beautiful,  wild  and  picturesque ;  while  at 
Harper's  Ferry  it  is  grand  beyond  the  power  of  the  most  graphic 
pen  to  describe.  At  this  place,  on  the  Maryland  side,  it  is  said 
that  nature,  with  a  mighty  chisel  and  master  hand  has  carved^ 
from  a  bold,  protruding  rock,  a  likeness  of  Washington,  so  true 
and  faithful  a  likeness  of  the  noble  patriot  that  any  one  observes 
it  at  a  glance. 

West  Virginia  covers  an  area  of  23,000  square  miles.  Wheeling, 
the  capital,  is  situated  in  Ohio  county,  on  the  eastern  shore  of  the 
Ohio  River. 

The  most  valuable  mineral  in  West  Virginia  is  bituminous  coal, 
which  lies  in  stratas  from  four  to  six  feet  deep,  very  near  the  sur- 
face in  almost  any  part  of  the  country.  Iron  also  is  abundant,  as 
is  timber,  of  the  best  varieties.  She  has  not  less  than  500  miles  of 
completed  railroad,  and  enterprise  in  this  direction  is  active. 
Manufactures  are  also  making  rapid  progress,  and  becoming  an 
important  feature  of  the  State.  The  population  of  West  Virginia 
is  442,012.  The  climate  is  pleasant  and  mild,  and  the  soil  good — 
all  of  the  country  being  adapted  either  to  grazing  or  grain. 


AMERICAN    CITIZEN  S    TREASURE    HOUSE.  149 


THE  CAROLINAS. 


the  year  1563,  the  coast  of  Carolina  was  explored,  and 
named  after  Charles  IX.  of  France.  The  first  attempt  to 
settle  it  was  made  by  the  celebrated  and  accomplished  Sir 
Walter  Raleigh,  in  1585,  twenty-two  years  before  the  settlement  of 
Jamestown,  and  thirty-five  years  before  the  Puritans  landed  at 
Plymouth.  This  effort  failed,  on  account  of  the  incapacity  of  the 
Governor  appointed  by  Raleigh,  and  the  ill-behavior  of  the  colo- 
nists toward  the  natives. 

The  first  successful  attempt  was  made  sometime  between  1640 
and  1650,  under  the  direction  of  Governor  Berkley.  The  settle- 
ment was  made  in  Albemarle  county,  by  a  few  Virginia  planters. 
In  1663,  a  large  tract  of  land,  lying  between  the  3oth  and  36th 
degrees  of  north  latitude,  having  the  Atlantic  Ocean  for  its  east- 
ern boundary,  was  conveyed  by  Charles  II.  to  Lord  Clarendon 
and  associates,  under  whose  auspices  a  settlement  was  made  near 
the  mouth  of  Cape  Fear  River,  in  the  year  1665,  by  emigrants 
from  Barbadoes.  Sir  James  Yeomans  was  appointed  Governor. 
A  settlement  was  made  at  Port  Royal,  South  Carolina,  in  1670; 
and  in  1671,  a  few  persons  located  at  what  was  then  called  Old 
Charleston,  which  place  was  abandoned  in  1680,  and  the  founda- 
tion of  the  present  city  of  Charleston  laid,  several  miles  nearer  the 
sea. 

All  the  various  settlements  here  mentioned  went  under  the  gen- 
eral name  of  Carolina,  until  1571,  when  a  division  was  made,  and 
the  northern  and  southern  portions  were  called  by  their  distinctive 
names,  North  and  South  Carolina.  These  States  were  the  scenes 
of  many  revolutionary  tragedies.  South  Carolina,  in  particular, 
although  the  home  of  Sumter,  and  Marion,  and  Rutledge,  was 
replete  with  tories  (royalists),  who  spared  no  efforts  to  annoy  the 
infant  republic,  and  play  into  the  hands  of  the  British  Govern- 
ment. South  Carolina  ratified  the  Constitution  May  23,  1788,  but 
threatened  to  break  the  compact  in  1832,  and  was  only  prevented 
by  the  stern  will  of  President  Jackson. 


I5o 


MASTER   SPIRITS  OF   THE   WORLD,    AND 


NORTH  CAROLINA. 

the  soil  and  dimate  of  North  Carolina  are  highly 
)  favorable  to  the  production  of  fruit,  grain  and  vegetables. 
The  most  important  are  wheat,  corn,  rye,  oats,  potatoes, 
yams,  rice,  peas,  tobacco,  cotton,  grapes  and  turpentine.  Albe- 
marle  Sound  fisheries  are  quite  important,  and  100,000  barrels  are 
taken  from  these  waters  alone  annually. 

The  mineral's  consist  of  iron,  coal,  copper,  gold,  silver,  plum- 
bago, lead,  marble,  agolmatolite,  soapstone,  mangonese,  limestone, 
whetstone,  grindstone,  slate,  porcelain  and  pipe  clay.  A  chain  of 
silver  and  lead  mines  extend  through  the  entire  center  of  the 
State.  Population  1,071,404. 

The  manufactures  are  lumber,  iron,  paper,  spirits  of  turpentine, 
wool  and  cotton.  The  exports  of  the  State  are  quite  extensive, 
and  since  the  close  of  the  war,  a  very  large  trade  has  sprung  up, 
which  is  being  rapidly  increased. 

Education,  encouraged  by  the  people,  is  making  rapid  forward 
strides. 


AMERICAN    CITIZEN  S    TREASURE    HOUSE.  15.1 


SOUTH  CAROLINA. 

climate  of  this  Italy  of  the  New  World,  is  so  beauti- 
ful as  to  leave  nothing  to  be  desired.  The  soil  is  so  varied 
as  to  produce  all  the  products  of  the  north  and  of  the 
tropics.  Cotton,  both  long  and  short  staple,  rice — swamp  and 
upland — sugar,  indigo,  and  tobacco — oats,  wheat,  rye,  millet  and 
corn — peas,  buckwheat,  barley,  broomcorn,  sorghum,  beans,  guin- 
ea corn,  sunflower,  sweet  and  Irish  potatoes,  hops,  flax  and  hemp 
grow  luxuriantly ;  while,  in  a  wild  or  cultivated  state,  nearly  every 
known  fruit,  berry  and  nut,  are  produced  abundantly.  Manufac- 
tures are  not  very  much  engaged  in,  but  the  State  possesses  facili- 
ties for  carrying  on  almost  every  branch  of  it. 

With  the  products  of  every  land  growing  at  their  own  door, 
with  fuel  and  water  power  in  abundance  there  is  nothing  to  pre- 
vent her  from  becoming  one  of  the  first  manufacturing  States  in 
the  Union.  I  will  quote  a  paragraph  from  a  recent  State  publica- 
tion :  "  We  have  the  cotton  growing  in  our  broad  fields  beside 
streams  which  furnish  mill  sites  and  water  power ;  we  have  iron 
ore  in  abundance,  and  fuel  ready  at  hand,  to  make  our  own  metal 
and  build  our  own  machinery,  we  have  the  clay  for  stoneware  and 
pottery,  and  the  fine  kaolin  for  porcelain  silica  for  glass,  fine 
grained  and  hard  woods  in  our  noble  forests  for  all  varieties  of 
cabinet  work,  and  an  excellent  and  ever  ready  market  for  all  our 
products."  In  addition  to  this  they  have  connection,  either  by 
water  or  rail,  with  all  the  world ;  and  railroad  stations  are  of  easy 
access  from  every  part  of  the  state.  The  future  of  this  favored 
State  should,  and  doubtless  will  be  very  bright.  Its  population 
is  705,163. 


152  MASTER    SPIRITS   OF    THE    WORLD,  AND 


GEORGIA. 

ENERAL  James  Oglethorpe,  and  a  company  of  twenty- 
one  others  received,  in  the  year  1732,  from  George  II.  of 
England,  a  grant  for  all  the  land  between  the  Savannah 
and  the  Altamaha  rivers.  In  January,  1732,  a  company  of  one 
hundred  and  fourteen  men,  women  and  children,  arrived  at 
Charleston,  S.  C.,  destined  for  Georgia.  They  were  kindly  treated 
by  the  Charlestonians,  and  were  greatly  assisted  by  them  in  their 
labor  of  forming  a  colony.  The  first  laws  made  for  the  province 
by  the  twenty-two  grantees,  prohibited  the  importation  of  rum, 
trade  with  the  Indians,  and  the  use  of  negroes.  They  also  pro- 
vided that  lands  should  go  back  to  the  original  owners  in  case  the 
purchaser  had  no  male  heirs.  Although  the  first,  second,  and 
third  of  these  provisions  were  undoubtedly  wholesome,  the  fourth 
was  highly  objectionable,  and  tended  very  much  to  retard  the 
progress  of  the  colony.  In  the  year  1740  General  Oglethorpe,  as 
commander-in-chief  of  the  forces  in  Georgia,  at  the  head  of  two 
thousand  men,  invaded  Florida  with  the  intention  of  forcibly  an- 
nexing it  to  Georgia ;  but  he  was  soon  repelled  from  the  territory, 
and  returned  home  bootless.  The  Spanish,  in  turn,  with  two  sail 
of  vessels  and  three  thousand  men,  invaded  Georgia  in  1742,  and 
were  likewise  forced  to  return  home  thwarted.  The  progress  of 
this  colony  was  for  many  years  very  slow ;  the  people  manifesting 
that  indolence  and  indifference  which  are  anything  now  but  a 
characteristic  of  Georgians.  It  was  mainly  on  the  side  of  freedom 
during  the  revolution. 


AMERICAN    CITIZEN  S    TREASURE    HOUSE.  !$$ 

The  climate  of  Georgia  is  fully  equal  to  that  of  any  other 
Southern  State,  while  the  soil,  rich  along  the  coast  and  rivers,  is. 
poor  in  the  pine  barrens,  but  yields  abundantly  when  fertilized. 
In  the  central  part  of  the  State  the  soil  is  a  red  loam,  while  in  the 
western  part  it  is  light  and  sandy,  productive  when  properly- culti- 
vated and  cared  for,  but  easily  exhausted  under  a  bad  system  of 
cultivation.  Before  the  late  war  Georgia  was  foremost  of  the 
Southern  States  in  her  manufactures,  and  in  every  enterprise  cal- 
culated to  increase  her  wealth,  but  during  that  sad  contest  she 
was  crippled  to  that  extent  that  she  has  not  yet  wholly  recovered. 
However,  the  energy  and  determination  of  her  people  are  fast 
improving  the  financial  condition  of  the  State.  The  rivers  are 
navigable  for  a  great  extent,  and  her  principal  towns  are  connected 
by  railways.  Although  the  last  settled  of  the  thirteen  States — the 
youngest  of  the  band  of  sisters — her  rapid  progress  in  agricul- 
ture, commerce,  manufactures,  education  and  internal  improve- 
ments is  a  credit  alike  to  herself  and  the  Union.  Present  popu- 
lation, 1,195,338. 


MASTER    SPIRITS    OF    THE    WORLD,  AND 


FLORIDA. 

Peninsula  States,  discovered  and  explored  by  Ponce 
de  Leon,  a  voyager  with  Columbus,  and  whose  name  was 
suggested  to  the  discoverer  by  the  abundance  and  beauty 
of  its  wild  flora,  was,  from  1512  to  1819,  with  the  exception  of  the 
interval  between  1763  and  1783,  a  province  of  Spain.  The  first 
attempt  to  settle  it  was  made  in  the  year  1565,  at  St.  Augustine, 
(which  is  said  to  be  the  oldest  town  in  America,)  by  the  Spaniards. 
This  effort  was  attended  with  many  difficulties,  the  colonists  con- 
tending, for  the  first  few  years,  alternately  with  the  horrors  of 
savage  warfare  and  famine,  at  times  being  forced  to  subsist  on 
roots  and  acorns.  In  1819  it  was  transferred  to  the  United  States 
by  treaty,  which  treaty  was,  after  much  delay,  ratified  by  Spain, 
and  with  still  more  delay  by  the  United  States.  Possession  of 
the  colony  was  granted  the  Government  in  July,  1821.  The  ter- 
ritory contained,  in  1840,  a  population  of  54,477,  and  on  the  3d 
of  March,  1845,  became  a  State,  and  was  received  into  the  Union. 
A  chain  of  lakes,  some  of  them  beautiful  gems,  set  in  rank  and 
luxuriant  vegetation — tropical  vines,  flowers  of  the  most  exquisite 
color  and  fragrance,  mosses  as  rare  and  dainty  as  the  silver  frost 
work  of  an  arctic  night — extends  through  the  entire  center  of  the 
peninsula.  The  State  lies  upon  the  border  of  the  tropics,  and  the 
climate,  fanned  as  is  the  land  by  the  soft  sea  breezes  from  three 
sides,  is  as  mild  and  pleasant  as  is  possible  to  imagine,  and  inva- 
lids are  very  much  benefited  by  it.  All  the  winter  months,  so 
rigid  and  tiresome  in  the  north,  the  gardens  of  Florida  are  a  wil- 


AMERICAN    CITIZEN  S   TREASURE    HOUSE. 


157 


derness  of  the  most  beautiful  flowers,  while  from  the  orange  trees, 
laden  with  their  bloom  and  ripening  fruit,  the  mocking-bird  car- 
ols forth  his  richest  melody,  or  the  oriole,  flitting  through  the  dense 
and  glossy  leaves  from  bough  to  bough,  dazzles  you  like  some  fiery 
comet  that  has  fallen  from  its  sphere  in  the  cloudless  blue  above. 

With  proper  drainage,  the  marshes,  so  long  and  still  an  object 
of  aversion  and  contempt,  might  be  made  the  richest  land  in 
America.  The  products  are  grain  of  different  varieties.  Cotton, 
sugar-cane,  Irish  and  sweet  potatoes,  and  every  variety  of  fruit 
known  in  the  tropics.  The  State  has  little  or  no  foreign  commerce, 
and  but  little  attention  is  paid  to  manufactures.  Railroads  con- 
nect most  of  the  principal  towns,  and  these  with  most  of  the  other 
States. 

It  was  discovered  on  Easter  Sunday,  and  from  this,  and  the  fact 
that  the  land  was  a  mass  of  bloom,  it  derived  its  pretty  and  sig- 
nificant name — "  the  flowery  land."  The  present  population  is 
187,748. 


158  MASTER    SPIRITS    OF    THE    WORLD,    AND 


ALABAMA. 

admitted  to  the  Union  on  the  i4th  of  December, 
1819.  It  has  a  deep,  rich  soil,  and  in  many  portions  a 
healthful  climate.  It  remained  till  the  Revolution  a 
mere  hunting  ground  of  the  savages.  From  the  peace  of  1783  to 
1802  it  was  claimed  by  Georgia,  and  lands  were  sold  to  settlers 
and  speculators  accordingly.  In  the  year  1802,  Georgia  ceded  all 
her  western  territory  to  the  United  States  for  $1,250,000.  In  1800, 
the  present  State  of  Alabama  became  a  part  of  Mississippi  Terri- 
tory, from  which  it  was  separated  when  Mississippi  became  a  State 
It  was  settled  in  1711,  at  Mobile,  by  the  French,  being  a  part  of 
the  territory  explored  by  La  Salle  in  his  Mississippi  tour. 

A  band  of  fugitive  Indians,  weary  and  foot-sore,  fleeing  by  day 
and  by  night  from  their  pursuers,  found  here  their  first  safe  shel- 
ter, and  we  can  imagine  how,  throwing  aside  the  suspense  and 
anxiety  and  terror  under  which  they  had  been  so  long  borne  down, 
they  flung  themselves  down  on  the  green  sward,  under  the  branches 
of  gigantic  trees,  and  exclaimed  in  the  fullness  of  their  satisfac- 
tion, "Alabama!  "  Here  we  rest. 

Some  of  the  richest  soil  in  the  world  is  found  here,  and  with 
but  little  cultivation  the  yield  is  very  large.  The  climate  varies 
greatly,  and  every  degree  from  the  temperate  to  the  torrid  zone  is 
represented.  The  mineral  resources  of  the  State  are  vast. 
The  entire  central  portion,  if  not,  indeed,  the  whole  of  the 
State  is  underlaid  with  beds  of  coal  and  iron  of  surpassing 
richness.  Lead,  marble,  ochre,  and  manganese  are  found  in 
abundance,  while  chalybeate  and  sulphur  springs  are  frequent.  The 
railroads  of  the  State  were  almost  entirely  destroyed  by  the  war, 
but  are  rapidly  recovering  their  prosperity  and  wealth.  The  pop- 
ulation of  Alabama  is  996,992. 


AMERICAN    CITIZEN'S   TREASURE    HOUSE.  l6l 


MISSISSIPPI. 

f/HE  territory  comprising  the  present  State  of  Mississippi  and 
Alabama  having  been  divided,  that  portion  lying  next  the 
river  was,  in  1817,  admitted  into  the  Union  as  a  State,  under 
the  name  Mississippi,  while  the  eastern  portion  was  organized  as  a 
Territory,  and  named  Alabama.  The  whole  of  this  territory  was 
explored,  first  by  Ferdinand  De  Soto,  and  afterward  by  La  Salle. 
It  suffered  greatly  during  the  wars  of  the  Natchez  Indians.  The 
Choctaws,  for  a  long  time,  retained  possession  of  the  northern 
portion  of  it,  and  were,  to  some  extent,  civilized.  Mississippi  was 
settled  by  the  French,  in  1716,  at  Natchez. 

The  northern  part  of  the  State  is  prairie,  with  a  rich,  black  soil 
but  in  the  South  it  is  sandy.  Cotton  has  long  been  the  staple 
product,  but  more  attention  is  now  being  paid  to  grain,  and  other 
branches  of  agriculture.  Peaches  and  figs  yield  enormously ;  in- 
deed the  former  grow  wild  in  many  parts  of  the  State.  Until 
lately  but  little  attention  has  been  paid  to  fruit,  though  all  varie- 
ties grow  and  produce  abundantly.  She  has  no  foreign  commerce, 
and  her  exports  and  imports  pass  through  New  Orleans.  Missis- 
sippi has  more  than  a  thousand  miles  of  completed  railroad.  One 
main  line  passes  through  the  center  of  the  State,  southward  to 
Louisiana,  another  crosses  it  from  Vicksburg  to  the  Alabama 
line  from  east  to  west,  the  road  from  Mobile  to  the  Ohio  River 
extends  through  almost  the  entire  eastern  part,  and  the  great  line 
from  Memphis  to  Chattanooga  passes  through  the  northeast. 
Mississippi  is  thus  well  supplied  with  railroads.  The  old  school 
system  was  one  of  the  best  in  the  South  previous  to  the  war,  but 
schools  were,  of  course,  sadly  broken  up  then.  The  new  consti- 
tution makes  very  liberal  allowance  for  educational  purposes. 
Population  829,019. 


MASTER   SPIRITS   OF    THE    AGE,  AND 


LOUISIANA. 

TAIN  ceded  Louisiana  to  France  in  the  year  1802,  and  it 
was  bought  by  the  United  States  of  the  latter  power,  in 
1803,  at  a  cost  of  $15,000,000.  Governor  Clayborne  took 
possession  of  it  the  same  year.  It  was  settled  by  the  French,  at 
Iberville,  in  1699,  and  was  admitted  into  the  Union  April  8th, 
1812.  It  is  an  important  State,  in  that  it  holds  the  keys  of 
entrance  to  the  mouth  of  the  Mississippi. 

The  surface  of  the  State  is  low  and  flat,  and  the  southern  por- 
tion so  very  low  that  it  always  overflows  when  the  rivers  are  high. 
There  are  a  large  number  of  lakes  in  this  portion  of  the  State, 
and  the  country  here  is  very  marshy.  Numberless  islands  lie 
along  the  gulf  coast,  some  of  which  are  very  fertile  and  beautiful. 
On  one  of  them  is  an  immense  salt  bed  or  mine,  known  to  be 
nearly  or  quite  a  mile  in  extent — perhaps  more.  The  depth  of 
the  strata  is  unknown,  as  they  have  bored  down  forty  feet  into  the 
pure,  solid  salt,  with  no  indications  of  the  bottom. 

Tropical  fruits  grow  well  here,  and  in  the  southern  part  fruit 
ripens  from  fall  to  spring,  as  well  as  from  spring  to  fall.  Oranges 
grow  here  in  the  greatest  perfection,  and  the  yield  is  enormous. 
A  single  tree  often  bears  5,000.  Apples,  peaches,  pears,  quinces, 
figs,  plums,  berries  of  all  kinds,  and  grapes  do  well.  Little 
attention  has  been  paid  to  manufactures,  but  cotton  and  cane 
being  staples,  they  must  sometime  be  encouraged.  Schools  are 
supported  by  tax,  and  no  appropriations  by  the  State  are  allowed 
for  the  purpose  of  sustaining  or  assisting  such  institutions.  A 
University  in  New  Orleans,  with  law  and  medical  department,  is, 
however,  partly  sustained  by  the  State  under  the  new  Constitution. 
Population  726,915. 


AMERICAN    CITIZEN'S   TREASURE    HOUSE.  163 


TEXAS. 

DE  LEON  and  La  Salle  explored  the  territory  of 
Texas.  After  Mexico  became  independent  of  Spain,  a 
grant  which  had  been  made  to  Moses  Austin,  a  native  of 
Connecticut,  comprising  a  large  tract  of  this  province,  was  con- 
firmed by  the  new  Republic ;  and,  being  transferred  by  Moses 
Austin,  at  his  death,  to  his  son  Stephen,  was  subsequently  en- 
larged by  a  further  grant.  Emigration  from  the  United  States  was 
encouraged,  and  in  1830  nearly  ten  thousand  Americans  were 
settled  in  Texas.  The  prosperity  of  these  inhabitants  excited  the 
jealousy  of  Mexico,  and  under  the  administration  of  Santa  Anna, 
an  unjust,  oppressive  policy  was  adopted  toward  Texas.  Remon- 
strance proving  useless,  the  people  of  the  territory  declared  them- 
selves independent.  The  revolution  began  in  1835,  by  a  battle  at 
Gonzales,  in  which  five  hundred  Texans  defeated  over  one  thou- 
sand Mexicans.  Other  engagements  followed,  the  result  of  which 
was  the  dispersion  of  the  Mexican  army.  Santa  Anna  now  re- 
doubled his  efforts,  and  appearing  in  March,  1835,  with  a  force  oi 
eight  thousand  men,  several  bloody  battles  followed.  On  the  2ist 
of  April,  having  under  his  immediate  command  one  thousand  and 
five  hundred  men,  he  was  met  by  General  Sam.  Houston,  with 
eight  hundred  men,  and  totally  defeated,  on  the  banks  of  the  San 
Jacinto.  Santa  Anna  himself  was  captured  the  next  day  in  the 
woods,  when  he  acknowledged  the  independence  of  Texas,  though 
the  Mexican  Congress  refused  to  ratify  the  act.  Active  hostilities, 
however,  were  now  abandoned,  and  the  independence  of  Texas 
was  acknowledged  by  the  United  States,  Great  Britain  and  other 
European  countries.  It  was  in  this  condition  of  things  that 


164  MASTER    SPIRITS   OF    THE    WORLD,    AND 

Texas  was  annexed  to  the  United  States.  On  the  24th  of  Decem- 
ber, 1845,  it  was  admitted  into  the  Union,  which  act  was  ratified 
by  the  Texan  Legislature  July  4th,  1846.  But  Mexico,  still  re- 
garding Texas  as  a  revolted  province,  refused  to  acknowledge  the 
validity  of  this  measure.  The  result  was  a  war  between  Mexico 
and  the  United  States,  which  terminated  on  the  2d  of  February, 
1848,  in  a  treaty  by  which  the  latter  power,  in  consideration  of  the 
payment  of  a  debt  of  $3,500,000,  due  from  Mexico  to  the  citizens 
of  Texas,  acquired  New  Mexico,  Texas,  and  California.  The 
progress  of  Texas  from  this  time  till  the  eve  of  the  great  Re- 
bellion, was  almost  unprecedented,  no  less  than  twenty-five  thou- 
sand Germans  having  emigrated  to  that  State  in  five  years'  time. 

It  is  said  that  Texas  has  the  most  delicious  climate  of  the 
Southern  Empire — that  her  skies  are  as  clear  as  the  glowing  skies 
of  Italy — that  her  sunsets  rival  all  that  poet  has  sung  of,  and  that 
the  artist  would  go  mad  with  despair  were  he  to  attempt  to  trans- 
fer to  canvass  the  beauty  in  which  his  soul  revels.  The  low,  rich 
lands  of  southern  Texas  are  covered  with  boundless  profusion  of 
the  most  beautiful  vegetation.  The  climate  is  so  healthy  that  it  is 
claimed  that  a  person  born  and  brought  up  there  would  never  die, 
unless  they  went  out  of  the  State,  and  in  proof  of  this  a  story  is 
told  of  a  traveler  who  met  very  aged  men,  who  were  so  hale  and 
fresh  looking  as  to  excite  wonder,  while  the  manner  in  which  they 
were  hastening  towards  the  border  aroused  suspicion,  and  they 
were  questioned,  "  Whither  away  ?  "  They  answered  that  they 
were  tired  of  living  and  wished  to  die,  and  were  going  somewhere 
— they  cared  not  where — to  seek  some  happy  spot  where  people 
could  die. 

The  pasture  lands  of  Texas  are  the  very  best,  and  stock  raising 
is  made  profitable.  All  sorts  of  grain  grows  well  here,  and  forests 
in  endless  quantity  and  variety.  Decided  progress  has  been  made 
in  internal  improvements  ;  indeed,  quite  wonderful  when  we  con- 
sider how  young  she  is,  how  thinly  settled  and  under  what  difficul- 
ties she  has  labored. 


GEN.  SAM  HOUSTON. 


AMERICAN    CITIZEN'S   TREASURE    HOUSE.  167 


TENNESSEE, 

OR  some  time,  was  a  part  of  North  Carolina.  It  was 
made  a  territorial  government  in  the  year  1790,  and  was 
admitted  into  the  Union  in  1796.  The  first  permanent 
white  inhabitants  of  Tennessee  went  there  in  the  year  1775,  and 
built  Fort  Loudon,  now  in  Blount  county.  They  were,  in  1760, 
attacked  by  the  savages,  and  two  hundred  persons  were  massacred. 
But,  in  1767,  the  natives  were  reduced  to  submission  by  Colonel 
Grant,  and  a  treaty  was  made  with  them,  which  encouraged  emi- 
gration. Settlements  were  formed  on  Holston  River  in  1765, 
which,  although  frequently  attacked  by  the  Indians,  made  very 
fair  progress.  Colonel  John  Sevier,  with  the  Tennessee  militia 
and  a  few  Virginia  soldiers,  gained  a  decisive  victory  over  the 
savages,  and  from  this  time  forward,  though  more  or  less  harrassed 
by  the  Indians,  the  progress  of  the  State,  in  population  and  im- 
provement, was  rapid.  North  Carolina  gave  up  the  territory  in 
1789,  and  in*  1790  Congress  recognized  it  as  a  separate  province. 
It  has  great  extent  of  territory,  and  up  to  1861,  was  considered 
as  among  the  greatest  of  the  agricultural  States. 

Its  staple  products  are  cotton,  tobacco  and  corn.  The  mineral 
resources  of  Tennessee  are  not  yet  developed  to  any  extent,  but 
they  are  rich  in  quality,  and  limitless  in  quantity,  and  will  b«  a 
source  of  boundless  wealth  to  the  State.  In  the  mountains,  easy 
of  access,  are  endless  stores  of  copper,  zinc,  sandstone,  iron,  and 


1 68 

the  very  finest  marble,  waiting  since  creation's  birth  for  the  enter- 
prise that  should  tear  it  from  the  bosom  of  the  earth  and  give  it 
shapes  of  beauty  and  utility.  Coal  of  the  best  quality  is  abundant, 
and  gold  is  found  in  some  parts  of  the  State.  Tennessee  has 
nearly  or  quite  two  thousand  miles  of  railroad,  and  though  these 
thoroughfares  were  much  injured  by  the  war,  the  admirable  energy 
of  the  people  would  not  allow  them  to  lie  in  waste,  and  they  were 
accordingly  rebuilt  in  an  excellent  manner.  Her  free  schools, 
under  the  protection  of  the  State,  and  liberally  supported  by  the 
Government,  are  in  a  prosperous  condition. 
Population,  1,258,370. 


AMERICAN    CITIZEN'S   TREASURE    HOUSE.  169 


KENTUCKY 

>N  the  year  1775,  Daniel  Boone,  with  a  number  of  associates 
from  North  Carolina,  settled  in  this  State.  The  trials  and 
adventures  of  these  hardy  pioneers,  and  especially  those 
of  Boone,  constitute  one  of  the  most  romantic  leaves  in  the 
history  of  the  West.  For  over  two  years,  previous  to  1775,  Boone 
was  busily  employed  in  surveying  Kentucky,  building  roads  and 
forts.  One  of  the  latter  the  erected  at  Boonsborough,  to  which 
place  he  removed  his  family,  in  1775.  Boone  said  that  his  wife 
and  daughter  were  the  first  white  women  who  ever  stood  on  the 
banks  of  the  Kentucky  River.  For  a  number  of  years  after 
Boone's  settlement,  he  and  his  associates  experienced  many  diffi- 
culties with  the  natives — Boone's  daughter  being  at  one  time  cap- 
tured by  the  Indians,  though  shortly  afterward  rescued  by  her 
father.  But,  notwithstanding  the  difficulties  with  the  savages,  the 
young  territory  grew  rapidly  in  population  and  wealth,  and  on 
June  ist,  1792,  was  admitted  to  the  Union.  Having  a  fertile  soil, 
and  affording  excellent  pasturage,  she  has  far  outstripped  most  of 
her  southern  sisters  in  general  improvement. 

The  Cumberland  Mountains  separate  Kentucky  from  Virginia, 
and  furnish  some  very  fine  scenery — unsurpassed  in  grandeur  or 
loveliness.  One  of  the  greatest  natural  curiosities  in  the  world, 
the  Mammoth  Cave,  is  in  Kentucky.  Its  extent  is  not  yet  known, 
since  it  has  never  been  fully  explored.  Coal  and  iron  are  abund- 
ant, but  little  use  has,  as  yet,  been  made  of  them.  The  best  of 
timber  and  stone  abound,  and  salt  wells  of  fine  quality  give  prom- 
ise of  considerable  value.  The  climate  is  mild  and  healthy  and 
the  soil  productive.  The  present  population  is  about  1,321,711. 


I7O  MASTER    SPIRITS   OF    THE    WORLD,  AND 


OHIO. 

HIO  was  admitted  to  the  Union  on  the  2gth  of  November, 
1802,  the  State  containing,  at  the  time,  72,000  inhabitants 
— 2,000  more  than  was  required  in  order  to  its  admission. 
It  was  settled  in  the  spring  of  1788,  and  one  year  after  it,  with  a 
vast  additional  extent  of  North-western  territory,  had  been  ceded, 
by  Virginia,  to  the  United  States. 

The  year  1788  was  a  famous  year  for  emigration.  '  It  witnessed 
the  passage  of  no  less  than  20,000  persons  down  the  Ohio  River. 
The  company  which  settled  Ohio  consisted  of  forty  persons,  under 
General  Rufus  Putnam.  They  built  a  stockade  fort  at  Marietta, 
of  sufficient  strength  to  resist  the  attacks  of  the  natives,  cleared 
several  acres  of  ground,  and  planted  a  crop.  They  were  joined 
by  twenty  additional  families  in  the  autumn.  Both  these  compa- 
nies were  New  England  people. 

For  a  number  of  years  they  were  not  troubled  by  the  savages, 
nor  did  any  of  their  number  trouble  the  Indians,  except  in  one 
or  two  instances.  The  earliest  settlers  of  Cincinnati  arrived 
there,  about  twenty  in  number,  in  1760.  Until  the  year  1765,  the 
attempts  made  to  settle  most  parts  of  Ohio  were  attended  with 
great  difficulties,  on  account  of  Indian  wars.  Marietta,  however,, 
formed  an  exception  to  this  rule.  After  the  general  victory  which 
General  Wayne  achieved  over  the  savages  during  Washington's 
administration,  the  population  increased  rapidly.  Unembarrassed 
by  any  centralizing  or  aristocratic  institutions,  possessed  of  the 
finest  natural  resources,  and  vitalized  by  an  enterprising  popula- 


AMERICAN    CITIZEN  S    TREASURE    HOUSE. 


173 


tion,  Ohio,  after  its  admission  into  the  Union,  made  an  advance- 
ment of  which  any  State  might  well  be  proud. 

The  great  wealth  of  Ohio  lies  in  her  agricultural  interests.  The 
soil  is  rich  and  yields  an  hundred  fold  for  the  labor  which  is 
bestowed  upon  it.  The  principal  minerals  are  coal  and  iron, 
which  are  very  abundant,  while  marble  and  stone  of  a  good  qual- 
ity are  produced  in  large  quantities. 

The  climate  is  not  severe,  and  is  remarkably  healthy.  Manu- 
factures have  not  been  made  a  specialty,  yet  they  are  of  consid- 
erable importance  and  steadily  growing.  Ohio  has  about  4,000 
miles  of  railroad,  which,  with  its  canals,  add  materially  to  the 
wealth  of  the  State.  She  has  always  been  awake  to  the  interests 
and  importance  of  education,  and  is,  in  this  respect,  one  of  the 
most  prominent  of  our  Western  States.  In  1860  there  were  317 
newspapers  and  periodicals  published  in  the  State,  24  of  which  were 
dailies.  They  had  an  annual  circulation  amounting,  in  the  aggre- 
gate, to  71,767,742.  The  present  population  is  2,665,002. 


174  MASTER    SPIRITS    OF    THE    WORLD,  AND 


INDIANA. 

BOUT  the  year  1690,  a  French  settlement,  the  first  in  In- 
diana, was  made  at  Vincennes,  that  place  being  within  the 
territory  claimed  at  that  time  by  the  French,  upon 
priority  of  discovery  by  La  Salle.  Indiana  was  long  the  residence 
of  various  Indian  tribes,  and  the  theater  of  Indian  wars.  By  the 
terms  of  the  treaty  of  the  peace  of  1763,  it,  with  the  rest  of  the 
North-western  Territory,  was  ceded  to  Great  Britain.  It  was  still 
claimed  by  the  Indians,  but,  by  various  treaties,  extensive  tracts 
were  obtained  for  settlement.  The  Indians,  however,  retained 
possession  of  many  parts  of  the  State  up  to  the  year  1812,  and  to 
that  portion  known  as  the  Indian  Reserve  even  later.  It  was 
erected  into  a  Territory  in  1809,  and  on  the  nth  of.  December, 
1816,  was  admitted  into  the  Union.  Its  population — 1,350,428,  in 
the  year  1860 — is  an  indication  of  its  progress. 

The  climate  is  mild,  but  changeable.  The  soil  is  rich,  but  as 
the  State  is  comparatively  new  in  improvements  it  is  not  yet  all 
brought  under  cultivation,  and  has  never  been  half  tested  as  to  its 
productive  capacity.  Its  grazing  advantages  are  so  great  that  it 
must  in  time  give  its  attention  largely  to  stock  and  dairy  products. 
Manufactures  must  also  become  an  important  branch  of  industry 
of.  the  State,  since  the  fine  water  power  and  unlimited  coal  fields 
strongly  suggest  and  invite  it.  Nearly  all  the  great  railroad  lines 
between  the  east  and  west  cross  this  State,  and  in  internal  im- 
provements Indiana  is  quite  up  to  the  age.  Seven  lines  have  a 
terminus  at  the  capital  of  the  State,  and  a  dozen  or  less  lines  start 
from  any  and  every  given  point,  and  run  into  Chicago.  She  has 
made  very  liberal  provision  for  education,  and  her  schools  are 
a  credit  to  the  Government  and  people.  The  population  is 
1,680,637. 


AMERICAN    CITIZEN'S    TREASURE    HOUSE.  175 


ILLINOIS. 

/HIS  most  thriving  and  prosperous  State  came  into  the 
Union  on  the  3d  of  December,  1818.  Until  1809  it  was  a 
part  of  Indiana,  at  which  time  it  became  a  separate  terri- 
tory, and  so  remained  till  received  into  the  Union.  This  State 
has  been  little  disturbed  by  civil  divisions  or  by  Indian  wars.  Its 
most  serious  troubles  arose  from  the  appearance  within  its  bor- 
ders of  the  Mormons,  in  1838,  and  from  attempts  made  to  curb 
their  irregularities.  This  singular  people,  believing  themselves  to 
be  ill-treated,  assembled  to  the  number  of  700,  under  their  leaders, 
in  a  remote  part  of  the  State,  and  proposed  fighting  for  their 
rights.  But  a  body  of  three  hundred  troops  marched  against 
and  captured  them.  The  whole  sect  was  ultimately  reduced  to 
submission  and  banished  the  State.  The  territory  was  explored 
by  La  Salle  and  settled  by  the  French  at  Kaskaskia  (the  first 
capital  of  Illinois,  located  on  the  Kaskaskia  River,  and  the  present 
site  of  Vandalia),  in  1720.  Its  growth  has  been  immense. 

Illinois  is  the  richest  agricultural  State  in  the  Union,  with  no 
waste  or  poor  soil.  The  soil  of  the  "  bottoms,"  or  river  valley, 
extending  for  five  or  six  miles  back  from  the  Mississippi  River,  is 
made  entirely  of  deposits  from  the  river  in  times  of  flood ;  and  in 
some  cases  the  mold  so  formed  is  twenty-five  feet  deep,  and  of 
inexhaustible  richness.  The  yield  of  Indian  corn  in  these  valley 
lands  is  enormous ;  amounting  often  to  a  hundred  bushels  per 
acre.  In  dairy  products  Illinois  is  surpassed  by  but  three  States 
in  the  Union — New  York,  Pennsylvania  and  Ohio. 

In  corn  and  wheat  she  has  steadily  held  her  position  as  the 
leading  State,  for  the  last  fifteen  years ;  while  in  all  her  other 
staples  she  is  constantly  increasing.  Her  prairies  are  the  grandest,' 
richest,  most  extensive  and  beautiful  in  the  United  States.  Her 


176 


MASTER    SPIRITS   OF    THE    WORLD,  AND 


lake  trade  is  immense,  and  her  river  trade  is  very  considerable. 
Manufactures,  as  compared  with  agriculture,  holds  a  secondary 
place,  yet  in  this  she  is  not  far  behind  her  sister  States.     Bitu 
minous  coal  is  found  in  all  parts  of  the  State,  lead  in  the  western 
and  copper  in  the  northern  part,  while  iron  is  plentiful. 

Of  her  railroads  it  might  well  be  said  that  they  are  "legion," 
crossing  the  State  in  every  possible  direction  ;  there  are  now 
3990  miles,  with  many  more  in  course  of  construction.  In 
addition  to  this  she  has  direct  communication  with  the  Atlantic 
Ocean  and  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  by  water,  through  a  canal  which 
unites  Lake  Michigan  to  the  Illinois  River.  This  canal,  formerly 
only  capable  of  carrying  the  common  tow  boat,  is  now  being 
deepened  and  enlarged  to  accommodate  steamers,  and  when  com- 
pleted will  be  one  of  the  finest  ship  canals  in  the  United  States. 
The  educational  advantages  of  the  State  are  in  proportion  to 
the  wealth  and  advancement  of  the  State.  It  was  settled  by  the 
French,  about  the  year  1693.  The  principal  city,  from  a  commercial 
point  of  view,  is  Chicago,  and  though  its  rapid  growth  and  great 
wealth  had  given  it  a  reputation  world  wide,  the  destruction  of 
the  city  by  fire  Oct.  9,  1871,  rousing  as  it  did  all  the  sympathy  of 
individuals  and  nations,  gave  it  a  place  through  this  in  every 
heart.  The  harbor  is  one  of  the  best  on  the  lakes,  and  is  being 
much  improved.  It  is  the  largest  grain  market  in  the  world,  and 
although  Cincinnati  was  formerly  christened,  in  an  irreverent  way, 
"Porkopolis,"  Chicago  long  since  surpassed  it  in  pork  packing 
and  shipping.  In  every  respect  Illinois  is  one  of  the  first  States 
in  the  Union.  Her  population  is  2,598,400. 


AMERICAN    CITIZEN  S    TREASURE    HOUSE. 


179 


In 

851,470. 


MICHIGAN 

!>AS  admitted  into  the  Union  January  26th,  1837.  It 
had  the  requisite  population  (60,000)  before  this,  but 
there  were  some  difficulties  in  the  way  of  its  admission. 
1837  it  contained  200,000;  in  1840,  212,267,  and  in  1850, 
The  territory,  when  first  discovered  by  the  whites,  con- 
tained a  tribe  of  Indians  called  Hurons  by  the  French,  and 
Iroquois  by  the  Indians  themselves.  Many  of  them  were  converted 
to  Christianity,  by  the  untiring  labors  of  Catholic  missionaries,  as 
early  as  1648.  It  was  not,  however,  till  1670  that  the  French  took 
possession  of  the  territory.  It  was  a  portion  of  the  extensive 
tract  explored  by  the  assiduous,  daring  La  Salle.  Its  progress, 
while  it  belonged  to  the  French,  was  very  slow.  It  was  not  until 
1763,  when,  by  treaty,  it  was  ceded  to  Great  Britain,  that  much 
was  done  in  the  way  of  civilizing  and  improving  it.  Compara- 
tively little,  in  fact,  was  done  until  1783,  when  the  territory  was 
ceded  by  England  to  the  United  States.  Until  1800  it  was,  for 
purposes  of  Government,  considered  a  part  of  the  Great  North- 
western Territory.  After  Ohio,  Indiana,  and  Illinois  had  been 
severally  detached,  the  remainder,  in  1805,  became  a  distinct  ter- 
ritory, the  first  Governor  of  which  was  General  Hull,  by  appoint- 
ment of  President  Jefferson.  Michigan  suffered  much  froni  the 
war  of  1812.  For  about  two  years  nearly  the  whole  territory  was 
the  theater  of  sanguinary  conflicts.  It  was  exposed  to  the  bar- 
barity of  the  enemy  and  their  Indian  allies.  Since  then,  how- 
ever, its  enterprising  inhabitants  have  brought  it  up  to  a  degree  of 
improvement  which  few  States  of  its  age  can  boast. 


i8o 


MASTER    SPIRITS   OF    THE    WORLD,   AND 


The  minerals  of  this  State  are  copper,  silver,  iron  and  slate. 
Her  copper  mines  are  the  richest  in  the  world,  lying  in  an  unbro- 
ken belt  of  1 20  miles  in  length,  and  from]  three  to  six  in  width. 
Michigan's  contribution  to  the  material  for  the  Washington  monu- 
ment at  the  National  Capital  was  a  magnificent  block  of  pure  cop- 
per ore.  A  number  of  such  blocks  have  been  uncovered  weighing 
from  one  to  two  hundred  tons  each. 

The  salt  springs  of  the  State  are  very  good,  yielding  a  large  per 
centage  of  salt  of  the  first-class.  The  northern  part  of  the  State  is 
heavily  wooded,  and  millions  of  feet  of  lumber  are  shipped  annu- 
ally. The  soil  in  the  southern  part  is  rich  and  productive.  Grain, 
flour,  lumber,  copper,  wool  and  pork  are  exported,  and  owing  to 
her  excellent  harbors  which  lie  along  the  northern  shore,  and 
the  wealth  and  enterprise  of  the  State,  her  commerce  must  be  con- 
siderable. 

The  principal  towns  have  railroad  communication  with  all  parts 
of  the  Union.  Her  system  of  education  is  good,  and  the  liberal- 
ity of  the  State  is  very  encouraging.  The  population,  rapidly 
increasing  for  the  last  ten  years,  numbers  1,184,059. 


AMERICAN    CITIZEN  S    TREASURE    HOUSE. 


181 


WISCONSIN 

5 AS  admitted  into  the  Union  May  zgth,  1848.  It  was  a 
part  of  the  extensive  territory  ceded  by  France  to  Great 
Britain  in  the  treaty  of  1763.  At  the  close  of  the 
Revolution  it  was  given  up  by  Great  Britain  to  the  United  States. 
It  was  erected  into  a  territory  in  1836,  the  portion  now  forming 
the  State  of  Iowa  being  detached  in  1838.  Its  natural  resources 
are  extraordinary,  the  climate  being  very  healthful,  and  the  soil 
unsurpassed  in  fertility.  It  was  settled  in  the  year  1669,  at  Green 
Bay,  by  the  French. 

Wisconsin  has  a  large  commerce  which,  with  its  rich  soil,  vast 
lumber  fields,  extensive  mines  of  copper  and  lead,  and  its  unsur- 
passed harbors  and  railroads,  must  necessarily  increase.  Its  ex- 
cellent water  power  iS  of  great  advantage  to  manufacturers  and 
though  yet  in  their  infancy,  the  day  is  not  far  distant  when  they 
will  be  developed  and  be  a  source  of  wealth  to  the  State.  Her 
internal  improvements  consist  of  about  1500  miles  of  completed 
railroad,  and  the  Portage  Canal,  which  connects  the  Wisconsin 
with  Lake  Winnebago,  and  was  constructed  by  appropriations  from 
the  Government.  Education  receives  more  attention  than  in  many 
older  States,  and  its  colleges,  seven  in  number,  are  all  in  a  fine 
condition.  The  population  of  the  State  is  1,055,133. 


1 82  MASTER   SPIRITS   OF    THE   AGE,  AND 


MINNESOTA 


IES  north  of  Iowa,  and  extends  to  the  Canadian  boundary. 
On  the  north-east  it  touches  Lake  Superior,  and,  to  the 
west,  is  bounded  by  Dakota  Territory.  It  comprises  the 
head  waters  of  the  Mississippi,  and  abounds  in  rivers  and  lakes, 
teeming  with  fish.  Its  soil  is  highly  prolific,  and  its  forests  are 
among  the  finest  in  the  world.  Its  name  is  derived  from  Minnis- 
otah,  the  name  of  St.  Peter's  River.  Primarily  discovered  by  La 
Salle,  it,  for  some  years,  belonged  to  the  French,  and  at  a  very 
early  period  was  traversed  by  their  traders  and  soldiers.  It  was 
ceded  to  Great  Britain  by  the  treaty  of  1763,  and  to  the  United 
States  at  the  peace  of  1783.  It  received  a  territorial  government 
in  1849,  and  was  admitted  into  the  Union  in  May,  1858. 

The  minerals  of  the  State  are  not  valuable,  except  its  iron  and 
coal.  Timber  is  abundant,  and  the  water-power  equal  to  that  in 
the  best  manufacturing  States  of  the  East.  Lake  Superior,  on  the 
eastern  shore,  has  some  fine  harbors  and  affords  unexceled  ship- 
ping facilities.  Its  climate  is  remarkably  healthy,  its  soil  rich  and 
productive,  and  its  educational  advantages  very  superior.  She 
has  a  permanent  school  fund  of  near  $3,000,000,  and  land  enough 
donated  by  the  Government  to  increase  the  fund  to  $15,000,000. 
St.  Paul  is  the  capital  of  the  State,  and  a  beautiful  and  rapidly 
growing  city.  The  bluff  upon  which  it  is  built  is  terraced;  and  the 
streets  are  wide  and  clean.  The  population  of  the  State  at  the 
last  census  was  439.706. 


CHICAGO  WATER  WORKS. 


AMERICAN    CITIZEN'S   TREASURE    HOUSE.  185 


IOWA. 

State  derives  its  name  from  the  Indians.  It  was  inclu- 
ded in  the  Louisiana  purchase.  It  was  first  settled  at 
Dubuque,  by  the  French,  in  tfce  year  1686.  This  settle- 
ment, however,  does  not  seem  to  have  been  permanent,  nor  pro- 
ductive of  any  real  good  to  the  territory.  In  1833  Burlington  was 
settled  by  emigrants  from  the  Eastern  States.  It  formed  a  part  of 
Missouri  from  1804  to  1821,  when  it  was  included  in  Michigan 
Territory;  subsequently  belonged  to  Wisconsin  Territory,  and 
was  admitted  into  the  Union  March  3d,  1845.  ^  ^s  a  highly  pros- 
perous State,  having  a  vast  extent  of  rich  soil  and  excellent  pas- 
turage. 

The  climate  is  mild  and  healthy,  and  the  surface  of  the  country 
mostly  a  fine,  rolling  prairie.  It  possesses  valuable  and  extensive 
lead  mines,  and  an  excellent  quality  of  coal  underlies  almost  the 
entire  State,  so  near  the  surface  as  to  be  easy  of  access.  Building 
stone  is  abundant,  corn,  wheat,  oats,  hay,  rye,  barley  and  buck- 
wheat are  grown  in  all  parts  of  the  State,  but  corn  is  the  staple 
agricultural  product,  and  in  1869  it  produced  nearly  80,000,000 
of  bushels.  But  little,  comparatively,  is  yet  being  done  in  manu- 
factures. Iowa  has  already  1350  miles  of  railroad,  and  Council 
Bluffs  is  the  terminus  of  all  the  lines  connecting  with  the  Pacific 
Railroad.  Like  all  prairie  States,  the  building  of  these  roads  re- 
quires so  little  outlay  of  capital  that  almost  every  section  of  the 
State  is  accommodated.  Education  is  receiving  a  fair  share  of 
attention,  and  the  school  fund  and  tax  are  adequate  to  meet  the 
wants  of  the  schools,  and  now  exceeds  two  million  of  dollars. 
The  emigration  to  that  State  has  been  great,  especially  within  the 
last  few  years.  It  is  a  large  and  every  way  flourishing  State.  The 
population  is  1,191,725. 


1 86  MASTER    SPIRITS   OF    THE    WORLD,   AND 


MISSOURI. 

great,  though  crippled  State,  was  admitted  into  the 
Union  on  the  loth  of  August,  1821.  It,  with  all  the  terri- 
tory then  belonging  to  the  United  States,  west  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi, was  included  in  the  purchase  of  Louisiana,  made  in  1803. 
Louisiana  afterward  was  divided  into  Orleans  Territory,  Lou- 
isiana proper,  and  Missouri  Territory.  In  1817,  Missouri  Terri- 
tory was  divided  into  Arkansas,  on  the  south,  and  Missouri  on  the 
north ;  and  it  was  about  this  time  that  the  latter  took  the  requi- 
site steps  toward  forming  a  State  Constitution.  It  will  be  remem- 
bered that  this  is  the  State,  the  discussion  of  the  propriety  of  the 
admission  of  which  raised  such  a  storm  in  Congress  in  1820. 

The  soil  and  climate  of  Missouri  are  varied,  resembling  both 
the  North  and  the  South.  There  are  rich  valleys,  and  poor  up- 
lands, prairie  and  timber,  marshes  and  dry  sandy  tracts.  It  is 
rich  in  mineral  wealth,  which  as  yet  has  received  little  or  no 
attention,  except  its  iron,  which  is  already  a  source  of  wealth  to 
the  State.  Sandstone  and  marble  are  abundant.  A  very  large 
river  trade  is  carried  on  by  the  Missouri  and  Mississippi  rivers, 
which  constitute  their  entire  means  of  communication  by  water. 
The  principal  manufactures  of  the  State  are  located  in  St.  Louis, 
which  is  one  of  the  most  important  commercial  cities  in  the 
Union.  It  has  railroads  which  reach  all  the  principal  towns  in 
the  West,  and  it  is  also  connected  by  the  railroads  of  Illinois  with 
the  cities  of  the  East.  The  State  is  making  abundant  provision 
for  its  schools,  and  St.  Louis  is  far  ahead  of  other  cities  in  this 
respect.  Her  schools  have  an  enviable,  reputation,  and  are  sup- 
ported independent  of  the  State.  Its  population  is  1,721,295. 


AMERICAN   CITIZEN'S    TREASURE    HOUSE.  187 


ARKANSAS. 

State  lies  south  of  Missouri,  and  was  once  attached  to 
it.  It  has  a  fine  climate  and  prolific  soil.  The  first  settle- 
ment  of  whites  within  its  limits  was  made  at  Arkansas 
Post,  in  the  year  1685.  The  earlier  inhabitants  were  French.  Its 
progress,  for  many  years,  was  very  slow.  It  was  not  till  about  the 
year  1826  that  the  tide  of  emigration  began  to  flow  from  the  At- 
lantic States  in  that  direction.  Little  Rock,  the  early  seat  of 
government  and  the  present  capital,  was  laid  out  in  the  year  1820, 
during  which  year  the  first  steamboat  ascended  the  Arkansas 
River.  The  boat  was  eight  days  in  going  from  New  Orleans  to 
the  village  of  Arkansas — a  distance  of  scarcely  one  hundred  miles 
above  the  mouth  of  the  Arkansas  River.  The  State  once  con- 
tained the  remnants  of  several  powerful  tribes  of  Indians.  By  a 
treaty  made  between  the  Cherokees  and  the  United  States,  the 
former  agreed  to  give  up  all  their  lands  east  of  the  Mississippi 
River,  and  to  retire  to  a  region  guaranteed  to  them  in  the  present 
State  of  Arkansas. 

The  present  Constitution  of  Arkansas  was  adopted  in  1868, 
since  which  time  she  can  be  said  to  be  in  a  flourishing  con- 
dition. With  a  good  soil,  so  rich  as  to  yield  abundantly  with  small 
outlay  of  money  or  labor,  with  a  climate  that  was  all  that  could 
be  asked,  it  has  yet  never  made  rapid  progress.  It  has  no  manu- 
factures, but  will  some  day  rank  high  amongst  our  mining  States. 
Coal,  lead,  zinc,  iron,  manganese,  salt  and  marble  are  found  in 
great  quantities ;  indeed,  in  manganese  it  exceeds  every  other  State, 


1 88 


MASTER    SPIRITS   OF    THE    AGE,  AND 


and  in  zinc  is  exceeded  only  by  New  Jersey.  Gold  and  silver 
have  been  found  in  several  counties,  and  silver  is  found  in  the 
lead  mines  in  considerable  quantities.  It  has  quarries  of  the  finest 
oil-stone  in  the  world,  and  an  inexhaustible  supply  of  the  most 
exquisitely  white  alabaster.  Its  hot  springs  possess  medicinal 
qualities  which  will,  when  understood,  render  them  a  very  popular 
resort  for  invalids.  The  new  Constitution  makes  ample  provision 
for  schools,  and  education  is  receiving  considerable  attention. 
The  population,  of  the  State  is  about  600,000. 


JEFFERSON  DAVIIS, 


AMERICAN    CITIZEN  S   TREASURE    HOUSE. 


KANSAS. 

BOUT  the  development  of  this  young  State  cluster  some 
of  the  most  important  events  of  American  history.  Its 
territorial  organization,  by  the  passage  of  the  Kansas- 
Nebraska  Bill,  in  1854,  re-opened  the  agitation  of  the  slavery 
question,  which,  seeming  to  have  acquired  fresh  vigor  and  viru- 
lence from  the  sleep  it  had  enjoyed  under  the  Missouri  Compro- 
mise, thoroughly  aroused  the  old  animosities  between  the  pro-and 
anti-slavery  elements  of  our  national  politics.  From  1854  to  1857 
it  was  the  theater  of  political  tragedies,  the  bare  mention  of  which 
may  well  put  the  blush  of  shame  upon  even  the  most  fool-hardy 
partisan. 

The  Territory  made  application  to  Congress,  in  185 7,  for  a  place 
in  the  Union,  but  the  Constitution  under  which  it  asked  admission 
(the  one  framed  at  Lecompton)  was  known  to  be  a  fraudulent 
affair,  and  hence  Kansas  was  rejected.  The  discussion  of  this 
Constitution  caused  a  permanent  division  of  the  Democratic  party. 
The  Constitution  was  rejected  by  the  people  of  Kansas  by  a  ma- 
jority of  10,000.  Kansas  was,  however,  received  into  the  Union, 
in  1 86 1,  under  a  free  State  Constitution,  formed  at  Topeka. 

The  surface  of  the  country  is  uniform,  with  no  mountains, 
sloughs,  swamps,  marsh  lands  or  lakes.  The  soil  is  rich  and  pro- 
ductive, the  climate  mild  and  healthy.  For  all  agricultural  products 
it  is  one  of  the  finest  States  west  of  the  Mississippi.  Corn  and  all 
small  grains  yield  abundantly.  It  promises  also  to  be  a  great  fruit 
State  when  older.  Rapid  progress  is  being  made  in  internal  improve- 


192 


MASTER    SPIRITS    OF    THE    WORLD,  AND 


ments,  and  besides  nearly  a  thousand  miles  of  completed  railroad, 
others  are  being  pushed  forward  to  completion  with  great  energy.  In 
consideration  of  her  means,  age  and  population,  Kansas  has  done 
a  great  deal  for  education.  There  is  a  school  fund,  public  lands 
have  been  donated,  and  taxes  are  levied  for  the  support  of  the 
public  schools. 

Coal,  sandstone,  limestone  and  marble  are  found  in  all  parts  of 
the  State,  and  in  some  sections  timber  of  fine  quality  is  abundant. 
There  are  a  large  number  of  salt  springs  and  sulphur  springs  also 
abound.  Topeka  is  the  capital  of  the  State  and  signifies  "  Pota- 
to," great  quantities  of  which  grow  wild  in  the  vicinity.  The  last 
census  gives  its  population  at  364,477. 


AMERICAN    CITIZEN  S   TREASURE    HOUSE.  193 


NEBRASKA. 

was  organized  into  a  territory  in  1850.  The 
first  settlers  were  Americans.  In  the  last  few  years  it  has 
increased  in  wealth  and  population  more  rapidly  than  any 
of  the  adjoining  States  or  Territories.  Probably  the  chief  cause 
of  this  has  been  occasioned  by  the  Pacific  Railroad  passing 
directly  through  the  State  from  east  to  west.  It  is  impossible,  at 
the  present  time,  to  estimate  the  advantage  it  will  be  to  the  State 
in  developing  its  resources.  The  value  of  its  minerals  in  the 
western  portion  of  the  State  is  incalculable.  It  has  fair  prospects 
of  becoming  one  of  the  richest  mineral  and  agricultural  States  in 
the  Union.  Omaha,  the  capital,  is  a  city  of  considerable  com- 
mercial importance,  being  located  at  the  junction  of  the  Missouri 
River  and  the  Pacific  Railroad.  In  1866  the  Territory  applied 
for  admission  into  the  Union,  but,  on  account  of  the  word 
"white"  being  used  in  its  Constitution,  it  was  rejected.  The 
word  was  then  stricken  out,  after  which  it  was  admitted,  February, 
1867,  the  bill  for  admission  having  been  passed  over  the  Presi- 
dent's veto. 

Every  thing  indicates  that  stock  raising  and  dairy  farming  will 
be  the  leading  feature  in  agriculture,  the  state  being  better 
adapted  to  growing  grass  than  grains,  yet  producing  these  well, 
especially  in  the  eastern  part,  where  the  soil  is  very  fertile.  The 
State  has  no  public  debt  to  retard  its  growth.  A  generous  pro- 
vision has  been  made  for  schools,  and  one-sixteenth  of  the  public 
land  of  the  State,  2,500,000  acres,  set  apart  to  be  sold  for  securing 
a  school  fund.  Ninety  thousand  acres  were  given  to  endow  a 
State  Agricultural  College,  and  a  State  University  was  also  en- 
dowed with  46,081  acres.  According  to  the  last  census,  the  pop- 
ulation is  122,993. 


MASTER    SPIRITS    OF    THE    WORLD,  AND 


NEVADA. 

Territory  having  formed  a  State  Constitution,  under 
an  enabling  act  previously  passed  by  Congress,  was  admit- 
ted as  a  member  of  the  Federal  Union,  on  an  equal  footing 
with  the  original  States.  The  State  convention  was  held  at  so 
late  a  period  of  the  year  that  it  was  necessary  to  telegraph  the 
Constitution,  in  order  that  it  might  be  received  there  in  time  to 
secure  the  admission  of  the  State  previous  to  the  Presidential 
election.  Immediately  upon  its  reception,  President  Lincoln 
issued  a  proclamation,  dated  October  jist,  A.  D.  1864,  in  which 
he  "  declared  and  proclaimed  that  the  said  State  of  Nevada  is 
admitted  into  the  Union  on  an  equal  footing  with  the  original 
States,"  etc.  The  vote  of  the  State  at  the  Presidential  election, 
in  1864,  was  16,420. 

Nevada  possesses  some  of  the  most  magnificent  scenery  in  the 
world  and  some  natural  curiosities  worthy  of  mention ;  amongst 
these  is  Lake  Mono,  with  water  so  sharply  acid  and  bitter  that  it 
can  not  be  swallowed,  and  cloth  fabrics  or  leather  immersed  in  its 
waters  are  destroyed  in  an  incredibly  short  space  of  time.  No 
fish  or  animal  can  exist  in  its  motionless  depth — no  water-fowl 
.ever  leaves  its  bosom  or  dips  its  wing,  or  skims  lightly  over  the  sur- 
fac£  that  is  never  lashed  into  fury  by  the  storms,  and  that  only  the 
strongest  winds  can  ruffle.  It  is  a  very  Marah  of  bitterness — a 
Dead  Sea  of  isolation — locked  in  by  towering  crags,  surrounded 
by  shadow  and  gloom. 

The  silver  mines  of  Nevada  are  the  richest  in  the  world.  For 
the  year  1867  it  is  estimated  that  Nevada  yielded  20,000,000  of 
dollars,  of  which  the  Comstock  lode  yielded  17,500,000.  The 
product  of  this  mine  for  five  years  amounts  to  $60,000,000.  Salt 
and  alkali  are  abundant.  The  climate  is  healthy,  divided,  as  in 
California,  into  a  wet  and  a  dry  season.  The  soil  is  poor,  and  agri- 
culture receives  little  attention. 

Education  has  been  almost  entirely  neglected,  but  measures  are 
being  taken  to  establish  them  on  the  same  plan  as  in  the  other 
States.  Population  last  census  42,491. 


AMERICAN    CITIZEN  S   TREASURE    HOUSE.  197 


CALIFORNIA 

5 AS  admitted  into  the  Union  on  the  yth  of  September, 
1850.     The  alarming  discussion  which  occurred  upon 
the  question  of  admission  was   what  gave  rise   to  the 
compromise  measures  of  1850,  popularly  styled  the  Omnibus  BilL 

General  Fremont,  with  a  small  but  dauntless  band  of  rangers, 
conquered  California  in  1846,  having  defeated,  on  frequent  occa- 
sions, vastly  superior  forces  of  Mexicans.  Its  resources  as  a 
farming  country  early  attracted  attention.  But  when,  in  February,. 
1848,  it  was  published  that  gold  in  quantities  had  been  found  on 
a  branch  of  the  Sacramento,  the  swarm  of  emigrants  which  rushed 
in,  comprising  representatives  from  every  State  in  the  Union,  and 
from  nearly  all  the  nations  of  Europe,  was  almost  incalculable. 
From  a  small  village,  San  Francisco  was  rapidly  inflated  to  a 
large  city  In  many  places  towns  sprang  up  like  mushrooms. 
Owing  to  the  fact  that  its  population  has  been  thrown  hastily 
together,  from  so  many  places,  and  in  consequence  of  the  want  of  » 
a  government,  California  was,  for  some  time,  the  scene  of  many 
dark  crimes  and  hideous  outrages.  Never  was  the  want  of  whole- 
some legal  restraint  more  keenly  felt  than  here.  The  Constitution 
of  California  was  framed  by  a  convention  of  delegates  in  1849. 

It  is  a  wild  and  broken  country,  mountainous  and  rugged, 
traversed  by  both  the  Sierra  Nevadas  and  the  coast  range.  The 
valleys,  long  neglected  for  the  mines,  are  again  being  cultivated 
and  brought  to  a  high  degree  of  fertility  and  productiveness. 
The  gold  mines  are  too  well  known  to  need  any  description. 
They  furnish  annually  to  the  Government  seventy  to  eighty 
million  dollars  in  gold.  The  climate  of  California  varies  greatly 


198 


MASTER    SPIRITS   OF    THE    AGE,  AND 


— from  extreme  cold  .n  the  north,  and  at  great  elevations,  to 
tropical  warmth  and  softness  in  the  south.  There  are  heavy 
rains  in  November  and  December,  which  deluge  and  saturate  the 
land.  Winter  they  have  none;  and  at  all  seasons  of  the  year 
tropical  plants  grow  and  blossom  in  the  open  air,  attaining  a  size 
that  seems  incredible.  Grape  culture  is  rapidly  assuming  an  im- 
portance which  may  well  warn  Europeans  to  "  look  to  their 
laurels,"  since  the  flavor  of  California  wine  is  pronounced  equal 
to  that  of  their  best  brands.  Thousands  of  tons  are  now  being 
shipped  east  annually,  and  their  pears,  luscious  and  rich  as  none 
others  in  the  world  are  found  in  the  market  of  almost  every  city 
in  the  Union.  Almost  every  known  fruit  grows  here,  and  it  bids 
fair  to  be  the  greatest  fruit  State  in  America.  The  commerce  of 
California  is  immense ;  and  extends  to  all  parts  of  the  globe.  In 
the  matter  of  gold  alone,  from  1858  to  1868,  $826,873,738.11  were 
exported,  and  in  the  last  named  year,  nearly  a  million  barrels  of 
flour.  In  1870  there  were  800  miles  of  railroad  in  operation,  and 
many  new  roads  not  yet  completed.  In  the  matter  of  education, 
she  has  been  generous  and  energetic,  and,  aware  of  its  importance, 
has  made  ample  provision.  The  school  fund  is  $725,000,  and  in 
1867  the  State  expended  for  educational  purposes  $1,168,000. 
The  last  census  reports  the  population  500,223. 


AMERICAN    CITIZEN  S    TREASURE    HOUSF 


OREGON 

included  Washington  Territory,  and,  with  the 
latter,  comprised  the  extensive  tract  lying  between  the 
British  Possessions  on  the  north  and  California  on  the 
south ;  the  Rocky  Mountains  on  the  east,  and  the  Pacific  Ocean 
on  the  west.  The  coasts  of  this  region  were  discovered  by  the 
Spaniards  in  the  i6th  century.  In  1792,  Captain  Grey,  of  Boston, 
discovered  and  entered  Columbia  River,  and  thus  the  United 
States  acquired  the  right  of  sovereignty  over  the  territory.  The 
exploration  of  the  country  from  the  Missouri  to  the  Columbia,  by 
Lewis  and  Clark,  government  appointees,  in  1804-5-6,  strength- 
ened this  claim.  The  British,  however,  laid  claim  to  the  northern 
part  of  the  territory,  which  gave  rise  to  a  threatening  dispute 
between  Great  Britain  and  the  United  States.  But  the  difficulty 
was  adjusted  by  a  treaty  in  1846,  establishing  the  boundary  of  49 
deg.  north  latitude.  It  was  admitted  into  the  Union  in  the  year 
1859.  The  State  still  contains  the  Flathead,  Pend  Oreille,  Spo- 
kane, Shoshane,  and  other  tribes  of  Indians,  Avho  are,  for  the  most 
part,  in  the  savage  state,  though  the  Christian  missionaries  have 
done  much  in  the  way  of  civilizing  a  portion  of  them.  The  furs 
of  this  region,  those  of  the  badger,  beaver,  bear,  fisher-fox,  lynx, 
martin,  mink,  muskrat,  etc.,  have  long  been  a  great  source  of 
revenue. 

The  American  fur  companies  established  trading  posts  in  Ore- 
gon at  an  early  period,  that  of  Astoria  being  founded  in  1810, 
under  the  auspices  of  the  late  John  Jacob  Astor,  of  New  York. 
It  was  settled,  at  Astoria,  by  emigrants  from  the  Eastern  States, 
in  the  year  1811. 


200 


MASTER   SPIRITS  OF   THE    WORLD,  AND 


The  mineral  resources  of  Oregon  may  properly  be  limited  to 
coal  and  copper,  but  the  quantity  of  these  is  to  be  left  unlimited, 
since  it  is  estimated  that  they  are  inexhaustible.  Gold  is  also  found, 
but  not  extensively.  The  climate  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  State 
is  cold  and  damp — indeed,  one  might  safely  go  farther  and  say 
wet,  since  rain  falls  four  days  out  of  seven  in  the  summer,  and  the 
winter  is  one  long  rain,  known  as  the  "wet  season  ;"  yet  notwith- 
standing this,  the  valleys  are  the  most  fertile  in  the  world,  and 
large  crops  of  grain  are  raised,  in  which  wheat  takes  the  first  place. 
Manufactures  have  scarce  an  existence  yet,  and  the  commerce  of 
the  State  is  almost  entirely  confined  to  San  Francisco,  to  which 
place  most  of  her  exports  are  sent.  These  consist  of  agricul- 
tural products  and  lumber. 

In  internal  improvements  also  she  is  still  deficient,  little  or 
nothing  having  been  done  for  the  railroads  of  the  country,  except 
to  plan  one  or  two  lines.  The  construction  of  them,  however,  is 
in  the  "dim  distance."  One  has  been  finished  from  Portland  to 
Salem,  and  it  is  designed  to  continue  it  down  through  the  State 
and  to  connect  it  with  some  road  running  into  San  Francisco. 

The  common  school  system  is  the  same  as  in  the  Eastern  States, 
and  a  school  fund  already  established  and  profitably  invested, 
which  will  in  a  short  time  support  them  without  resort  to  taxation 
The  population  in  1870  was  90,923. 


MX.  VERNON,  THE  HOME  OF  WASHINGTON. 


AMERICAN    CITIZEN'S    TREASURE    HOUSE.  203 


NEW  MEXICO. 

large  territory  as  defined  by  Spanish  or  American  au- 
thorities, extended  from  32  deg.  30  min.  to  42  deg.  north 
latitude,  and  from  23  deg.  to  about  30  deg.  longitude  west 
of  the  city  of  Washington.  It  was  early  settled  by  Spaniards,  and 
formed  a  territory  of  the  Republic  of  Mexico  until  1848,  when  it 
was  ceded  to  the  United  States.  In  September,  1850,  this  terri- 
tory was  defined  by  act  of  Congress,  and  provision  made  for  its 
organization. 

Right  of  Suffrage. — Every  free  white  male  inhabitant,  above 
the  age  of  twenty-one  years,  who  shall  have  been  a  resident  of 
said  territory  at  the  time  of  the  passage  of  this  act,  shall  be  enti- 
tled to  vote  at  the  first  election,  and  snail  be  eligible  to  any  office 
within  the  said  territory  ;  but  the  qualifications  of  voters  and  of 
holding  office,  at  all  subsequent  elections,  shall  be  such  as  shall  be 
prescribed  by  the  Legislative  Assembly.  Within  the  bounds  of 
this  territory  and  Arizona,  are  residing  large  tribes  of  Indians, 
many  of  a  warlike  character,  roaming  over  this  region  and  west- 
ern Texas,  as  well  as  the  northern  part  of  Mexico. 

The  high  table-lands,  of  which  most  of  the  territory  consists, 
are  broken  by  mountain  ranges.  The  Rocky  Mountains  and  the 
Sierra  Madres  pass  through  the  central  portion  from  east  to  west. 
The  soil  is  dry,  and  much  of  it,  owing  to  its  great  elevation  above 
the  sea,  is  sterile,  and  agriculture  almost  entirely  neglected.  It  is, 
however,  a  fine  grazing  country,  and  stock  raising  will  no  doubt  be 
one  of  its  principal  sources  of  wealth,  though  its  mines  are  very 
rich,  and  when  properly  developed,  will  command  much  attention 
and  pay  abundantly.  Gold  and  silver  is  especially  abundant,  and 
it  only  needs  capital  to  bring  the  mines  into  more  favorable  and 
general  notice. 

The  country  is  settled  by  a  wild  and  lawless  people — Spaniards, 
Mexicans,  Indians  and  half  breeds  of  every  nationality — and,  of 
course,  order  is  but  partially  observed  ;  laws  can  not  be  enforced ; 
civilization  makes  but  little  progress,  and  society  does  not  improve. 


2O4  MASTER    SPIRITS   OF    THE    AGE,  AND 

The  climate  is  mild  and  healthful,  and  but  a  small  portion  of  the 
country  wooded.  There  are  several  fine  salt  lakes  in  the  terri- 
tory where  the  rapid  evaporation  of  the  water  causes  the  crystali- 
zation  of  the  salt  so  rapidly  that  it  falls  to  the  bottom  ;  as  the 
water  is  shallow,  it  is  taken  out  almost  pure,  and  quke  a  business 
is  done  in  supplying  the  inhabitants  with  the  article. 

A  public  school  has  been  established  by  the  Governor  of  the 
Territory,  but  is  productive  of  little  good.  A  Territorial  Govern- 
ment exists,  but  as  yet,  the  inhabitants  are  "  a  law  unto  them- 
selves," and  every  man  metes  out  justice  as  the  case  seems  to  him 
to  require.  The  capital  is  Santa  Fe,  and  it  certainly  bears  the 
worst  reputation  of  any  of  the  western  cities,  which  is  saying  a 
great  deal.  It  is  wretchedly  built,  and  the  inhabitants  are  igno- 
rant and  degraded,  many  of  them  belonging  to  the  roving  banditti 
who  infest  the  country  in  swarms. 

Population  in  1870  was  91,878.  The  Roman  Catholic  is  the 
prevailing  religion. 


AMERICAN    CITIZEN  S    TREASURE    HOUSE.  205 


UTAH, 

^RGANIZED  by  act  of  Congress,  passed  September  gih, 
1850,  comprises  a'  large  extent  of  country  lying  in  the 
"Great  Basin  of  North  America,"  west  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains.  It  originally  included  a  portion  of  the  new  territo- 
ries of  Colorado  on  the  east,  and  Nevada  on  the  west.  Altitude  of 
Great  Salt  Lake  City,  the  capital,  4,300  feet  above  the  level  of  the 
sea,  being  in  the  valley  of  the  Great  Salt  Lake. 

The  Wasatch  Mountains  cross  the  territory  from  northeast  to 
southwest,  and  in  the  mountains  gold,  silver  and  quicksilver 
found,  but  no  mines  of  very  great  value.  The  Great  Lake  has 
apparently  no  outlet  for  its  waters,  and  is  the  largest  inland  sea 
in  America.  It  is  subject  to  sudden  squalls,  which  render 
navigation  dangerous. 

Schools  have  been  established  in  Salt  Lake  City  under  the  con- 
trol of  the  Mormon  Church.  The  Government  is  Territorial,  but 
as  a  rule,  little  attention  is  paid  to  any  law  but  that  of  Brigham 
Young  and  the  Twelve  Apostles  or  Elders  of  the  Church.  Its 
domestic  arrangements  are  sometimes  considered  a  little  "  pecu- 
liar," and  in  a  land  where  they  exist  as  they  do  here,  in  direct  and 
positive  opposition  to  law,  might  well  be  considered  so.  The  Pa- 
cific Railroad  passes  through  the  northern  part  of  the  territory. 
The  soil  is  much  of  it  sterile,  but  where  cultivated,  is  very  rich. 
The  population,  last  census,  was  86,786. 


206  MASTER    SPIRITS    OF    THE    WORLD,  AND 

' 


WASHINGTON  TERRITORY. 

v  RGANIZED  by  act  of  Congress,  passed  March  2d,  1853, 
settled  by  emigrants  from  the  Northern  and  Western 
States.  It  was  taken  from  the  northern  part  of  Oregon, 
"  being  all  that  portion  of  territory  lying  and  being  south  of  the 
47th  degree  of  north  latitude,  and  north  of  the  middle  of  the 
main  channel  of  the  Columbia  River,  from  its  mouth  to  where  the 
46th  degree  of  north  latitude  crosses  said  river,  near  Fort  Wallah 
Wallah,  thence  east  to  Snake  River  ;  thence  north  to  the  49th  par- 
allel of  latitude,  being  bounded  on  the  east  by  the  Territory  of 
Idaho,  and  on  the  north  by  the  British  Possessions.  Lying  on 
Puget's  Sound,  in  north  latitude  47,  deg.,  west  longitude  from 
Greenwich  120  deg.  25  min.,  having  a  mean  annual  temperature  of 
50  deg.  Fahrenheit.  The  climate  of  Washington  Territory  is 
much  milder  than  in  the  same  parallels  of  latitude  east  of  the 
Rocky  Mountains,  while  the  soil  is  mostly  rich  and  very  fertile, 
producing  a  large  growth  of  forest  trees.  Gold  and  other  valua- 
ble minerals  also  abound  in  many  parts  of  the  territory. 

With  the  exception  of  the  land  around  Puget's  Sound,  the  soil 
is  rich  and  productive,  and  though  corn  does  not  grow  well  here, 
no  better  wheat  is  produced  in  the  world,  and  barley,  oats  and 
potatoes  yield  immensely.  It  is  a  fine  grazing  country,  and  prom- 
ises, in  its  horses,  cattle  and  wool  raising  interests,  to  be  of  great 
value.  It  has  immense  forests,  and  produces,  it  is  said,  the  finest 
masts  and  spars  in  the  world. 

Its  mineral  resources  have  not  yet  been  sufficiently  tested  to 
give  a  definite  idea  of  their  value.  Gold  and  silver  are  known  to 
exist  in  large  quantities,  and  coal  in  inexhaustible  quantities ; 
enough,  it  is  believed,  to  supply  the  Pacific  coast  for  generations 
to  come.  The  capital  is  Olympia,  and  lies  on  the  east  side  of 
Tenalquets  River,  in  Thurston  county.  The  population  is  23,925. 


ROBERT  L.  ORR. 


AMERICAN    CITIZEN  S    TREASURE    HOUSE.  209 


DAKOTA  TERRITORY, 

RGANIZED  by  act  of  Congress,  passed  March  2d,  1861, 
;jgj?  comprised  a  large  extent  of  country,  being  bounded  on 
the  east  by  Minnesota,  south  by  Nebraska,  west  by  the 
27th  degree  of  longitude  west  of  Washington,  separating  it  from 
the  Territory  of  Idaho,  and  on  the  norrth  by  the  British  Possess- 
ions, running  along  the  49th  parallel  of  latitude.  It  is  drained 
"by  the  Missouri  River  on  the  south,  and  by  the  Red  River  of  the 
North,  emptying  into  Hudson  Bay. 

Unquestionably  Dakota  is  one  of  the  very  finest  of  our  territo- 
ries, and  is  unexcelled  either  in  its  agricultural,  mining,  or  stock- 
raising  facilities  and  qualifications.  Its  soil  is  as  rich  as  that  of 
Illinois ;  its  climate  is  as  fine  as  that  of  any  of  the  Middle  States, 
its  mineral  resources  are  as  great  as  those  of  any  Western  Terri- 
tory, while  its  inhabitants  are  mostly  emigrants  from  New  England 
and  the  East,  thus  giving  the  young  territory  advantages  superior 
to  those  enjoyed  by  many  other  sections  of  the  West.  Water  is 
everywhere  pure  and  plenty,  and  timber  of  the  best  quality  skirts 
all  the  streams.  The  wild  grasses  are  pronounced  far  superior  to 
the  cultivated  grass  of  the  east ;  richer,  more  nutritious,  and  with 
a  far  heavier  yield  per  acre ;  while  left  growing,  it  cures  into  good 
winter  feed,  and  cattle  not  only  live  but  fatten  upon  it. 

There  are  about  twenty-five  free  schools  in  the  territory,  and 
ample  means  have  been  appropriated  to  increase  them  as  fast  as 
needed  and  to  encourage  their  growth  and  prosperity.  Several 
railroads  are  projected  and  some  in  process  of  construction.  The 
population,  according  to  the  last  census  report,  was  14,181.  The 
capital,  Yankton,  is  a  flourishing  city. 


210  MASTER    SPIRITS   OF    THE    WORLD,   AND 


COLORADO  TERRITORY 

!> AS  organized  March  2d,  1861.  It  is  included  within 
the  following  limits,  viz. :  "  Commencing  on  the  37th 
parallel  of  north  latitude  where  the  25th  meridian  of 
longitude  west  from  Washington  crosses  the  same ;  thence  north 
on  said  meridian  to  the  41  st  parallel  of  north  latitude;  thence 
along  said  parallel  west  to  the  32d  meridian  of  longitude  west 
from  Washington ;  thence  south  on  said  meridian  to  the  northern 
line  of  New  Mexico  ;  thence  along  the  37th  parallel  of  north  lati- 
tude to  the  place  of  beginning,"  embracing  "  Pike's  Peak  and  the 
gold  region  in  the  vicinity  of  the  Rocky  Mountains."  The  cli- 
mate of  this  elevated  country  is  remarkably  healthy  and  invigo- 
rating, while  "  the  soil  is  rich  and  productive,  being  capable  of 
producing  corn,  wheat,  barley,  potatoes,  oats,  turnips,  and  every 
kind  of  vegetable  in  profusion,  and  of  most  superior  quality.  The 
climate  of  the  South  Platte  Valley,  and  of  the  mountain  region, 
is  mild  and  regular,  and  from  its  altitude  very  dry  and  of  sur- 
prising purity. 

Denver  is  the  capital — a  wild,  rough  muddle  of  buildings,  with 
wild,  rough  surroundings,  and  wilder,  rougher  inhabitants.  Back 
of  it  rise  the  mountains,  dark  and  stern,  the  clouds  lying  low 
around  them  and  the  snows  of  six  thousand  years  upon  their 
heads.  Awful  peaks  and  towering  crags  frown  down  into  calm, 
clear  lakes  and  pools,  and  the  blue  sky  is  mirrored  in  their  still, 
motionless  depths.  The  canons  and  mountain  waterfalls  are 
surpassingly  grand  and  beautiful.  In  spite  of  the  many  drawbacks 
and  impediments  in  her  way,  civilization  is  advancing  with  rapid 
strides ;  the  church  and  school-house  are  silent  but  mighty  wit- 
nesses of  her  presence.  Rich  as  is  this  young  territory  in  every- 
thing which  is  required  to  make  the  wealth  of  a  people,  her 
progress  must  be  rapid.  The  population  in  1870  was  39,864. 


AMERICAN    CITIZENS    TREASURE    HOUSE.  211 


ARIZONA  TERRITORY. 

act  of  Congress,  approved  February  24,  1863,  Arizona 
was  organized,  embracing  "  all  that  part  of  the  present 
territory  of  New  Mexico  situate  west  of  a  line  running 
due  south  from  the  point  where  the  southwest  corner  of  the  Ter- 
ritory of  Colorado  joins  the  northern  boundary  of  the  Territory 
of  New  Mexico,  to  the  southern  boundary  of  said  Territory,"  con- 
taining an  estimated  area  of  131,000  square  miles.  It  is  thinly 
settled  by  natives  of  Mexico  and  emigrants  from  different  States 
of  the  Union,  besides  containing  a  large  number  of  Indians  of  a 
warlike  character.  The  right  of  suffrage  and  territorial  organiza- 
tion similar  to  those  of  New  Mexico,  with  the  provision,  "  that 
there  shall  neither  be  slaves  nor  involuntary  servitude  in  said  Ter- 
ritory." This  Territory  is  rich  in  gold,  silver,  copper  and  other 
minerals,  while  the  soil  is  mostly  sterile  except  in  the  few  valleys 
susceptible  of  irrigation.  Arizona,  proper,  was  acquired  by  treaty 
with  Mexico  known  as  the  "  Gadsden  Treaty,"  and  ratified  i 
June,  1864. 

Few  marks  of  civilization  are  found  here,  and  neither  Christ- 
ianity nor  education  has  smoothed  away  the  rough,  half-savage 
characteristics  of  the  inhabitants,  who  are  Spanish,  half-breeds, 
Indians  and  miners,  gathered  from  the  refuse  of  all  States,  many, 
or  most  of  them,  desperadoes  and  outcasts,  with  here  and  there, 
in  the  agricultural  districts,  an  American  settler.  Their  towns  are 
closely  like  the  Mexican,  with  miserable,  unburnt  brick  huts,  where 
filth  and  squalor  reign  supreme.  Scattered  through  the  Territory 
are  ruins  of  fortifications  and  castles  and  ancient  churches  whose 
ruins  give  everywhere  proof  of  their  having  been  devoted  to  idol 
worship,  while  here  and  there,  half  covered  with  mould,  and  almost 
hidden  by  rank  vegetation  and  tangled  vines,  which  creep  over 
them  as  if  in  pity  for  their  hideous  ugliness,  lie  the  shattered  gods 
of  the  people  who  once  dwelt  here,  a  lordly  but  barbarous  race, 
of  whom  not  a  vestige  remains.  Arizona  was  formerly  a  part  of 
Mexico,  until  purchased  by  the  United  States.  Population  9,658. 


MASTER    SPIRITS    OF    THE    WORLD,  AND 


IDAHO  TERRITORY. 

new  Territory,  lying  on  the  west  side  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains,  was  organized  by  act  of  Congress,  approved 
March  3,  1863.  Its  boundary  is  as  follows :  "Beginning 
at  a  point  in  the  middle  channel  of  Snake  River  where  the  north- 
ern boundary  of  Oregon  intersects  the  same ;  then  follow  down 
the  said  channel  of  Snake  River  to  a  point  opposite  the  mouth  of 
the  Kooskooskia,  or  Clearwater  River;  thence  due  north  to  the 
49th  parallel  of  latitude ;  thence  east  to  the  new  Territory  of  Mon- 
tana ;  thence  west  along  the  42d  parallel  of  latitude  to  the  east- 
ern boundary  of  the  State  of  Oregon ;  thence  north  along  said 
boundary  to  the  place  of  beginning." 

The  surface  is  rough  and  broken,  and  the  entire  eastern,  north- 
eastern, and  northern  parts  are  mountainous.  The  Rocky  Mountains 
and  the  Bitter  Root  Mountains  cover  fully  half  of  the  Territory 
Avith  either  broken  or  continuous  ranges,  affording  magnificent 
scenery,  that  in  the  vicinity  of  Salmon  River  being  exceedingly 
fine.  The  gold  and  silver  mines  are  partially  worked,  and  though 
the  yield  is  good,  the  want  of  transportation,  either  by  water  or 
railway,  is  a  serious  drawback  and  greatly  retards  the  develop- 
ment of  the  mineral  resources  of  the  Territory.  Several  thousand 
claims  are  taken  up  and  worked  to  some  extent,  but  the  enormous 
expense  attendant  upon  it  prevents  successful  efforts  to  work  them 
extensively. 

There  are  three  beautiful  lakes  of  considerable  size  in  Idaho; 
the  Coeur  d'  Aline,  the  Pen  d'Oreille,  and  the  Boatman,  each  are 
about  30  miles  long  and  about  6  to  10  wide,  and  navigable  for 
steamers.  The  soil  of  the  central,  southern  and  western  parts  is 
fertile,  and  produces  small  grain  and  vegetables,  but  corn  does 
not  do  well  there.  Grass  grows  abundantly,  and  grazing  will  be 
the  most  popular  branch  of  agriculture. 

The  Northern  Pacific  Railroad  will  cross  the  State  from  east  to 
west,  but  at  present  the  Territory  has  no  railroad.  The  system  of 
•education  is  the  same  as  in  the  other  Territories,  but  is  very  limited 
in  its  operations.  Boise  City  is  the  capital.  Population  14,978. 


POCAHONTAS, 


AMERICAN    CITIZEN  S    TREASURE    HOUSE. 


215 


MONTANA  TERRITORY. 

new  Territory,  lying  between  the  45th  and  49th  de- 
grees  of  north  latitude  and  the  ayth  and  39th  degrees  of 
longitude  west  from  Washington,  was  organized  by  act  of 
Congress,  approved  May  26,  1864,  It  may  be  said  to  form  the 
northern  half  of  the  Territory  of  Idaho,  as  organized  March  3, 
1863.  This  extensive  territory  embraces  the  head  sources  of  the 
Missouri  River,  lying  east  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  and  the  head 
sources 'of  the  north  branch  of  the  Columbia  River,  lying  west  of 
the  above  mountains  and  north  of  the  Bitter  Root  Mountains. 

It  is  one  of  the  finest  countries  for  grazing  purposes  west  of  the 
Mississippi.  Small  .grain  and  small  fruits  grow,  almost  sponta- 
neously and  produce  abundantly.  It  will  no  doubt  be  the  "  Gar- 
den of  the  West."  The  important  vegetable  crops  also  yield  well. 
Timber  for  mining,  agricultural  and  domestic  purposes  is  abund- 
ant. Gold,  silver,  iron,  lead  and  copper  are  abundant  in  the  moun- 
tains, and  some  of  the  lodes,  both  of  gold  and  silver,  are  as  large 
and  rich  as  have  yet  been  discovered  in  any  State  or  Territory. 
Montana  must  some  day  rank  among  our  richest  States,  for,  no 
matter  how  great  her  mining  population  may  be,  her  agricultural 
resources  will  be  amply  sufficient  to  meet  every  want. 

Virginia  City  is  the  capital,  and  is  connected  by  stage  routes 
with  all  the  principal  towns  in  the  Territory.  Population  of  the 
Territory  in  1870  was  20,594. 


2l6 


MASTER    SPIRITS    OF    THE    AGE,  AND 


INDIAN  TERRITORY, 


ITUATED  west  of  the  States  of  Arkansas  and  Missouri, 
and  south  of  the  37th  degree  of  north  latitude,  is  bounded 
on  the  south  and  west  by  the  State  of  Texas.  This  is  a 
fruitful  region,  inhabited  by  many  tribes  of  civilized  Indians, 
mostly  Cherokees,  Creeks,  Choctaws  and  Seminoles,  amounting  to 
60,000  or  70,000  souls. 

The  extent  of  Territory  is  about  70,000  square  miles,  and  with 
the  exception  of  a  sand  tract  in  the  northeastern  portion,  is  fer- 
tile and  fruitful.  This  Territory  is  set  apart  for  the  permanent 
home  of  the  Indian  tribes,  and  no  authority  is  exercised  over 
them  by  the  Government,  except  for  crimes  committed  by  them 
against  the  whites  in  the  border  States.  Some  of  the  tribes  are 
highly  intelligent,  and  as  each  tribe  has  its  own  lands  secured  to 
them  by  the  United  States,  and  is  protected  in  it's  domestic  insti- 
tutions and  customs,  they  are  free  to  cultivate  habits  of  industry 
and  to  have  their  schools,  churches  and  factories,  and  improve  in 
civilization,  art  and  science.  The  Cherokees  avail  themselves 
most  readily  of  these  advantages,  and  have  highly  cultivated  farms- 
with  good  buildings  and  fruit  in  abundance  ;  churches  and  thriv- 
ing schools,  while  other  tribes  are  fast  decreasing  in  numbers  and 
wealth,  and  will  soon  become  extinct.  Their  capital  is  Tah-le- 
Quah,  and  their  population  70,000. 


•m.i$ 

VS^^s 


AMERICAN    CITIZEN'S    TREASURE    HOUSE. 


WYOMING  TERRITORY, 

one  of  the  youngest  of  the  Western  Territories,  lies 
between  the  parallels  of  41  and  45  deg.  north  latitude,  and 
between  the  meridian  of  27  and  34  deg.  west  longitude 
from  Washington.  It  was  organized  by  act  of  Congress,  approved 
July  25th,  1868.  It  has  on  the  north,  Montana;  on  the  east,  Da- 
kota and  Nebraska,  and  on  the  south,  Colorado  and  a  small 
portion  of  Utah,  and  on  the  west,  Idaho  and  the  northern  part  of 
Utah. 

The  Pacific  Railroad  passes  through  it,  and  Cheyenne  and  Lar- 
amie  are  already  very  considerable  towns.  T«he  surface  is  broken 
by  several  mountain  ranges,  outlying  spurs  of  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tains, such  as  the  Bighorn,  Rattlesnake  and  Wind  River  Mountains, 
as  well  as  by  the  main  chain  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  themselves, 
which  cross  the  Territory  from  northwest  to  southeast.  Most  of 
it  is  an  elevated  and  rolling  plateau,  but  the  greater  part  is  fertile 
and  arable  land,  though  needing  irrigation  in  most  sections.  The 
valley  of  Bitter  Creek  and  the  vicinity  of  Bridger's  Pass  are  ex- 
ceptions to  the  general  fertility,  being  desolate  and  desert  in  the 
extreme. 

The  valley  of  the  Sweetwater  and  the  foothills  01  the  Wind 
River  Mountains  are  known  to  be  largely  auriferous,  and  some 
hundreds  of  lodes  have  been  located.  There  are  also  extensive 
beds  of  coal  and  iron  in  the  vicinity  of  the  Pacific  Railroad,  and 
the  supplies  of  coal  for  that  road  are  drawn  from  this  source. 
There  are  also  large  quantities  of  lime,  gypsum,  lead  and  copper 
ores,  and  oil  and  salt  springs. 

The  climate  is  mild  and  remarkably  salubrious.  The  winters 
are  mild  and  open,  and  stock  fattens  without  requiring  to  be 
housed.  The  passage  of  the  Pacific  Railroad  and  some  of  its. 
branches  through  the  Territory  insure  its  speedy  settlement  and. 
prosperity.  Population  9,118. 


2l8  MASTER    SPIRITS    OF    THE'  WORLD,  AND 


ALASKA  TERRITORY. 

vast  region,  formerly  known  as  Russian  America,  was 
purchased  by  the  United  States  from  the  Russian  Govern- 
ment,  March  3oth,  1867,  the  actual  transfer  taking  place 
in  October  of  the  same  year.  Its  boundaries  are  as  follows  :  Com- 
mencing at  54  deg.  40  min.  north  latitude,  ascending  Portland 
channel  to  the  mountains,  following  their  summits  to  141  deg. 
west  longitude  from  Greenwich ;  thence  north  on  this  line  to  the 
Arctic  Ocean,  forming  the  eastern  boundary.  Starting  from  the 
Arctic  Ocean  west,  this  line  descends  Behring's  Strait,  between 
the  two  islands  of  Krusenstern  and  Ratmanoff,  to  the  parallel  of 
35  deg.  30  min.,  and  proceeds  due  north  without  limitation,  into 
the  same  Arctic  Ocean.  Beginning  again  at  the  same  initial  point, 
on  the  parallel  of  65  deg.  30  min.,  thence  in  a  course  southwest 
through  Behring's  Strait,  between  the  island  of  St.  Lawrence  and 
Cape  Chenkotski  to  the  172  deg.  of  west  longitude  (from  Green- 
wich) ;  and  thence  southwesterly,  through  Behring's  Sea,  between 
the  islands  of  Attou  and  Copper,  to  the  meridian  of  193  deg.  west 
longitude;  leaving  the  prolonged  group  of  the  Aleutian  Islands  in 
the  possessions  now  transferred  to  the  United  States  and  making 
the  western  boundary  of  our  country  the  dividing  line  between 
Asia  and  America.  The  surface  of  this  vast  region,  comprising 
577,390  square  miles,  is  varied.  The  northern  part  of  the  main- 
land is  compact  and  nearly  level,  comprising  a  tract  nearly  square 
and  about  600  miles  in  length  and  breadth.  From  this  a  narrow 
belt  extends  along  the  coast  to  latitude  54  deg.  40  min.,  broken 
and  mountainous  with  a  few  fertile  valleys.  There  are  in  this 
region  several  large  rivers,  the  principal  of  which  is  the  Yuken  or 
Kwichpak,  2000  miles  or  more  in  length,  of  which  nearly  1500 
are  navigable.  The  Peninsula  of  Alaska  is  mountainous  and  its  sum- 
mits are  among  the  most  elevated  in  North  America,  Mt.  St.  Elias 
and  Mt.  Fairweather  are  between  15,000  and  18,000  feet  in  height. 
The  islands  of  the  Aleutian  group  are  volcanic,  and  form  a  remark- 
able range. 


AMERICAN    CITIZEN'S    TREASURE    HOUSE.  221 


WHAT  CONSTITUTES  A  STATE? 


WHAT  constitutes  a  State  ? 
Not  high-raised  battlements  or  labored  mound, 

Thick  wall,  or  moated  gate ; 

Not  bays  and  broad-armed  ports, 
Where,  laughing  at  the  storm,  rich  navies  ride ; 

Not  starred  and  spangled  courts, 
Where  low-bound  baseness  wafts  perfume  to  pride. 

No  : — men,  high-minded  men, 
WTith  powers  as  far  above  dull  brutes  endued 

In  forest,  brake,  or  den. 
As  beasts  excel  cold  rocks  and  brambles  rude : 

Men,  who  their  duties  know, 
But  know  their  rights,  and  knowing,  dare  maintain, 

Prevent  the  long-aimed  blow, 
And  crush  the  tyrant  while  they  rend  the  chain : 

These  constitute  a  State  ; 
And  sovereign  law,  that  State's  collected  will, 

O'er  thrones  and  globes  elate, 
Sits  empress,  crowning  good,  repressing  ill. 


222  MASTER    SPIRITS   OF    THE    WORLD,  AND 


MOTTOES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 


INDIVIDUAL    STATES. 


UNITED  STATES.  E  Pluribus  Unum.     One  of  many. 

ALABAMA [No  motto.] 

ARKANSAS Regnant  Populi.     The  people  rule. 

CALIFORNIA Eureka.     I  have  found  it. 

CONNECTICUT.     \Q«i  transmit  sustintt. 

He  who  brought  us  hither  will  preserve  us. 

DELAWARE Liberty  and  independence. 

FLORIDA In  God  is  our  trust. 

GEORGIA Wisdom,  justice  and  moderation. 

ILLINOIS State  sovereignty  and  national  union. 

INDIANA [No  motto.] 

,  j  Our  liberties  we  prize,  and  our  rights  we  will 

(          maintain. 

KENTUCKY United  we  stand,  divided  we  fall. 

LOUISIANA Union  and  confidence. 

MAINE Dirigo.     I  take  the  lead. 

(  Ense  petit  placidam  sub  libertate  quietem. 
MASSACHUSETTS  •<      By  her  swonj  she  seeks  the  calm  repose  of 

( liberty. 
MARYLAND Industry  the  means,  and  plenty  the  result. 

(  Si  quaeris  peninsulam  am&nam  drcumspice. 
MICHIGAN •<      If  thou  seekest  a  beautiful  peninsula,  behold 

(  it  here. 

(  Salus  populi  suprema  lex  esto. 

MISSOURI \  ,r  •     i     e 

(    The  welfare  of  the  people  is  the  first  great  law. 

MISSISSIPPI [No  motto.] 

N.  CAROLINA.  ..[No  motto.] 
N.  HAMPSHIRE. .[No  motto.] 


AMERICAN    CITIZEN'S    TREASURE    HOUSE. 


223 


NEW  JERSEY Liberty  and  independence. 

NEW  YORK Excelsior.     Higher. 

OHIO  -. Imperium  in  imperio.   An  empire  within  an  empire. 

PENNSYLVANIA.  Virtue,  liberty  and  independence. 
RHODE  ISLAND. In  God  we  hope. 

„    f~,  (  Animus  Opibusque  Parati. 

S.  CAROLINA •< 

(      Ever  ready  with  our  lives  and  property. 

TENNESSEE [No  motto.] 

TEXAS [No  motto.] 

VERMONT Liberty  and  Independence. 

VIRGINIA Sic  semper  tyrannis.     So  be  it  ever  to  tyrants. 

MINNESOTA L'Etoile  du  Nord.     The  Star  of  the  North. 

WISCONSIN  \  ^v^tas  successit  barbarum. 

(      Civilized  life  takes  place  of  savage. 
v  \  Ad  astra  per  asp  era. 

JS.ANSAS \  .  . 

(      By  rugged  ways  (we  ascend)  to  the  stars. 
OREGON Alls  volat propriis.     She  sails  with  her  own  wings, 

WEST  VIRGINIA  \  Montani  semPer  liberL 

(      The  mountains  are  always  free. 

NEBRASKA Popular  Sovereignty. 

NEVADA Volens  et potens.     Willing  and  able. 

COLORADO Nil  sine  Numine.     Nothing  without  Divine  aid. 


224  MASTER   SPIRITS   OF    THE    WORLD,  AND 


THE  DUTIES  AND  RESPONSIBILITIES  OF 

VOTERS. 


-  a  Republican  torm  of  Government,  every  act  and  feature 
of  our  laws  is  traceable  directly  to  those  who  by  their  votes 
enacted  them,  or  indirectly  to  those  who  by  their  neglect  to 
vote  suffered  the  passage  of  a  bad  or  injudicious  bill  and  allowed 
it  to  become  a  statute,  and  thus  wronged  thousands,  and  disgraced 
the  country.  We  say,  boastingly,  that  the  "  right  of  suffrage"  is 
extended  to  every  citizen  of  the  United  States,  but  the  term,  as 
applied  to  the  citizens  of  a  Republic,  is  a  contradiction,  meaning 
as  it  does,  permission  from  the  ruling  power  thus  to  do — when  the 
very  significance  of  our  form  of  government  is  proof  that  it  is  as 
much  the  birthright  of  every  citizen  as  is  the  air  he  breathes.  The 
declaration  that  "  all  men  are  created  free  and  equal,"  gives  no 
man  an  inherited  supremacy  over  another,  either  social  or  politi- 
cal, and  imposes  certain  duties  upon  every  one,  duties  that  are 
inseparable  from  his  citizenship. 

A  republican  government  is  a  contract  or  compact  between  the 
people  for  mutual  protection,  defense  and  security,  and  since 
every  citizen  derives  actual  and  positive  benefit  from  this  protec- 
tion it  is  impossible  but  that  he  has  duties  to  perform  and  obliga- 
tions to  meet.  It  is  not  practicable,  of  course,  for  the  people  to 
assemble  in  masses  and  give  instructions  to  the  Chief  Executive 
personally ;  hence,  conventions  are  called,  at  which  some  one  who 
is  known  to  be  honest  and  faithful  to  the  interests  of  the  common- 
wealth, and  especially  of  the  district  he  represents,  is  nominated, 
and  afterwards  elected  to  meet  the  general  assembly  of  represent- 
atives, at  which  the  wants,  wishes  or  demands  of  the  people  are 
made  known,  and  such  measures  adopted  as  shall  most  easily  and 
speedily  carry  them  out. 


AMERICAN    CITIZEN  S    TREASURE    HOUSE.  227 

It  is  at  the  polls  that  our  republican  principles  are  most  clearly 
shown,  and  that  every  man  is  the  peer  of  his  fellows.  His  vote  is 
the  expression  of  his  views,  and  the  strongest  manner  in  which 
he  can  declare  his  approval  or  disapproval  of  men  or  measures. 
A  selfish  consideration  of  party  interests,  or  a  reckless  strife  for 
power  at  the  cost  of  principle,  or  a  narrow  personal  prejudice 
indulged  to  the  extent  of  the  sacrifice  of  the  interests  of  the  coun- 
try, is  unworthy  of  men  to  whom  so  much  has  been  entrusted.  The 
candid  citizen  will  hold  himself  aloof  from  and  above  all  unworthy 
motives,  and,  not  narrowing  his  vision  to  the  things  of  to-day,  will 
act  with  wise  reference  to  the  good  of  his  country,  and  the  safety 
and  prosperity  of  generations  to  come.  He  will  study  well  and 
carefully  the  principles  of  both  or  all  the  political  parties  of  the 
times — study  and  understand  thoroughly  the  platform  of  his  own 
party,  to  be  sure  it  is  right,  and  be  able  in  every  possible  way  to 
aid  it  and  secure  its  success,  and  he  will  be  equally  familiar  with 
the  platform  of  the  party  he  opposes,  to  know  if  it  is  wrong, 
where  it  is  wrong,  in  what  way  injurious  to  the  country,  and  how 
he  can  best  work  to  defeat  it.  No  man  has  a  moral  right  to  give 
his  vote  to  advance  a  measure  that  he  knows  is  wrong,  or  that  he 
does  not  surely  know  is  right.  It  is  a  lamentable  fact  that  men 
rush  to  the  ballot  box  and  deposit  their  votes  by  thousands,  when 
a  large  majority  are  so  ignorant  of  the  first  elements  of  their  duty 
as  scarcely  to  .know  to  which  party  the  man  for  whom  they  have 
voted  belongs,  and  to  know  nothing — absolutely  nothing,  of  what 
his  life  has  been,  or  whether  he  has  any  real  claim  upon  them  for 
support  or  merit  which  qualifies  him  for  the  office  he  is  being 
elected  to.  This  can  not  be  justified  in  a  country  like  our  own, 
and  is  little,  if  any,  less  than  guilt. 

We  are  far  from  asking  that  every  man  be  a  professional  politi- 
cian, but  that,  knowing  from  his  boyhood  that  he  will  one  day  be 
called  upon  to  take  this  position,  and  that  he  cannot  avoid  a  citi- 
zen's responsibilities,  however  he  may  neglect  a  citizen's  duties,  he 
prepare  himself  to  discharge  them  honorably,  conscientiously,  and 
in  the  fear  of  God,  rather  than  man.  In  voting,  a  man  can  not 
confine  the  consequences  of  his  act  to  himself,  but  it  extends  to 
all  who  come  under  the  influence  of  those  whom  he  helps  to  elect. 

It  is  no  proof  that  a  man  should  be  placed  in  office  because  he 
asks  it,  and  no  proof  that  he  is  qualified  to  discharge  its  duties 


228  MASTER    SPIRITS    OF    THE    AGE,  AND 

because  he  assures  you,  with  his  hand  upon  his  heart,  that  he  will 
do  so.  Be  guided  by  candor  in  this  matter  rather  than  impulse ; 
remember  that  you  hold  the  motive  power  and  wield  it  for  good 
or  evil.  All  political  statements  should  be  made  with  a  just  and 
careful  regard  to  the  influence  they  will  exert,  and  honor,  no  less 
than  Christianity,  demands  courtesy  from  party  to  party,  as  from 
man  to  man.  Keep  your  manhood  unsullied  and  your  soul  unspot- 
ted with  the  low,  base,  treasonable  designs  of  those  who  will  build 
up  on  the  ruins  of  patriotism  and  principle  a  fictitious  glory  for 
themselves  or  their  cause.  It  may  shine  for  a  season,  but  it  will 
end  in  darkness.  It  may  triumph  to-day  but  will  be  cut  down  to- 
morrow, and  the  disgrace  and  dishonor  will  fall  upon  all  who 
were  engaged  in  its  upbuilding..  No  ranker,  baser  crime  is  known 
in  civil  society  than  treason,  and  a  political  traitor,  whether  im- 
pelled to  the  act  by  cowardice  or  love  of  gain,  is  a  criminal  of  the 
most  contemptible  sort. 

There  is  nothing  that  prepares  a  man  more  thoroughly  for  the 
active  duties  of  life  than  a  careful  study  of  human  nature  and  a 
close  observation  of  the  relative  position  of  facts  as  presented  by 
all  parties,  and  the  more  one  reflects  and  reasons  the  better  he  is 
prepared  to  act.  No  people  can  remain  free  who  are  ignorant. 
Knowledge  as  surely  constitutes  power  as  light  constitutes  day ;  a 
community  in  ignorance  is  a  community  in  degradation.  A  man 
who  allows  himself  to  remain  uninformed  upon  political  subjects 
and  matters  of  interest  to  voters  and  citizens,  must  needs  expect 
to  be  the  dupe  and  tool  of  those  who  are  stronger  and  more 
designing  than  themselves.  A  man  may  be  honest,  but  if  he  is 
far  behind  the  age  in  which  he  lives,  his  very  honesty  will  subject 
him  to  imposition,  and  with  his  tin  sword  rusty  in  its  scabbard,  he 
is  no  match  for  the  man  whose  sword  of  Damascus  steel  is  bright 
and  keen  from  constant  use.  If  it  were  only  for  your  own  inter- 
est— if  the  welfare  of  none  others  had  been  entrusted  to  you, 
it  would  still  be  best  that  you  cultivate  your  knowledge,  both  gen- 
eral and  special,  upon  everything  which  concerns  you  as  a  citizen 
and  a  voter. 

Another  point  of  vital  interest  is,  that  you  have  no  right  to  be 
careless  or  indifferent  upon  these  matters.  You  have  no  right  to 
sit  down  and  fold  your  hands  while  the  battle  between  right  and 
wrong  wages  around  you,  and  say  it  matters  not  who  is  victorious. 


AMERICAN    CITIZEN  S    TREASURE    HOUSE. 


229 


You  have  no  right  to  close  your  eyes  to  danger  that  threatens 
your  country  and  say  you  are  neutral ;  for  be  sure  neutrality  is 
either  cowardice,  treason,  or  ignorance  ;  and  society,  both  social, 
religious,  and  political,  has  far  more  to  dread  from  an  army  of 
neutrals  than  from  an  army  who  throw  their  colors  to  the  breeze 
and  declare  the  ground  on  which  they  have  taken  their  stand. 
Never  forget  for  one  moment,  whether  you  be  leader  or  private 
in  the  army,  that  the  majority  rule,  and  that  if  the  majority  is 
on  the  side  of  wrong,  wrong  will  triumph.  Study  not  only  to 
throw  the  weight  of  your  vote  on  the  side  of  right,  but  throw 
your  influence  there,  with  all  the  strength  and  force  you  can 
gather.  The  people  have  it  in  their  power  to  rule  for  good. 
Woe  to  that  nation  where  ignorance  has  covered  the  land  with 
mourning  and  her  sons  have  sold  their  birthright  of  liberty  for 
a  dish  of  pottage,  and  see  an  usurper  wear  the  glory  that  was 
their  heritage,  without  a  sigh  or  pang  of  regret. 

To  the  voters  of  America  is  entrusted  the  holiest  treasure  that 
man  was  ever  enjoined  to  guard — the  liberty  of  our  country  and 
the  protection  of  our  republican  principles  and  institutions.  How 
well  it  has  been  preserved  in  the  past,  the  proud  position  which 
she  holds  in  the  rank  of  nations  tells  more  eloquently  than  writ- 
ten or  spoken  words.  Whether  we  shall  go  on  from  victory  to 
victory,  crowned  more  and  still  more  royally  with  the  luster  of 
great  deeds,  until  she  shall  be  a  light  to  the  nations  who  sit  in 
darkness,  depends  upon  you  who  hold  in  your  hands  the  power 
to  make  her  what  you  will,  and  whose  votes  must  decide  her 
destiny. 


MASTER    SPIRITS    OF    THE    AGE,  AND 


PENSION    LAWS. 


^ENSIGNS  for  officers,  soldiers  and  sailors  disabled  in  the 
service,  and  for  the  widows  and  children  of  officers,  sol- 
diers and  sailors  who  have  died  in  the  service,  have  been 
liberally  and  carefully  provided  by  Congress. 

The  proper  officials  to  whom  all  applications  should  be  made,  by 
letter  or  petition,  in  Washington,  are,  by  a  soldier  having  his  dis- 
charge, to  the  Paymaster  General ;  when  the  discharge  paper  is 
lost,  to  the  second  Auditor  of  the  Treasury ;  when  by  those  who 
represent  a  deceased  person,  to  the  second  Auditor  of  the  Treas- 
ury ;  when  for  commutation  of  rations,  to  the  same  officer ;  when 
for  pensions,  or  any  matter  connected  with  pensions,  to  the  Com- 
missioner of  Pensions. 

Instructions  have  been  prepared  for  all  applicants,  by  the  Com- 
missioner of  Pensions  for  the  purpose  of  preventing  fraud  or 
misunderstanding.  They  are,  in  substance  : 

INSTRUCTIONS. 

By  the  act  of  Congress  approved  July  i4th,  1862,  and  amenda- 
tory acts,  pensions  are  granted  as  follows  : 

1.  Invalids,  disabled  in  the  military  or  naval  service  of  the  United 
States,  in  the  line  of  duty 

2.  Widows  of  persons  who  have  been  killed  or  have  died  in  the 
military  or  naval  service  of  the  United  States. 

3.  Children  under  sixteen,  of  the  classes  of  persons  on  account 
of  whose  death  widows  are  entitled  ;  provided  said  widows  have 
died,  or  have  remarried. 

4.  Mothers  of  all  classes  of  persons  on  account  of  whose  death 
widows  are  entitled,  provided  said  mothers  were  dependent  on  the 
deceased  for  support  and  no  minor  child  survived. 

5.  Fathers,  the  same  as  mothers,  in  case  of  the  death  of  the 
latter. 


AMERICAN    CITIZEN  S    TREASURE    HOUSE.  233 

6.  Brothers  and  sisters,  under  sixteen,  provided  they  were  de- 
pendent for  support  upon  the  person  on  account  of  whose  decease 
they  claim. 

The  First  Section  of  the  Act  of  July  i4th,  1862,  showing  the 
rates  of  pension  to  the  several  classes  and  grades,  is  as  follows : 

Be  it  enacted  by  the  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives  of  the 
United  States  of  America,  in  Congress  assembled,  That  if  any  officer, 
non-commissioned  officer,  musician,  or  private  of  the  army,  includ- 
ing regulars,  volunteers,  militia,  or  any  officer,  warrant,  or  petty 
officer,  musician,  seaman,  ordinary  seaman,  flotillaman,  marine, 
clerk,  landsman,  pilot,  or  other  person  in  the  navy  or  marine  corps, 
has  been,  since  the  fourth  day  of  March,  eighteen  hundred  and 
sixty-one,  or  shall  hereafter  be,  disabled  by  reason  of  any  wound 
received  or  disease  contracted  while  in  the  service  of  the  United 
States,  and  in  the  line  of  duty,  he  shall,  upon  making  due  proof 
of  the  fact  according  to  such  forms  and  regulations  as  are  or  may 
be  provided  by,  or  in  pursuance  of  law,  be  placed  upon  the  list 
of  invalid  pensions  of  the  United  States,  and  be  entitled  to  receive, 
for  the  highest  rate  of  disability,  such  pension  as  is  hereinafter  pro- 
vided in  such  cases,  and  for  an  inferior  disability  an  amount 
proportionate  to  the  highest  disability,  to  commence  as  hereinafter 
provided,  and  continue  during  the  existence  of  such  disability. 
The  pension  for  a  total  disability  for  officers,  non-commissioned 
officers,  musicians,  and  privates  employed  in  the  military  service 
of  the  United  States,  whether  regulars,  volunteers,  or  militia,  and 
in  the  marine  corps,  shall  be  as  follows,  viz. :  lieutenant-colonel 
and  all  officers  of  a  higher  rank,  thirty  dollars  per  month ;  major, 
twenty-five  dollars  per  month ;  captain  twenty  dollars  per  month  ; 
first  lieutenant,  seventeen  dollars  per  month;  second  lieutenant, 
fifteen  dollars  per  month ;  and  non-commissioned  officers,  musi- 
cians and  privates,  eight  dollars  per  month.  The  pension  for 
total  disability  for  officers,  warrant,  or  petty  officers,  and  others 
employed  in  the  naval  service  of  the  United  States,  shall  be 
as  follows,  viz. :  captain,  commander,  surgeon,  paymaster,  and 
chief  engineer,  respectively,  ranking  with  commander  by  law, 
lieutenant  commanding,  and  master  commanding,  thirty  dollars 
per  month;  lieutenant,  surgeon,  paymaster,  and  chief  engineer, 
respectively,  ranking  with  lieutenant  by  law,  and  passed  assistant 
surgeon,  twenty-five  dollars  per  month ;  professor  of  mathematics, 


234 

master,  assistant  .surgeon,  assistant  paymaster,  and  chaplain, 
twenty  dollars  per  month ;  first  assistant  engineer  and  pilots, 
fifteen  dollars  per  month ;  passed  midshipman,  midshipman,  cap- 
tain's paymaster's  clerk,  second  and  third  assistant  engineers, 
master's  mate,  and  all  warrant  officers,  ten  dollars  per  month  ;  all 
petty  officers,  and  all  other  persons  before  named  employed  in  the 
naval  service,  eight  dollars  per  month ;  and  all  commissioned  offi- 
cers, of  either  service,  shall  receive  such  and  only  such  pension 
as  is  herein  provided  for  the  rank  in  which  they  hold  commis- 
sions. 


ACT  OF  JULY  4,  1864. 

Various  Supplementary  Acts  have  been  passed  by  the'  Act  of 
July  14, 1862,  modifying  in  some  particulars  the  provisions  of  pre- 
vious legislation. 

By  the  Act  of  July  4,  1864,  it  is  provided  that  biennial  exami- 
nations will  hereafter  be  made  by  one  surgeon  only,  if  he  is  regu- 
larly appointed,  or  holds  a  surgeon's  commission  in  the  army. 
Examinations  by  unappointed  civil  surgeons  will  not  be  accepted, 
unless  it  can  be  shown  that  an  examination  by  a  commissioned  or 
duly  appointed  surgeon  is  impracticable. 

Increased  Pensions  in  Certain  Cases. — A  pension  of  twenty-five 
dollars  per  month  is  granted  to  those  having  lost  both  hands  or 
both  eyes  in  the  military  service  of  the  United  States,  in  the  line 
of  duty,  and  twenty  dollars  per  month  to  those  who,  under  the 
same  conditions,  shall  have  lost  both  feet,  if  such  parties  were 
entitled  to  a  lower  rate  of  pension  under  the  act  of  1862.  This 
higher  pension  will  date  only  from  the  4th  day  of  July,  1864,  in 
case  of  pensioners  already  enrolled,  or  of  applicants  discharged 
prior  to  that  date. 

Evidence  of  Muster-in. — In  accordance  with  the  nth  Section 
of  the  Act  of  July  4,  1864,  evidence  of  the  muster-in  of  the  sol- 
dier will  not  be  required  in  any  case,  but  there  must  be  positive 
record  evidence  of  service.  Evidence  of  muster-in  in  the  case 
of  commissioned  officers  is  still  required. 


AMERICAN  CITIZEN  S  TREASURE  HOUSE.  235 

ACT  OF  JUNE  6,  1866. 

The  Supplementary  Pension  Act,  approved  June  six,  eighteen 
hundred  and  sixty-six,  provides  increased  rates  of  pensions  over 
those  granted  by  the  Act  of  July  fourteen,  eighteen  hundred  and 
sixty-two,  in  the  following  cases,  viz. : 

1.  Twenty-five  dollars  per  month  to  all  those  invalids  entitled, 
under  the  Act  of  July  fourteen,  eighteen  hundred  and  sixty-two, 
to  a  lower  rate  of  pension,  on  account  of  service  rendered  since 
March  four,  eighteen  hundred  and  sixty-one,  "  who  shall  have  lost 
the  sight  of  both  eyes,  or  who  shall  have  lost  both  hands,  or  been 
permanently  and  totally  disabled  in  the  same,  or  otherwise  so  per- 
manently and  totally  disabled  as  to  render  them   utterly  helpless, 
or  so  nearly  so  as  to  require  the  constant  personal  aid  and  attend- 
ance of  another  person." 

2.  Twenty  dollars  per  month  to  those  invalids  who,  being  enti- 
tled under  like  conditions  to  a  lower  rate  of  pension,  "  shall  have 
lost  both  feet,  or  one  hand  and  one  foot,  or  been  totally  and  per- 
manently disabled  in  the  same,  or  otherwise  so  disabled  as  to  be 
incapacitated  for  performing  any  manual  labor,  but  not  so  much 
so  as  to  require  constant  personal  aid  and  attention." 

3.  Fifteen  dollars  per  month  to  those  invalids  who,  under  like 
conditions,  "  shall  have  lost  one  hand  or  one  foot,  or  been  totally 
and  permanently  disabled  in  the  same,  or  otherwise  so  disabled  as 
to  render  their  inability  to  perform  manual  labor  equivalent  to 
the  loss  of  a  hand  or  a  foot." 

In  order  to  obtain  the  benefits  of  the  foregoing  provisions,  pen- 
sioners already  enrolled  will  file  an  application  in  accordance  with 
form  F,  appended  hereto.  Proof  in  addition  to  that  on  file  with 
the  previous  application  need  not  be  forwarded,  except  as  shall 
be  specially  required  in  each  case,  after  the  application  is  received. 
The  applicant  need  only  be  examined  by  a  pension  surgeon  when 
expressly  required,  on  due  notice  from  this  office.  Applicants  not 
already  pensioned,  who  believe  themselves  entitled  to  the  benefit  of 
the  foregoing  provisions,  will  specifically  set  forth  such  claim  in  their 
declarations,  carefully  stating  the  nature  of  the  disability  on  account 
of  which  such  higher  rate  of  pension  is  claimed.  The  declaration 
must  be  made  before  some  officer  of  a  court  of  record,  or  before  a 
pension  notary  designated  by  this  office,  as  provided  by  the  third 
section  of  the  act  of  July  four,  eighteen  hundred  and  sixty-four. 


236  MASTER    SPIRITS    OF    THE    WORLD,  AND 

The  above  specified  increased  rates  of  pension  will  be  allowed 
only  to  th'ose  disabled  since  the  fourth  day  of  March,  eighteen 
hundred  and  sixty-one,  and  will  date  only  from  the  sixth  day  of 
June,  eighteen  hundred  and  sixty-six. 

Teamsters,  Artificers,  and  other  Enlisted  Men, — not  embraced  in 
the  terms  of  the  Act  of  Julj  fourteen,  eighteen  hundred  and 
sixty-two,  or  of  Acts  supplementary  thereto,  are,  by  the  tenth 
section  of  the  Act  of  June  six,  eighteen  hundred  and  sixty-six, 
included  in  the  administration  of  the  pension  laws,  in  the  class  of 
non-commissioned  officers  and  privates. 

Minor  Children  to  be  Pensioned,  in  Certain  Cases,  instead  of  the 
Widow. — The  eleventh  section  provides  that  when  any  widow, 
entitled  to  a  pension  under  previous  Acts,  has  abandoned  the  care 
of  a  child  or  children  of  her  deceased  husband,  under  sixteen 
years  of  age,  "  or  is  an  unsuitable  person,  by  reason  of  immoral 
conduct,  to  have  the  custody  of  the  same,"  the  pension  shall  be 
paid  to  the  duly  authorized  guardian  of  such  child  or  children, 
while  under  the  age  of  sixteen  years,  and  not  to  the  widow.  The 
proper  proof  in  such  case,  as  provided  by  this  section,  is  the 
certificate  of  the  judge  of  any  court  having  probate  jurisdiction, 
"  that  satisfactory  evidence  has  been  produced  before  such  court " 
to  the  effect  above  indicated.  In  presenting  an  application  under 
this  section,  the  guardians  of  the  minor  child  or  children  will 
make  a  declaration  in  accordance  with  the  appended  form  G. 

Pensions  Granted  to  Dependent  Fathers  and  to  Dependent  OrpJian 
Brothers. — By  the  twelfth  section  the  provisions  of  the  Act  of 
July  fourteen,  eighteen  hundred  and  sixty-two,  are  extended  so  as 
to  include  the  dependent  brother  or  brothers  of  a  deceased  officer, 
soldier  or  seaman,  and  the  dependent  father  of  such  deceased 
persons,  under  like  limitations  as  apply  in  the  case  of  dependent 
sisters  and  mothers ;  but  not  more  than  one  pension  is  granted  on 
account  of  the  same  person,  or  to  more  than  one  of  said  classes. 
The  forms  prescribed  for  the  latter  cases  may  be  used,  with 
obvious  variations,  in  applications  made  by  dependent  fathers  or 
on  behalf  of  dependent  brothers. 

Limitations  as  to  Number  and  Date  of  Pensions. — The  thirteenth 
section  declares  that  but  one  pension  shall  be  granted  to  any 
person  at  the  same  time ;  and  that  when  application  is  not  made 
within  three  years  after  the  death  or  discharge  of  the  party  on 


AMERICAN    CITIZEN'S    TREASURE    HOUSE.  239 

whose  account  a  pension  is  claimed,  such  pension,  if  allowed, 
"  shall  commence  from  the  date  of  filing  the  last  paper  in  said 
case  by  the  party  prosecuting  the  same."  This  limitation  applies 
to  all  classes  of  pensions. 

Evidence  of  Marriage  of  Colored  Applicants. — The  fourteenth 
section  provides  that  habitual  recognition  of  the  marriage  relation 
between  colored  parties — that  is,  in  the  absence  of  the  usually 
required  proof — when  shown  by  "  proof  satisfactory  to  the  Com- 
missioner of  Pensions,"  shall  be  accepted  as  evidence  of  marriage 
and  the  children  of  such  parties  shall  be  regarded  as  if  born  in 
lawful  wedlock.  When  the  usual  proof  of  marriage  can  be  fur- 
nished, it  will  be  required  as  heretofore.  When  only  evidence  of 
cohabitation  and  mutual  recognition  can  be  adduced,  as  provided 
in  this  section,  the  testimony  of  two  credible  and  disinterested 
witnesses  will  be  required,  who  must  state  how  long  they  have 
been  personally  acquainted  with  the  parties,  and  for  how  long  a 
period  the  latter  are  known  to  have  recognized  each  other  as  man 
and  wife.  If  such  acquaintance  is  deemed  to  be  of  too  recent 
date  to  warrant  the  acceptance  of  this  testimony,  or  if  there  is 
reason  to  doubt,  in  any  instance,  that  the  marriage  relation 
existed  in  good  faith,  more  specific  instructions  will  be  issued, 
adapted  to  the  circumstances  of  the  particular  case. 


ACT  OF  JULY  25,  1866. 

Provost  Marshals,  Enrolling  Officers,  and  others  Entitled  to  the 
Benefits  of  the  Pension  Laws. — The  first  section  of  the  Act  of 
July  twenty-five,  eighteen  hundred  and  sixty-six,  extends  the 
benefits  conferred  by  the  pension  laws  to  provost  marshals,  deputy 
provost  marshals,  and  enrolling  officers  disabled  in  the  line  of 
their  official  duty  as  such,  and  to  the  widows  or  dependents  of 
such  officers  in  like  manner. 

Declarations  will  be  made  in  accordance  with  the  instructions 
issued  under  the  Pension  Act  of  July  fourteen,  eighteen  hundred 
and  sixty-two,  and  supplementary  Acts.  The  grade  of  such 
officers,  for  the  purpose  of  determining  the  rates  of  pensions  un- 
der this  section,  is  fixed  as  follows :  Provost  marshals  will  rank  as 
captains ;  their  deputies  as  first  lieutenants ;  and  enrolling  officers 
as  second  lieutenants. 


240  MASTER    SPIRITS    OF    THE    WORLD,  AND 

Increased  Pensions  to  Widou>s,  and  Orphan  Children  Under  Six- 
teen Years  of  Age. — The  second  section  of  this  act  allows  to 
those  who  are  or  shall  be  pensioned  as  widows  of  soldiers  or 
sailors  two  dollars  per  month  additional  pension  for  each  child 
(under  sixteen  years  of  age)  of  the  deceased  soldier  or  sailor  by 
the  widow  thus  pensioned. 

On  the  death  or  remarriage  of  such  widow,  or  on  the  deriial  of 
a  pension  to  her,  in  accordance  with  the  provisions  of  section 
eleven  of  the  Act  of  June  six,  eighteen  hundred  and  sixty-six,  the 
same  amount  to  which  she  would  otherwise  be  entitled,  under  this 
and  previous  provisions,  is  allowed  to  the  minor  children.  The 
number  and  names  of  the  children,  with  their  ages,  must  be 
proved  by  the  affidavits  of  two  credible  and  disinterested  wit- 
nesses. The  provisions  of  this  section  only  include  the  children 
of  the  widow,  and  not  those  of  her  deceased  husband  by  a  previous 
marriage.  The  widows  of  minor  children  of  officers  are  not  enti- 
tled to  this  increase.  Declarations  for  an  increase  under  this 
section,  if  for  the  widow,  will  be  made  in  accordance  with  form 
H,  appended  hereto ;  and  if  for  minor  children,  according  to 
form  I.  The  pension  certificate  must  be  sent  with  all  applica- 
tions filed  subsequently  to  September  four,  eighteen  hundred  and 
sixty-six. 

Increase  of  Pensions  under  Acts  prior  to  July  4,  1862. — All  pen- 
sioners under  Acts  approved  prior  to  July  fourteen,  eighteen 
hundred  and  sixty-two,  are,  by  the  third  section  of  the  present 
act,  granted  the  same  rights  as  those  pensioned  under  acts  ap- 
proved at  or  since  that  date,  so  far  as  said  Acts  may  be  applicable, 
with  the  exception  of  soldiers  of  the  Revolution  or  their  widows. 
This  section  applies  only  to  pensioners  who  were  such  at  the  date 
of  the  approval  of  this  Act. 

Declaration  of  claimants  under  this  section  will  be  made  in 
accordance  with  the  forms  previously  issued  under  Act  of  July 
fourteen,  eighteen  hundred  and  sixty-two,  and  subsequent  pension 
acts,  with  the  necessary  modifications,  and  the  pension  certificates 
will  be  returned. 

Invalid  Pensions  of  Claimants  Dying  while  their  Applications  art- 
Pending^  the  Evidence  being  Completed. — The  fourth  section  of  this 
act  is  construed  in  connection  with  the  tenth  section  of  the  Act 
of  July  four,  eighteen  hundred  and  sixty-four,  and  the  sixth  sec- 


AMERICAN    CITIZEN  S    TREASURE    HOUSE.  241 

tion  of  the  Act  of  June  six,  eighteen  hundred  and  sixty-six,  to 
which  it  is  supplementary.  If  an  applicant  for  invalid  pension 
dies  while  his  claim  is  pending,  the  evidence  having  been  com- 
pleted, the  pension,  under  the  provisions  of  this  section  and  of 
those  sections  of  previous  acts  above  referred  to,  is  disposed  of  as 
follows  : 

1.  If  he  left  a  widow,  or  minor  child,  or  children  under  sixteen 
years  of  age,   or  other  dependent  relatives,  and  died  of  wounds 
received  or  of  disease  contracted  in  the  service  or  in  the  line  of 
duty,  no  invalid  pension  certificate  will  issue,  but  such  widow  or 
dependent  relatives  will  receive  a  pension,  in  their  own  right, 
taking  precedence  in  the  order  prescribed  by  law  in  other  cases. 

2.  If  the  claimant  left  a  widow  or  dependent  relatives,  but  did 
not  die  of  wounds  received,  or  disease  contracted  in  the  service 
and  in  the  line  of  duty,  so  that  neither  widow  nor  dependent  rela- 
tives would  be  entitled  to  a  pension  on  his  account,  then  the  cer- 
tificate will  be  issued  in  his  name,  and  the  pension  paid  to  the 
widow  or  to  the  dependent  relatives,  as  the  case  may  be,  in  the 
same  order  in  which  they  would  have  been  pensioned,  if  entitled, 
as  set  forth  in  the  preceding  paragraph. 

3.  If  the  claimant  left  no  widow  or  dependent  relatives,  the 
certificate  will  issue  in  his  name,  and  the  pension  will  be  drawn 
by  his  executor  or  administrator. 

Certain  Accrued  Rights  Reserved  under  Repealed  Enactments. — 
The  fifth  section  reserves  all  rights  that  may  have  accrued  under 
the  fifth  section  of  the  pension  Act  of  July  four,  eighteen  hun- 
dred and  sixty-four,  and  the  third  section  of  the  pension  Act  of 
March  three,  eighteen  hundred  and  sixty-five,  though  repealed  by 
the  first  section  of  the  Act  of  June  six,  eighteen  hundred  and 
sixty-six. 

Widou'S  Remarrying  while  their  Claims  are  Pending, — Are  en- 
titled, under  the  sixth  section,  if  their  claims  are  otherwise  valid, 
to  receive  pensions  to  the  date  of  remarriage,  if  the  deceased 
officer,  soldier  or  sailor,  on  whose  account  they  claim,  left  no 
legitimate  child  under  sixteen  years  of  age. 

JOSEPH  H.  BARRETT, 
Commissioner  of  Pensions. 
PENSION  OFFICE,  August  4,  1866. 


242  MASTER  SPIRITS  OF  THE  WORLD,  AND 

ACT  OF  JULY  27,  1868. 

SECTION  i. — Dependent  Relatives. — In  this  section  precedence  is 
given  to  the  dependent  relatives  hereinafter  mentioned,  in  the  fol- 
lowing order,  to  wit :  First,  mothers ;  secondly,  fathers ;  thirdly, 
orphan  brothers  and  sisters  under  sixteen,  who  shall  be  pensioned 
jointly  ;  and  the  persons  enumerated  shall  each  be  entitled  in  their 
order,  after  the  death  of  the  one  preceding. 

SECT.  2. — Invalids  disabled  Subsequent  to  Passage  of  this  Act. 
— This  section  specifies  as  to  pensions  by  reason  of  disabilities 
incurred  subsequent  to  the  passage  of  this  Act,  and  enumerates 
the  circumstances  under  which  said  disabilities  must  have  been 
contracted. 

SECT.  3. —  Unclaimed  Pensions. — This  section  provides  that  pen- 
sions remaining  unclaimed  for  fourteen  months  after  the  same 
have  become  due,  shall  be  adjusted  at  the  Pension  Agency  instead 
of  at  the  Office  of  the  Third  Auditor ;  and  the  failure  of  any  pen- 
sioner to  claim  his  or  her  pension  for  three  years,  shall  be  deemed 
presumptive  evidence  that  the  same  has  legally  terminated.  On 
a  new  application,  with  evidence  satisfactorily  accounting  for  such 
failure,  the  pensioner  may  be  restored  to  the  rolls. 

SECT.  4. — Increase  of  Pensions  of  Widows  and  of  Children  by  a 
Former  Wife. — This  section  gives  an  increase  of  two  dollars  per 
month  for  each  minor  child  of  a  deceased  soldier,  to  commence 
from  the  death  of  their  father,  and  continue  until  they  severally 
attain  the  age  of  sixteen  years ;  and  provides  that  the  children  of 
a  former  marriage  shall  be  "  entitled  to  receive  two  dollars  per 
month,  to  commence  from  the  death  of  their  father,  and  continue 
until  they  severally  attain  the  age  of  sixteen  years,  to  be  paid  to 
the  guardian  of  such  child  or  children  for  their  use  and  benefit : 
Provided,  however,  That  in  all  cases  where  such  widow  is  charged 
with  the  care,  custody,  and  maintenance  of  such  child  or  children, 
the  said  sum  of  two  dollars  per  month  for  each  of  said  children 
shall  be  paid  to  her  for  and  during  the  time  she  is  or  may  have 
been  so  charged  with  the  care,  custody,  and  maintenance  of  such 
child  or  children,  subject  to  the  same  conditions,  provisions  and 
limitations  as  if  they  were  her  own  children  by  her  said  deceased 
husband. 

SECT.  5. —  Widouis  and  Minors  not  Debarred,  etc. — By  this  sec- 
tion no  widow  or  guardian  to  whom  an  increase  of  pension  has 


AMERICAN    CITIZEN'S    TREASURE    HOUSE.  245 

been  or  may  hereafter  be  granted  on  account  of  minor  children, 
shall  be  deprived  thereof  by  reason  of  their  being  maintained  or 
educated  at  the  expense  of  the  State  or  of  the  public. 

SECT.  6. — Extension  of  Limitation. — This  section  provides  that 
all  pensions  applied  for  within  five  years  after  the  right  thereto 
shall  have  accrued,  and  which  have  been  or  may  be  granted  under 
the  Act  of  July  14,  1862,  or  Acts  supplementary  thereto,  shall 
commence  from  the  discharge  or  death  of  the  person  on  whose 
account  the  pension  has  been  or  shall  be  granted ;  and  in  cases  of 
insane  persons  and  minors,  who  were  without  guardians  or  other 
proper  legal  representatives  previous  to  said  limitation,  applica- 
tions may  be  filed  in  their  behalf  after  its  expiration.  This  section 
applies  solely  to  cases  in  which  the  title  to  pension  has  accrued 
subsequent  to  March  4,  1861. 

SECT.  7. — Arrears. — In  which  notification  of  title  to  arrears  of 
pension,  under  the  foregoing  section  is  provided  for ;  and  also  that 
no  claim  agent  or  other  person  shall  be  entitled  to  compensation 
for  services  in  making  application  for  such  arrears. 

SECT.  8. —  Widow's  Pension  to  Children,  etc. — In  which  the  re- 
quirement of  the  certificate  of  the  court  that  satisfactory  evidence 
has  been  adduced  of  the  abandonment  of  the  care  of  the  minor 
child  or  children  of  a  deceased  soldier  by  his  widow,  or  of  her 
unsuitableness  to  have  custody  of  them  is  dispensed  with.  The 
furnishing  of  satisfactory  evidence  thereof  to  the  commissioner 
shall  be  sufficient  to  cause  the  suspension  of  said  widow's  pension. 

SECT.  9. — Pending  Claim  may  be  Completed  by  Heirs. — In  which 
if  any  person  entitled  to  a  pension  has  died  since  March  4,  1861, 
his  heirs  or  legal  representatives  shall  be  entitled  to  receive  the 
accrued  pension  :  provided  no  widow  or  minor  child  survives  the 
applicant. 

SECT.  10. — Remarriage. — This  section  provides  for  pension  to 
the  widow  or  dependent  mother,  from  the  death  of  soldier  to  the 
date  of  claimant's  remarriage,  (provided  no  children  under  six- 
teen survive.) 

SECT.  ii. — Extension  of  Time. — This  section  provides  for  the 
continuance  in  force  of  the  Act  of  July  4,  1864,  from  the  4th  July, 
1867,  for  five  years. 

SECT.  12. — Loss  of  an  Eye. — This  section  allows  twenty-five 
dollars  as  a  pension  for  total  loss  of  sight  from  wounds  received  or 


246 


MASTER    SPIRITS   OF    THE    WORLD,  AND 


disease  contracted  in  the  service,  though  the  pensioner  may  have 
had  only  one  eye  when  entering  the  service. 

SECT.  13. — Pensions  by  Reason  of  Right  Accrued  since  Revolu- 
tion.— By  this  section  all  persons  pensioned  by  reason  of  services 
rendered  since  the  war  of  the  Revolution,  and  prior  to  March  4, 
1 86 1,  are  placed  on  the  same  footing  with  those  pensioned  under 
Acts  passed  since  that  time ;  and  grants  eight  dollars  per  month 
to  the  widows  of  revolutionary  soldiers  and  sailors  now  pensioned 
at  less  than  that  amount. 

SECT.  14. — Limbs  to  Officers. — By  this  section  captains  in  the 
army  and  lieutenants  in  the  navy,  and  those  of  less  rank,  who 
have  lost  a  leg  or  an  arm  in  such  service,  shall  be  entitled  to 
receive  an  artificial  limb  upon  the  same  terms  as  privates  in  the 
army. 

SECT.  15. — Special  Acts. — By  this  section  all  pensions  granted 
by  special  Acts  shall  be  subject  to  be  varied  in  amount,  according 
to  the  provisions  and  limitations  of  the  pension  laws. 

SECT.  1 6. — Repealing  Clause. — By  this  section  all  Acts  and 
parts  of  Acts  inconsistent  with  the  foregoing  provisions  of  this 
Act  be  and  the  same  are  hereby  repealed. 


AMERICAN    CITIZEN'S    TREASURE    HOUSE.  247 


INTERNAL  REVENUE  LAWS. 


mfri 


(HE  taxes  laid  by  the  various  acts  providing  for  the  raising 
revenue  by  taxation,  in  which  are  included  the  Direct  Tax 
Act  of  August  6,  1 86 1 ;  the  Excise  Tax  of  July  14,  1862  ; 
the  Amendatory  Acts  of  March  3,  1863;  the  Acts  of  June,  1864; 
March,  1865;  the  Amended  Acts  of  July  20,  1866,  and  March, 
1867,  are  intended  to  have  specific  action  on  several  different 
classes.  These  may  be  divided,  properly,  into  two  general  classes, 
viz. : 

I.  The  Annual  Lists — which  are  subdivided  into  Licenses,  Arti- 
cles in  Schedule  A,  (embracing  Carriages,  Yachts,  Billiard  Tables 
and  Plate)  and  Annual  Income;  and 

II.  The  Quarterly  and  Monthly  Lists — which  include  returns 
of  Auction   Sales;  Receipts  of  Railroads,   Steamboats,   etc.,  for 
Transportation,  etc.;  Passports,  Theatres,  Operas,  Circuses  and 
Museums  ;  Lotteries,  Dividends,  Advertisements,  Legacies,  Canal 
and  Turnpike  Companies,  Receipts  of  Ferryboats,  Gross  Receipts 
of  Express  and  Telegraph  Companies,  Banks  and  Insurance  Com- 
panies, Proprietary  Articles,  Stamps  under  Schedule  B,  Manufac- 
turers' Returns,  Distillers'  and  Brewers'  Returns,  and  Returns  of 
Coal  Oil  Distillation. 

For  each  of  these  returns  under  the  second  general  class  there 
are  specific  forms  and  instructions  furnished  by  the  government, 
and  if  will  therefore  be  unnecessary  for  us  to  give  instructions 
and  directions  which  are  furnished  already  to  the  parties  inter- 
ested. , 

But  in  regard  to  the  first  general  class,  some  explanations  and 
instructions  are  desirable  to  enable  them  to  act  understandingly 
in  the  payment  of  their  taxes,  and  these  we  give  from  the  highest 
official  authority. 


748  MASTER    SPIRITS   OF    THE    WORLD,    AND 

I.  Licenses — Must  be  taken  out  by  claim  agents  and  agents  for 
procuring  patents ;  insurance  agents,  domestic  and  foreign,  real 
estate  agents,  apothecaries,  architects  and  civil  engineers,  assayers,. 
auctioneers,  banks  and  bankers,  bowling  alleys  and  billiard  rooms, 
brewers,  barges,  boats  and  flats,  brokers,  commercial  brokers,  cus- 
tom-house brokers,  cattle  brokers,  pawnbrokers,  land  warrant 
brokers,  produce  brokers,  butchers,  builders  and  contractors,  cir- 
cuses, coal-oil  distillers,  coffee  roasters,  confectioners,  convey- 
ancers, concert  halls,  wholesale  and  retail  dealers  in  liquors, 
dealers  in  other  merchandise  and  wholesale  dealers  in  the  same, 
horse  dealers,  lottery  ticket  dealers,  patent  right  dealers,  dentists, 
distillers,  eating-houses,  express  agents  and  carriers,  exhibitions  or 
shows  for  money,  gas-fitters,  gift  enterprises,  grinders  of  coffee 
or  spices,  hotels,  inns  or  taverns,  intelligence  offices,  jacks,  jug- 
glers, lawyers,  livery  stable  keepers,  manufacturers,  miners,  muse- 
ums, passenger  steamers  and  vessels,  peddlers,  photographers, 
physicians,  plumbers,  rectifiers,  stallions,  surgeons,  theatres,  tobac- 
conists, and  by  any  person,  firm,  or  corporation  engaged  in  any 
business,  trade  or  profession  whatever  having  an  income  exceed- 
ing one  thousand  dollars  per  annum,  for  which  no  other  license 
is  required. 

SPECIAL    PROVISIONS'. 

I.  That  in  every  case  where  more  than  one  of  the  pursuits,  em- 
ployments, or  occupations,  hereinafter  described,  shall  be  pursued 
or  carried  on  in  the  same  place  by  the  same  person  at  the  same 
time,  except  as  hereinafter  provided,  the  tax  shall  be  paid  for  each 
according  to  the  rates  severally  prescribed :     Provided,    That  in 
cities  and  towns  having  a  less  population  than  six  thousand  persons, 
according  to  the  last  preceding  census,  one  special  tax  shall  be 
held  to  embrace  the«business  of  land-warrant  brokers,  claim  agents, 
and  real  estate  agents,  upon  payment  of  the  highest  rate  of  tax 
applicable  to  either  one  of  said  pursuits. — \_Sec.  76.] 

II.  That  any  number  of  persons,  except  lawyers,  conveyancers, 
claim  agents,  patent  agents,  physicians,  surgeons,  dentists,  cattle- 
brokers,  horse  dealers  and  peddlers,  doing  business  in  copartner- 
ship at  any  one  place,  shall  be  required  to  pay  but  one  special  tax 
for  such  copartnership. — [Sec.  78.] 


OCEAN  IRON  STEAMER. 


CLIPPER  SHIP. 


AMERICAN  CITIZEN'S  TREASURE  HOUSE.  251 

III.  That  the  special  tax  shall  not  be  imposed  upon  apotheca- 
ries, confectioners,  butchers,  keepers  of  eating  houses,  hotels,  inns 
or  taverns,  or  retail  dealers,  except  retail  dealers  in  spiritous  and 
malt  liquors,  when  their  annual  gross  receipts  shall  not  exceed  the 
sum  of  one  thousand  dollars,  any  provision  of  law  to  the  contrary 
notwithstanding. 

IV.  That  nothing  contained  in  the  preceding  sections  of  this 
act  shall  be  construed  to  impose  a  special  tax  upon  vintners  who 
sell  wine  of  their  own  growth  at  the  place  where  the  same  is  made ; 
nor  upon  apothecaries,  as  to  wines  or  spiritous  liquors  which  they 
use  exclusively  in  the  preparation  or  making  up  of  medicines ; 
nor  shall  physicians  be  taxed  for  keeping  on  hand  medicines  solely 
for  making  up  their  own  prescriptions  for  their  own  patients ;  nor 
shall  farmers  be  taxed  as  manufacturers  or  producers  for  making 
butter  or  cheese  with  milk  from  their  own  cows,  or  for  any  other 
farm  products. — [Clause  of  Sec.  80.] 

The  following  is  the  form  of  application  for  a  license.  If  the 
license  is  for  a  firm,  the  name  of  the  firm,  and  the  name  and  resi- 
dence of  each  member  of  the  firm,  must  be  given  in  full. 

FORM    OF    APPLICATION    FOR.  A    LICENSE. 

Application  is  hereby  made  by  Dennis  Donnelly,  of  Philadel- 
phia, in  the  county  of  Philadelphia,  and  State  of  Pennsylvania,  for 
a  license  as  a  Coal  Oil  Distiller,  under  the  Excise  Laws  of  the 
United  States,  said  business  or  occupation  to  be  carried  on  at 

No. Butcher  street,  in  the  city  of  Philadelphia,  county  of 

Philadelphia,  and  State  of  Pennsylvania. 

Signed,  DENNIS  DONNELLY. 

Dated  at  Philadelphia,  this  2ist  day  of  June,  A.  D.  1869. 
To  SIDNEY  STOKLEY, 

Assessor  of  the  Second  District  of  the  State  of  Pennsylvania. 

All  licenses  expire  on  the  ist  of  May,  and  hence  when  a  license, 
is  taken  out  at  any  other  time  in  the  year,  it  is  necessary  only  to 
pay  the  proportion  of  the  license  which  will  be  due  to  the  suc- 
ceeding May.  If  a  license  is  not  taken  out  or  renewed  by  the 
person  whose  duty  it  is  to  have  a  license,  the  assessor  or  assistant 
assessor  must  enter  his  name  for  a  license  on  the  assessment  book, 
and  he  will  be  liable  to  pay  three  times  the  amount  of  his  license 


252  MASTER    SPIRITS    OF    THE    WORLD,  AND 

under  Section  59  of  the  Excise  Tax  Act,  or  a  fine  of  $100  under 
Section  1 1  of  the  same  Act. 

II.  Articles  under  Schedule  A. — These  comprise,  as  above  stated, 
carriages,  yachts,  gold  watches,  pianos,  organs,  melodeons,  or 
other  parlor  musical  instruments,  billiard-tables  kept  for  private 
use,  and  gold  and  silver  plate. 

The  list  of  these  must  be  furnished  to  the  assessor  in  ten  days 
after  the  service  of  the  notice  with  the  blank  form  for  the  return. 
The  penalty  of  furnishing  a  false  or  fraudulent  list  is  $500,  and  a 
neglect  or  refusal  to  furnish  the  list  incurs  the  penalty  of  an  addi- 
tion of  50  per  cent,  to  the  tax,  and  a  fine  of  $io<x  Billiard  tables 
kept  for  hire,  and  paying  a  license,  are  not  subjected  to  this  tax 
(Decision  Oct.  21,  1862).  Forty  ounces  Troy  of  silver  plate  kept 
for  sale,  and  that  which  is  in  possession  of  a  family  or  its  member, 
as  souvenirs  or  keepsakes  (Decision  21  Oct.  1862),  and  all  plate 
belonging  to  religious  societies,  are  exempt  from  this  tax. 

The  following  table  may  be  used  in  converting  Avoirdupois  into 
Troy  ounces : 

ii  ounces  Avoirdupois  equal     10  ounces  Troy. 

22  "  "  "  20 

44  "  "         4°          " 

50      "  "          "     46 

60  "  "  "  55         " 

70  "  "  "  64         "  " 

80  "  "  "  73         "  " 

90  "  "  "  82 

100  "  "  91 

200      "          "          "    182 

500  "    456 

1000     "          "         "    9I2 

Every  person  will  be  taxed  at  the  rate  of  2  ^  per  cent,  when 
his  or  her  annual  gains,  profits  or  income  exceed  $2000.  The 
deductions  apply  to  all  incomes.  They  are  : 

i st.  The  $2000  allowed  by  law. 

ad.  Other  national,  State,  and  local  taxes  assessed  for  the  year 
and  paid. 

3d.  Rent  actually  paid  for  the  dwelling-house  or  estate  occu- 
pied by  the  person  assessed ;  and  in  case  the  person  assessed  is 


AMERICAN    CITIZEN  S    TREASURE    HOUSE.  253 

boarding,  the  rent  allowed  for  the  rooms  he  and  his  family  occupy, 
where  such  rooms  are  used  as  a  home  or  living-place  for  the  res- 
idence, lodging  and  feeding  of  his  family. 

4th.  Necessary  repairs  to  property  yielding  the  income ;  or  in- 
surance thereon;  or  pay  and  subsistence  for  hired  laborers  or 
clerks,  and  their  subsistence,  employed  in  conducting  the  business  ; 
or  rent  of  store,  shop,  or  manufactory  ;  fuel,  freight,  etc.,  for  store, 
shop,  etc. ;  or  interest  on  encumbrances  upon  the  property  ;  or  all, 
as  the  case  may  be. 

5th.  Income  arising  from  interest  on  bonds  or  other  evidences 
of  debt  of  any  railroad  company  or  corporation,  or  from  interest 
or  dividends  on  stock,  capital,  or  .deposits,  in  any  bank,  trust  com- 
pany, or  savings  institution,  insurance  or  railroad  company,  from 
which  five  per  cent,  was  withheld  by  the  officers  thereof  for  the 
excise  tax. 

6th.  Income  from  advertisements  on  which  the  three  per  cent, 
duty  has  been  paid  is  also  to  be  deducted.  Every  person  in  the 
second  class  will  be  taxed  at  the  rate  of  ten  per  cent.,  whatever 
may  be  his  or  her  annual  gains,  profits,  or  income  from  property, 
securities  and  stocks  owned  in  the  United  States,  without  other 
deductions  than  numbers  2d  and  4th  above  stated.  Wherever 
husband  and  wife  live  together,  and  their  taxable  income  is  in  ex- 
cess of  $2000,  they  will  be  entitled  to  but  one  deduction  of  $2000. 
Where  they  live  apart,  by  divorce  or  under  contract  of  separation, 
they  will  be  taxed  separately,  and  be  each  entitled  to  a  deduction 
of  $600. 

Officers  in  the  civil,  military,  or  naval  service  of  the  United 
States  are  not  required  to  pay  an  income  tax  to  the  collectors  on. 
their  salaries  or  wages,  whatever  may  be  the  amount,  because  the 
government  deducts  five  per  cent,  therefrom  at  the  time  of  pay- 
ment ;  but  other  income  of  such  persons  is  liable  to  the  income 
tax. 

Guardians  and  trustees,  whether  such  trustees  are  so  by  virtue 
of  their  office  as  executors,  administrators,  or  other  judiciary  ca- 
pacity, are  required  to  make  return  of  the  income  belonging  to 
minors  or  other  persons,  which  may  be  held  in  trust  as  aforesaid; 
and  the  income  tax  will  be  assessed  upon  the  amount  returned 
after  deducting  such  sums  as  are  exempted  from  the  income  tax,  as 
aforesaid  :  Provided,  That  the  exemption  of  $2000  shall  not  be 


254  MASTER    SPIRITS    OF    THE    WORLD,  AND 

allowed  on  account  of  any  minor  or, other  beneficiary  of  a  trust, 
except  upon  the  statement  of  the  guardian  or  trustee,  made  under 
oath,  that  the  minor  or  beneficiary  has  no  other  income  from 
which  the  said  amount  of  $2000  may  be  exempted  and  deducted. 

Whenever  persons  liable  to  assessment  of  income  tax  shall  make 
and  tender  lists  which  shall  not  be  accepted  by  the  Assistant  As- 
sessor as  just  and  proper,  it  is  the  duty  of  such  Assistant  Assessor 
to  make  lists  for  such  persons  according  to  the  best  information 
he  can  obtain.  Persons  so  assessed  may  make  oath  or  affirma- 
tion as  to  the  amount  of  income  and  deductions  therefrom. 

Persons  receiving  rent  may  deduct  therefrom  the  amount  paid 
for  necessary  repairs,  insurance,  and.  interest  on  encumbrances 
upon  such  rented  property.  The  cost  of  new  structures,  or  im- 
provements to  buildings,  are  not  to  be  deducted  from  the  income. 
Repairs  to  sewers,  etc.,  may  be  deducted,  but  the  cost  of  construct- 
ing them,  or  the  assessment  therefor,being  in  the  nature  of  improve- 
ments upon  the  property,  cannot  be  deducted. 

Profits  or  dividends  derived  from  stock,  shares,  or  property  in 
gas,  bridge,  express,  telegraph,  steamboat,  ferry-boat,  or  manufac- 
turing companies  or  corporations,  are  subject  to  income  tax. 

Farm  produce  which  the  producer  has  on  hand  on  the  3ist  day 
of  December,  must  be  appraised  at  its  market  value  on  that  day ; 
but  the  farmer  is  allowed  to  deduct  therefrom  the  subsistence  of 
horses,  mules,  oxen  and  cattle  used  exclusively  in  the  carrying  on 
of  said  farm.  Fertilizers,  as  guano,  pouderette,  plaster,  etc.,  pur- 
chased by  farmers  to  maintain  their  land  in  present  productive 
condition  will  be  considered  as  "  repairs,"  and  may  be  deducted 
in  estimating  income. 

A  merchant's  return  of  income  should  cover  the  business  of  the  year 
ending  Dec.  3ist,  excluding  previous  years.  Uncollected  accounts 
must  be  estimated.  Debts  considered  hopelessly  lost  on  the  3ist 
of  December,  and  due  to  the  business  of  the  year  which  closes  on 
that  day,  may  be  deducted  from  the  profits  of  the  business  ;  if 
subsequently  paid,  they  must  be  included  in  the  return  for  the 
year  in  which  paid.  Old  debts,  formerly  considered  lost,  but  paid 
within  the  year,  must  be  reckoned  a  part  of  the  income.  Losses 
incurred  in  the  prosecution  of  business  are  a  fair  offset  to  gains 
derived  from  business,  but  not  to  those  portions  of  income  derived 
from  fixed  investments,  such  as  bonds,  mortgages,  rents  and  the 


R.  N.  T.  HUNTER. 


AMERICAN    CITIZEN'S    TREASURE    HOUSE.  257 

like. .  Property  used  in  business,  and  furnishing  profits,  when  de- 
stroyed by  fire,  may  be  restored  at  the  expense  of  those  profits  to 
the  condition  when  destroyed  ;  if  insured,  the  difference  between 
insurance  received  and  amount  expended  in  restoration  will  be 
allowed. 

Interest  on  borrowed  capital  used  in  business  may  be  deducted 
from  income.  No  deduction  can  be  allowed  from  the  taxable 
income  of  a  merchant  for  compensation  paid  for  the  services  of 
a  minor  son. 

The  income  tax  is  assessed  upon  the  actual  income  of  individ- 
uals, firms,  as  such,  will  not  make  returns. 

The  income  tax  must  be  assessed  and  paid  in  the  district  in 
which  the  assessed  person  resides.  The  place  where  a  person 
votes,  or  is  entitled  to  vote,  is  deemed  his  residence.  When  not 
a  voter,  the  place  where  tax  on  personal  property  is  paid  is  held 
to  be  the  place  of  residence. 

In  cases  of  limited  partnerships,  formed  with  the  condition  that 
no  dividend  or  division  of  profits  shall  be  made  until  the  expira- 
tion of  the  partnership,  each  member  of  such  firm  will  be  required 
to  return  his  share  of  the  annual  profits  arising  from  such  business, 
as,  had  they  so  desired,  a  division  of  the  profits  could  have  been 
made. 

Physicians  and  lawyers  should  include  actual  receipts  for  services 
rendered  during  the  year  ending  December  3ist,  together  with 
an  estimate  of  unrealized  or  contingent  income  due  to  that  year. 

Dividends  and  interest  payable  in  a  given  year  should  be  re- 
turned as  income  for  that  year,  no  matter  when  declared. 

Income  derived  from  coal  mines,  or  the  rent  of  coal  mines,  must 
be  returned  for  tax,  although  a  tax  has  been  previously  paid  on 
the  coal  produced.  No  deduction  can  be  made  because  of  the 
diminished  value,  actual  or  supposed,  of  the  coal  vein  or  bed,  by 
the  process  of  mining. 

Premiums  paid  for  life  insurance  cannot  be  allowed  as  a  deduc- 
tion in  a  statement  of  income. 

Pensions  received  from  the  United  States  Government  must  be 
returned  with  other  income  subject  to  taxation,  and  pays  three  or 
five  per  cent.,  like  other  income. 

Where  income  is  derived  partly  from  United  States  securities, 
and  partly  from  other  sources,  the  $2000,  and  other  allowances 


258  MASTER    SPIRITS    OF    THE    WORLD,    AND 

made  by  law  shall  be  deducted,  as  far  as  possible,  from  that  por- 
tion of  income  derived  from  other  sources,  and  subject  to  tax. 

Interest  should  be  considered  as  income  only  when  paid,  unless 
it  is  collectable  and  remains  unpaid  by  the  consent  or  agreement 
of  the  creditor. 

The  increased  vakie  given  a  new  building  by  permanent  im- 
provements will  be  charged  to  capital — not  income. 

The  contingent  fund  of  manufacturing  corporations  made  up 
during  the  year  and  not  distributed,  should  not  be  returned  as 
part  of  the  income  of  the  stockholders. 

The  income  of  literary,  scientific,  or  other  charitable  institu- 
tions in  the  hands  of  trustees  or  others,  is  not  subject  to  income 
tax. 

If  a  planter  returns  all  his  farm  products,  he  will  be  allowed 
to  deduct  the  actual  expense  of  subsisting  and  clothing  his  help. 

Legatees  are  not  required  to  return  their  legacies  as  income. 
There  is  a  special  tax  on  legacies  of  personal  property. 

The  profits  of  a  manufacturer  from  his  business  are  not  exempt 
from  income  tax,  in  consequence  of  his  having  paid  the  excise  tax 
imposed  by  law  upon  articles  manufactured  by  him. 

Timber  or  wood  cut  from  a  wood  lot  for  sale  is  liable  to  income 
tax,  on  the  receipt  of  the  money  for  its  sale.  The  amount  of  in- 
come accruing  from  it  must  be  ascertained  by  assessing  the  value 
of  the  land  after  the  removal  of  the  timber  or  firewood,  and  adding 
thereto  the  sum  received  from  the  sale  of  the  timber  or  wood,  and 
from  the  sum  thus  obtained  deducting  the  estimated  value  of  the 
land  on  the  3ist  of  December  next  ensuing.  In  cases  where  assess- 
ors have  good  reason  to  believe  that  persons  have  not  an  income 
of  $2000,  no  return  need  be  required. 

Assessors  have  no  authority  to  prescribe  rules  to  be  observed 
by  merchants  and  others  for  ascertaining  the  amount  of  income 
derived  from  their  business.  If,  however,  the  Assessor  or  Assist- 
ant Assessor  has  good  reason  to  believe  that  any  return  is  under- 
stated, he  may  increase  the  same  to  such  sum  as  he  thinks  proper, 
and  if  the  party  is  not  satisfied  he  may  obtain  relief  by  making 
oath  to  the  amount  on  which  he  is  liable  to  income  duty,  and  such 
sworn  return  is  to  be  accepted  by  the  Assessor. 

All  foreigners  resident  in  the  United  States  will  be  required  to 
make  return  of  and  pay  income  tax  on  that  portion  of  their  income 


AMERICAN    CITIZEN'S    TREASURE    HOUSE  259 

derived  from  sources  within  the  United  States,  and  from  invest- 
ments elsewhere,  other  than  in  real  estate. . 

Amounts  paid  for  water-rents  are  not  to  be  considered  as  taxes, 
nor  are  they  to  be  allowed  as  deductions  from  income. 

The  income  tax  is  entirely  independent  and  irrespective  of  the 
license  tax,  and  is  imposed  upon  that  portion  of  the  entire  sum 
which  exceeds  $2000,  after  making  deductions  allowed  by  law. 

Fathers  should  include  salaries  or  wages  received  by  minor  chil- 
dren in  returns  of  income. 

The  owner  of  a  ship  should  return  as  income  the  entire  earnings 
of  the  ship  received  during  the  year  for  which  the  tax  is  paid,  no 
matter  when  the  voyage  commenced.  In  the  case  of  a  whole  ship, 
the  total  yield  if  received  during  the  year,  even  if  her  voyage  had 
lasted  two,  three,  or  four  years,  must  be  reckoned. 

A  person  engaged  in  navigation  and  owning  vessels,  may  bal- 
ance the  gains  and  losses  on  this  branch  of  his  business  as  a  whole, 
setting  the  gains  of  one  against  the  losses  of  another,  including 
even  the  entire  loss  of  a  vessel  by  capture,  shipwreck,  or  other 
disaster,  on  which  there  was  no  insurance. 

Where  ship-owners  have  insured  themselves,  charging  off  five 
or  seven  per  cent,  per  annum  for  the  loss  or  depreciation  of  their 
vessels,  that  deduction  must  be  made  from  the  income,  and  will 
not  be  subject  to  tax. 

Premiums  paid  for  life  insurance  are  not  to  be  deducted  from 
income.  Family  and  personal  expenses  are  not  to  be  deducted, 
except  as  previously  specified. 

If  a  trust  fund  is  held  for  general  religious  purposes  and  divided 
in  proportions  which  are  unsettled,  or  which  are  determined  by 
circumstances,  it  will  not  be  taxed  in  the  hands  of  trustees,  but  in 
the  income  of  the  persons  receiving  the  dividends  ;  but  if  the  fund 
is  solely  for  the  support  of  a  particular  person  or  persons,  it  is  liable 
to  taxation,  whether  in  the  hands  of  trustees  or  the  beneficiary. 

The  amount  paid  by  an  executor  or  administrator  to  a  trustee 
is  not  liable  to  a  second  tax  in  the  hands  of  the  latter  as  income, 
but  is  considered  as  principal, — the  income  from  which  when  de- 
rived must  be  returned  by  him. 

The  assessment  paid  on  a  pew  in  a  church  should  be  considered 
as  in  the  nature  of  a  contribution  and  not  a  tax,  and  neither  this 
nor  the  rental  of  a  pew  can  be  deducted  from  the  income. 


260  MASTER    SPIRITS   OF    THE    WORLD,  AND 

Taxes  paid  by  corporations  cannot  be  allowed  as  deductions 
from  the  income  of  a  stockholder. 

Marriage  fees,  gifts  from  members  of  a  congregation  to  their 
pastor,  etc.,  are  taxable  as  income  when  the  gifts  or  donations  are 
in  the  nature  of  compensation  for  services  rendered  whether  in 
accordance  with  an  understanding  to  that  effect  at  the  time  of 
settlement  or  with  an  annual  custom. 

Gifts  of  money  from  father  to  son,  when  not  in  the  nature  of 
payment  for  services  rendered,  or  not  in  pursuance  of  an  attempt 
to  evade  the  revenue  laws,  are  not  liable  to  taxation  as  income. 

An  assessor  may  require  returns  of  income  from  persons  so- 
journing in  his  district  for  a  few  months  at  a  time,  and  transmit 
the  same  to  the  assessors  of  the  several  districts  in  which  the 
parties  reside. 

The  removal  of  a  rotten  and  worthless  roof  to  replace  it  with 
a  new  one  is  to  be  regarded  as  repairs,  but  the  removal  of  an  anti- 
quated roof  and  the  substitution  of  a  more  modern  one,  raising 
the  walls  to  conform  thereto,  this  would  be  "  an  improvement  "  of 
the  property,  and  could  not  be  deducted  from  the  income. 

A  foreign  consul  residing  in  this  country  is  liable  to  excise 
duties,  and  also  to  income  tax,  except  as  to  rents  derived  from  real 
estate  not  within  our  jurisdiction. 

All  persons  neglecting  or  refusing  to  make  return  of  income, 
except  in  case  of  sickness,  are  liable  to  an  addition  of  fifty  per 
cent,  to  the  amount  ascertained  by  the  assistant  assessor  upon 
such  information  as  he  can  obtain,  and  to  a  fine  of  $100. 

Income  returns  are  to  be  made  out  in  the  month  of  March,  and 
the  income  tax  is  to  be  paid  before  the  thirtieth  day  of  April,  fol- 
lowing, under  a  penalty  of  five  per  cent,  additional. 


AMERICAN    CITIZEN'S   TREASURE   HOUSE.  263 


INTERNAL  REVENUE  STAMP  DUTIES. 

Stamp  Duty 

Acknowledgment  of  Deeds.     (See  Exemptions.) 

Accidental  Policies  of  Insurance.     (See  Exemptions.) 

Affidavits,     (See  Exemptions.) 

Agreement  or  contract,  other  than  domestic  and  inland  bills  of  lading, 
and  those  specified  in  this  schedule  ;  any  appraisement  of  value  or 
damage,  or  for  any  other  purpose ;  for  every  sheet  or  piece  of  paper 

upon  which  either  of  the  same  shall  be  written $o  05 

Provided,  That  if  more  than  one  appraisement,  agreement,  or  con- 
tract shall  be  written  upon  one  sheet  or  piece  of  paper,  five  cents  for 
each  and  every  additional  appraisement,  agreement  or  contract. 

Applications  for  Bounties . .  Exempt. 

Applications  for  Pensions Exempt. 

Assignment  of  lease,  stamp  duty  the  same  as  on  original  instrument,  in- 
creased by  stamp  duty  on  the  consideration  or  value  of  the  assignment 
•  equal  to  that  imposed  upon  the  conveyance  of  land  for  similar  consid- 
eration or  value.     (See  proviso  to  "  Mortgage.") 

Assignment  or  transfer  of  mortgage,  or  policy  of  insurance,  or  the  renewal 
or  continuance  of  any  agreement,  contract  or  charter,  by  letter  or  other- 
wise, is  subject  to  the  same  duty  as  the  original  instrument.  (See/rc?- 
viso  to  "  Mortgage.") 

Assignment,  ordinary,  as  of  bond,  without  guaranty Exempt. 

£ank  Check,  draft,  or  order  for  the  payment  of  any  sum  of  money  what- 
soever, drawn  upon  any  bank,  banker,  or  trust  company,  or  for  any  sum 
exceeding  $10  drawn  upon  any  other  person  or  persons,  companies  or 
corporations,  at  sight  or  on  demand. 02 

Bill  of  Exchange,  (inland,)  draft  or  order  for  the  payment  of  any  sum  of 
money,  not  exceeding  $100,  otherwise  than  at  sight  or  on  demand,  or 
any  promissory  note,  (except  bank  notes  issued  for  circulation,  and 
checks  made  and  intended  to  be  forthwith  presented,  and  which  shall 
be  presented  to  a  bank  or  banker  for  payment,)  or  any  memorandum, 
check,  receipt,  or  other  written  or  printed  evidence  of  an  amount  of 
money  to  be  paid  on  demand,  or  at  a  time  designated,  for  a  sum  not 

exceeding  $100 05 

And  for  every  additional  $100  or  fractional  part  thereof  in  excess 
of  $100 - —  05 

Bill  of  Exchange,  (foreign,)  or  letter  of  credit,  drawn  in  but  payable  out 
of  the  United  States.  If  drawn  singly  or  otherwise  than  in  a  set  of 
three  or  more,  according  to  the  custom  of  merchants  and  bankers,  shall 
pay  the  same  rates  of  duty  as  inland  bills  of  exchange  or  promissory 
notes. 


264  MASTER    SPIRITS   OF    THE    WORLD,    AND 

Stamp  Duty. 

If  drawn  in  sets  of  three  or  more,  for  every  bill  of  each  set,  where 
the  sum  made  payable  shall  not  exceed  $100,  or  the  equivalent  thereof 
in  any  foreign  currency  in  which  such  bills  may  be  expressed,  according 

to  the  standard  value  fixed  by  the  United  States . O2 

And  for  every  additional  $100  or  fractional  part  thereof  in  excess 

of  $100 • 02 

[The  acceptor  or  acceptors  of  any  bill  of  exchange  or  order  for  the 
payment  of  any  sum  of  money  drawn,  or  purporting  to  be  drawn,  in 
any  foreign  country,  but  payable  in  the  United  States,  shall,  before 
paying  or  accepting  the  same,  place  thereupon  a  stamp  indicating  the 
duty  upon  the  same,  as  the  law  requires  for  inland  bills  of  exchange;  or 
promissory  notes  ;  and  no  bill  of  exchange  shall  be  paid  or  negotiated 
without  such  stamp  ;  and  if  any  person  shall  pay  or  negotiate,  or  offer 
in  payment,  or  receive,  or  take  in  payment,  any  such  draft  or  order,  the 
person  or  persons  so  offending  shall  forfeit  the  sum  of  $200.] 
Bill  of  Lading  or  receipt  (other  than  charter  party)  for  any  goods,  mer- 
chandise, or  effects  to  be  exported  from  a  port  in  the  United  States  to 

any  foreign  port,  but  not  to  or  from  ports  in  British  N.  America 10 

Bill  of  Sale  by  which  any  ship  or  vessel,  or  any  part  thereof,  shall  be 
conveyed  to  or  vested  in  any  other  person  or  persons,  when  the  con- 
sideration shall  not  exceed  $500 50 

Exceeding  $500,  and  not  exceeding  $1000. I  oo 

Exceeding  $1000,  for  every  additional  amount  of  $500,  or  fractional 

part  thereof 50 

Bond  for  indemnifying  any  person  for  the  payment  of  any  sum  of  money 

where  the  money  ultimately  recoverable  thereupon  is  $1000  or  less 50 

\Vhere  the  money  ultimately  recoverable  thereupon  exceeds  $1000, 
for  every  additional  $1000  or  fractional  part  thereof  in  excess  of  $1000         50 
Bond  for  the  due  execution  and  performance  of  the  duties  of  any  office-.     I  oo 
Bonds  of  any  description,  other  than  such  as  may  be  required  in  legal 
proceedings  or  used  in  connection  with  mortgage  deeds,  and  not  other- 
wise charged  in  this  schedule 25 

Bond  and  Mortgage.     (See  "  Mortgage.") 
Bounty  Applications.     (See  Exemptions.) 

Certificate  of  Stock  in  any  incorporated  company 25 

Certificates  of  Profits,  or  any  certificate  or  memorandum  showing  an  in- 
terest in  the  property  or  accumulations  of  any  incorporated  company,  if 

for  a  sum  not  less^than  $10  and  not  exceeding  $50 10 

Exceeding  $50,  and  not  exceeding  $1000 25 

Exceeding  $1000,  for  every  additional  $1000  or  fractional  part 
thereof. _ 25 

Certificate. — Any  certificate  of  damage,  or  otherwise,  and  all  other  cer- 
tificates or  documents  issued  by  any  port  warden,  marine  surveyor,  or 
other  person  acting  as  such 25 


AMERICAN    CITIZEN  S   TREASURE    HOUSE.  265 

Stamp  Duly. 

Certificate  of  Deposit  of  any  sum  of  money  in  any  bank  or  trust  company, 
or  with  any  banker  or  person  acting  as  such  : 

If  for  a  sum  not  exceeding  $  too 02 

If  for  a  sum  exceeding  $100. 05 

Certificate  of  any  other  description  than  those  specified •_         05 

[N.  B. — As  a  general  rule,  every  certificate  which  has,  or  may  have 
a  legal  value  in  any  court  of  law  or  equity,  will  require  a  stamp  duty  of 
5  cents.] 

Certificates  of  measurement  of  wood,  hay,  coal,  live-stock  etc.  (See  Ex- 
emptions.) 

Certificate  of  Record  of  Deed.     (See  Exemptions.) 

CJiarter  Party. — Contract  or  agreement  for  the  charter  of  any  ship  or 
steamer,  or  any  letter,  memorandum,  or  other  writing  between  the  cap- 
tain, master  or  owner,  or  person  acting  as  agent  of  any  ship,  or  vessel, 
or  steamer,  and  any  other  person  or  persons  for  or  relating  to  the 
charter  of  such  ship,  or  vessel,  or  steamer,  or  any  renewal  or  transfer 
thereof,  if  the  registered  tonnage  of  such  ship,  vessel,  or  steamer  does 

not  exceed  1 50  tons I  oo 

Exceeding  150  tons  and  not  exceeding  300 3  oo 

Exceeding  300  tons,  and  not  exceeding  600  tons 5  oo 

Exceeding  600 . 10  oo 

Contract.     (See  "  Agreement." 

Contract. — Broker's  note  or  memorandum  of  sale  of  any  goods  or  mer- 
chandise, exchange,  real  estate,  or  property  of  any  kind  or  description 
issued  by  brokers  or  persons  acting  as  such,  for  each  note  or  memoran- 
dum of  sale 10 

Bill  or  memorandum  of  the  sale  or  contract  for  the  sale  of  stocks, 
bonds,  gold  or  silver  bullion,  coin,  promissory  notes,  or  other  securities, 
shall  pay  a  stamp  tax  at  the  rate  provided  in  section  99. 
Conveyance,  deed,  instrument,  or  writing,  whereby  any  lands,  tenements, 
or  other  realty  sold,  shall  be  granted,  assigned,  transferred,  or  otherwise 
conveyed  to,  or  vested  in,  the  purchaser  or  purchasers,  or  any  other 
persons,  by  his,  her,  or  their  direction,  when  the  consideration  or  value 

of  the  interest  or  property  conveyed  does  not  exceed  $500 5° 

When  the  consideration  or  value  exceeds  $500,  and  does  not  exceed 

$1000 I  oo 

And  for  every  additional  $500,  or  fractional  part  thereof  in  excess 

of  $1000 - 50 

[N.  B. — In  conveyance  of  real  estate,  the  law  provides  that  the  stamp 
affixed  must  answer  to  the  value  of  the  estate  or  interest  conveyed. 

No  stamp  is  required  on  any  warrant  of  attorney  accompanying  a 
bond  or  note,  when  such  bond  or  note  has  affixed  thereto  the  stamp  or 
stamps  denoting  the  duty  required  ;  and  whenever  any  bond  or  note  is 
secured  by  mortgage,  but  one  stamp  duty  is  required  on  such  papers, 
such  stamp  duty  being  the  highest  rates  required  for  such  instruments, 


266  ..    MASTER    SPIRITS   OF    THE    WORLD,  AND 

Stamo  IXity. 

or  either  of  them.  In  such  case,  a  note  or  memorandum  of  the  value 
or  denomination  of  the  stamp  affixed  should  be  made  upon  the  margin 
or  in  the  acknowledgment  of  the  instrument  which  is  not  stamped.] 

Entry  of  any  goods,  wares,  or  merchandise,  at  any  custom-house,  either 

for  consumption  or  warehousing,  not  exceeding  $100  in  value 25 

Exceeding  $100,  and  not  exceeding  $500  in  value 50 

Exceeding  $500  in  value I  oo 

£ntry  for  the  withdrawal  of  any  goods  or  merchandise  from  bonded  ' 

warehouse 50 

Insurance  (Life) — Policy  of  insurance,  or  other  instrument,  by  whatever 
name  the  same  shall  be  called,  whereby  any  insurance  shall  be  made 
upon  any  life  or  lives : 

When  the  amount  insured  shall  not  exceed  $1000 25 

Exceeding  $1000,  and  not  exceeding  $5000 50 

Exceeding  $5000. i  <» 

Insurance  (Accidental),  certificate  of.  (See  Exemptions.) 
Insurance  (Marine,  Inland  and  Fire). — Each  policy  of  insurance  or  other 
instrument,  by  whatever  name  the  same  shall  be  called,  by  which  in- 
surance shall  be  made  or  renewed  upon  property  of  any  description, 
whether  against  perils  by  the  sea  or  by  fire,  or  other  peril  of  any  kind, 
made  by  any  insurance  company,  or  its  agents,  or  by  any  other  company 

or  person,  the  premium  upon  which  does  not  exceed  $10 10 

Exceeding  $10,  and  not  exceeding  $50. 25 

Exceeding  $50 50 

Lease,  agreement,  memorandum,  or  contract  for  the  hire,  use,  or  rent  of 
any  land,  tenement,  or  portion  thereof,  where  the  rent  or  rental  value 

is  $200  per  annum  or  less 50- 

Where  the  rent  or  rental  value  exceeds  the  sum  of  $200  per  annum, 
for  each  additional  $200,  or  fractional  part  thereof  in  excess  of  $200..  50 

[N.  B. — Lease  of  coal  and  iron  lands,  subject  to  duty  under  head 
of  "  Conveyance,"  perpetual  lease,  subject  to  stamp  under  head  of 
"  Conveyance," — the  stamp  duty  to  be  measured  by  resolving  the  an- 
nual rental  into  a  capital  sum. 

Clause  of  a  guarantee  of  payment  of  rent,  incorporated  or  indorsed, 
5  cents  additional.] 

Letters  of  Credit.     (See  "  Bills  of  Exchange,  foreign.") 
Letters  of  Administration.     (See  "  Probate  of  Will.") 

Manifest  for  Custom-house  entry  or  clearance  of  the  cargo  of  any  ship,  vessel, 
or  steamer  for  a  foreign  port : 

If  the  registered  tonnage  of  such  ship,  vessel,  or  steamer  does  not  exceed 

300   tons - i  oo 

Exceeding  300  tons,  and  not  exceeding  600  tons _ .. 3  oo 

Exceeding  600  tons -.     5  oo 

Mortgage  of  lands,  estate  or  property,  real  or  persona],  heritable  or  mova- 
ble, whatsoever,  where  the  same  shall  be  made   as  a   security  for  the 


TOMB  OF  FRANKLIN. 


WASHINGTON  AS  PRESIDENT. 


AMERICAN    CITIZEN  S    TREASURE    HOUSE.  269 

Stamp  Duty. 

payment  of  any  definite  and  certain  sum  of  money  lent  at  the  time,  or 
previously  due  and  owing,  or  forborne  to  be  paid,  being  payable  ;  also, 
any  conveyance  of  any  lands,  estate,  or  property  whatsoever,  in  trust, 
to  be  sold,  or  otherwise  converted  into  money,  which  shall  be  intended 
only  as  security,  and  shall  be  redeemable  before  the  sale  or  other  dis- 
posal thereof,  either  by  express  stipulation  or  otherwise  ;  or  any  per- 
sonal bond  given  as  security  for  the  payment  of  any  definite  or  cer- 
tain sum  of  money  exceeding  $100  and  not  exceeding  $500 50 

Exceeding  $500,  and  not  exceeding  $1000 i  oo 

And  for  every  additional  $500,  or  fractional  part  thereof,  in  excess  of 

$1000 - 50 

Provided,  That  upon  each  and  every  assignment  or  transfer  of  a 
policy  of  insurance,  or  the  renewal  or  continuance  of  any  agreement, 
contract  or  charter,  by  letter  or  otherwise,  a  stamp  duty  shall  be  re- 
quired and  paid  equal  to  that  imposed  on  the  original  instrument : 
And  provided  further,  Tihat  upon  each  and  every  assignment  of  any 
lease  a  stamp  duty  shall  be  required  paid  equal  to  that  imposed  on  the 
original  instrument,  increased  by  a  stamp  duty  on  the  consideration  or 
value  of  the  assignment  equal  to  that  imposed  upon  the  conveyance  of 
land  for  similar  consideration  or  value. 

Upon  every  assignment  or  transfer  of  a  mortgage  the  same  stamp  tax 
upon  the  amount  remaining  unpaid  thereon  as  is  herein  imposed  upon 
a  mortgage  for  the  same  amount. 

Passage  Ticket,  by  any  vessel  from  a  port  in  the  United  States  to  a  for- 
eign port,  not  exceeding  $35 ..' 50 

Exceeding  $35,  and  not  exceeding  $50 •?_„ i  oo- 

And  for  every  additional  $50,  or  fractional  part  thereof    in  excess 

of  $50. i  oo 

Pension  Papers.     (See  Exemptions.) 

Power  of  Attorney  for  the  sale  or  transfer  of  any  stock,  bonds,  or  scrip, 

or  for  the  collection  of  any  dividends  thereon 25 

Poiuer  of  Attorney,  or  proxy  for  voting  at  any  election  for  officers  of  any 
incorparated  company  or  society,  except  religious,  charitable,  or  literary 

societies,  or  public  cemeteries - 10 

Power  of  Attorney  to  receive  or  collect  rent.. 25 

Power  of  Attorney  to  sell  and  convey  real  estate,  or  to  rent  or  lease  the 

same -- - - I  CO 

Power  of  A  ttorney  for  any  other  purpose 50 

Probate  of  Will,  or  letters  of  administration :  Where  the  estate  and 
effects  for  or  in  respect  of  which  such  probate  or  letters  of  administra- 
tion applied  for  shall  be  sworn  or  declared  not  to  exceed  the  value  of 
$2000,  but  no  stamp  required  where  the  value  does  not  exceed  $1000.  I  oo 

Exceeding  $2000,  for  every  additional  $1000,  or  fractional  part 
thereof  in  excess  of  $2000 50 


270  MASTER    SPIRITS    OF    THE    WORLD,  AND 

Stamp  Duty 

[N.  B. — The  bonds  of  Executors,  Administrators,  Trustees,  and 
Guardians  are  each  subject  to  a  stamp  duty  of  $i.j 

Letters  of  Appointment .Exempt. 

Certificate  of  Appointment 05 

Promissory  Note,  or  memorandum  check,  receipt,  or  other  written  or 
printed  evidence  of  an  amount  of  money  to  be  paid  on  demand,  or  at  a 
time  designated,  whether  given  for  twenty  dollars  or  an  amount  more 
or  less  than  twenty  dollars,  also  judgment-notes,  are  subject  to  the  same 
stamp  duty  as  "  Bills  of  Exchange,  Inland." 

[A  renewal  of  a  promissory  note  subjects  it  to  the  same  amount  of 
stamp  duty  as  an  original  note.] 

Protest. — Upon  the  protest  of  every  note,  bill  of  exchange,  acceptance, 
check,  draft,  or  any  marine  protest,  whether  protested  by  a  notary 
public..^  by  any  other  officer  who  may  be  authorized  by  the  law  of  any 

State  or  States  to  make  such  protest 25 

Quit-Claim  Deed  should  be  stamped  as  "  Conveyance,"  except  when 
given  as  "  release  of  mortgage,"  in  which  case  it  is  »xempt. 

Receipts  for  any  sum  of  money . Exempt. 

Release,  discharge  and  satisfaction  of  mortgage Exempt. 

SJierijfs  Return  on  writ  or  other  process Exempt. 

Trust  Deed,  made  to  secure  a  debt,  is  to  be  stamped  as  a  mortgage. 
Trust  Deed,   conveying  estate  to    uses,    should  be  stamped   as    "  Con- 
veyance." 

[N.  B. — A  mortgage  or  trust  deed  being  duly  stamped  as  "  Mort- 
gage," is  not  subject  to  further  stamp  duty  by  virtue  of  a  power  of 
attorney  or  power  of  sale  contained  therein.] 

Weigher 's  returns,  if  for  a  weight  not  exceeding  5000  pounds ..          10 

Exceeding  5000  pounds 25 

All  papers  necessary  to  be  used  for  the  collection  from  the  Govern-         ; 
ment,  of  claims  by  soldiers,  or  their  legal  representatives,  of  the  United 
States,  for  pensions,  back  pay,  bounty,  or  for  property  lost  in  the  ser- 
vice, require  no  stamps. 


AMERICAN    CITIZEN'S    TREASURE    HOUSE.  271 


POST  OFFICE  REGULATIONS. 


ETTERS. — The  law  requires  postage  on  all  letters  (includ- 
ing those  to  foreign  countries  when  prepaid),  excepting 
those  written  to  the  President  or  Vice-President,  or  mem- 
bers of  Congress,  or  (on  official  business)  to  the  chiefs  of  the  exe- 
cutive departments  of  the  government,  and  the  heads  of  bureaus, 
and  chief  clerks,  and  others  invested  with  the  franking  privilege,  to 
be  prepaid  by  stamps  or  stamped  envelopes,  prepayment  in  money 
being  prohibited.  All  drop  letters  must  be  prepaid.  The  rate  of 
postage  on  drop  letters,  at  offices  where  free  delivery  by  carrier  is 
established,  is  two  cents  per  half  ounce  or  fraction  of  a  half  ounce ; 
at  offices  where  such  free  delivery  is  not  established,  the  rate  is 
one  cent. 

The  single  rate  of  postage  on  all  domestic  mail  letters  through- 
out the  United  States  is  three  cents  per  half  ounce,  with  an 
additional  rate  of  three  cents  for  each  additional  half  ounce  or 
fraction  of  a  half  ounce. 

Postmasters  are  required  to  return  to  the  writers,  free  of  cost, 
all  letters  not  delivered  or  called  for,  when  requested  so  to  do  by 
the  person  mailing  them.  Persons  mailing  letters  may  write  on 
them  a  request  to  the  postmaster  to  return  the  letter  to  them  if  not 
delivered  in  any  number  of  days  they  may  choose  to  mention,  and 
it  is  made  the  duty  of  the  postmaster  to  do  so. 

Photographic  albums  are  chargeable  with  book  postage — four 
cents  for  each  four  ounces  or  fraction  thereof. 

Newspaper  Postages. — Postage  on  daily  paper  to  subscribers  when 
prepaid  quarterly  or  yearly  in  advance,  either  at  the  mailing  office 
or  office  of  delivery,  per  quarter  (three  months),  35  cents ;  six 
times  per  week,  per  quarter  30  cents ;  for  tri-weekly,  per  quarter 
15  cents;  for  semi-weekly,  per  quarter  10  cents;  for  weekly  per 
quarter  5  cents. 


MASTER    SPIRITS   OF    THE    WORLD,  AND 

Weekly  newspapers  (one  copy  only)  sent  by  the  publisher  to 
actual  subscribers  within  the  county  where  printed  and  pub- 
lished free. 

Postage  per  quarter  (to  be  paid  quarterly  or  yearly  in  advance) 
on  newspapers  and  periodicals  issued  less  frequently  than  once  a 
•week,  sent  to  actual  subscribers  in  any  part  of  the  United  States : 

Semi-monthly,  not  over  4  oz.  6  cents ;  over  4  oz.  and  not  over 
8oz.  12  cents;  over  8  oz.  and  not  over  12  oz.  18  cents;  monthly, 
not  over  4  oz.  3  cents ;  over  4  oz.  and  not  over  8  oz.  6  cents ; 
over  8  oz.  and  not  over  1 2  oz.  9  cents ;  quarterly,  not  over  4  oz.  i 
cent ;  over  4  oz.  and  not  over  8  oz.  2  cents ;  over  8  oz.  and  not 
over  12  oz  3  cents. 

Transient  Matter. — Books,  not  over  4  oz.  in  weight  to  one 
address,  4  cents ;  over  4  oz.  and  not  over  8  oz.  8  cents ;  over  8  oz. 
and  not  over  12  oz.  12  cents;  over  12  oz.  and  not  over  16  oz.  16 
cents. 

Circulars,  not  exceeding  three  in  number,  to  one  address,  2 
cents ;  over  three  and  not  over  six,  4  cents ;  over  six  and  not 
over  nine,  6  cents ;  over  nine  and  not  exceeding  twelve,  8  cents. 

On  miscellaneous  mailable  matter,  (embracing  all  pamphlet, 
occasional  publications,  transient  newspapers,  hand-bills  and 
posters,  book  manuscripts  and  proof-sheets,  whether  corrected  or 
not,  maps,  prints,  engravings,  sheet  music,  blanks,  flexible  patterns, 
samples  and  sample-cards,  phonographic  paper,  letter  envelopes, 
postal  envelopes  or  wrappers,  cards,  paper,  plain  or  ornamental 
photographic  representations  of  different  types,  seeds,  cuttings, 
bulbs,  roots,  and  scions,)  postage  to  be  prepaid  by  stamps,  is,  on 
one  package,  to  one  address,  not  over  4  oz.  in  weight,  2  cents ; 
over  4  oz.  and  not  over  8  oz.  4  cents ;  over  8  oz.  and  not  over  12  oz. 
6  cents;  over  12  oz.  and  not  over  16  oz.  8  cents.  The  weight  of 
packages  of  seeds,  cuttings,  roots  and  scions,  to  be  franked,  is 
limited  to  thirty-two  ounces. 

Any  word  or  communication,  whether  by  printing,  writing, 
marks  or  signs,  upon  the  cover  or  wrapper  of  a  newspaper,  pam- 
phlet, magazine,  or  other  printed  matter,  other  than  the  name  and 
address  of  the  person  to  whom  it  is  to  be  sent,  and  the  date  when 
subscription  expires,  subjects  the  package  to  letter  postage. 

Valuable  letters  may  be  registered  by  the  payment  of  a  registra- 
tion fee  of  i  cents. 


AMERICAN    CITIZEN  S    TREASURE    HOUSE.  275 

POSTAL    MONEY    ORDER    SYSTEM 

How  to  Obtain  Money  Orders. — Orders  may  be  given  at  any 
office  authorized  to  transact  this  business,  for  one  dollar  up  to 
fifty  dollars.  The  following  blank,  with  explanatory  notes  which 
accompany  it,  gives  a  very  plain  idea  of  the  process  by  which 
orders  may  be  obtained  : 

Application  for  Monty  Order. 
(To  be  filled  by  the  applicant.) 

No. — ,  Amount,  $ . 

Date. , ,  1 86 — . 

Money  Order. 

Required  for  the  sum  of  $ ,  payable  at ,  State  of , 

Payable  to ,  residing  at ,    State  of .     Sent  by 

residing  at ,  State  of .     Entered  in  register. 


-,  Postmaster. 


Note. — The  applicant  must,  in  all  cases  give  his  own  Christian 
name  in  full ;  and  when  the  Christian  name  of  the  payee  is  known, 
it  should  be  so  stated ;  otherwise  initials  may  be  used.  The 
Christian  names  of  married  women  must  be  given,  and  not  those 
of  their  husbands. 

Names  of  parties  and  places,  and  the  sums,  to  be  written  in  the 
plainest  possible  manner. 

As  there  are  several  places  of  the  same  name  in  the  United 
States,  remitters  must  be  careful  to  indicate  which  of  them  they 
mean ;  and  the  Postmaster  will  satisfy  himself  before  writing  out 
the  order,  that  the  place  indicated  is  the  one  intended. 

On  the  back  of  the  application  are  the  rates  of  commission,  as 
follows : 

RATES  OF  COMMISSION    CHARGED    FOR    MONEY    ORDERS. 

On  orders  not  exceeding  $20 — 10  cents.  Over  $20  and  not  ex- 
ceeding $50 — 25  cents. 

No  single  order  issued  for  less  than  $i  or  more  than  $50 ;  and 
no  fraction  of  cents  to  be  introduced  in  an  order.  No  orders  to 
be  issued  on  credit. 


276 


MASTER    SPIRITS    OF    THE    WORLD,  AND 


These  orders  are  only  payable  by  the  Postmaster  at  the  ornce 
upon  which  it  is  drawn.  Payment  of  all  orders  should  be  ob- 
tained before  the  expiration  of  ninety  days  from  the  date  of 
issue. 

The  Post-Office  Department  will  not  be  responsible  for  the  pay- 
ment of  claims  already  collected,  no  matter  who  presents  the 
order,  and  if  the  official  forms  be  mutilated  in  any  way,  there  may 
be  difficulty  in  obtaining  payment. 

Instructions  are  endorsed  on  the  back  of  each  order,  which  will 
enable  parties  to  proceed  in  the  business  intelligently. 


AMERICAN  CITIZEN'S  TREASURE  HOUSE.  277 


FOREIGN  POSTAGE. 


5-5 

*! 


2*    *••    i>    ^- 

^°  *; 

Cts.    Cts. 

AUSTRIA — Via  North  German  Union,  direct *6_.  3 

do         closed  mail,  via  England *6__  4 

AUSTRALIA — Victoria,  (Port  Philip,)  Brit.  Mail  via  Southampton f!7-_  6 

do         via  Marseilles. *  22- A% 

do         via  San  Francisco J10- .  2 

ASPINWALL TO..  2 

BELGIUM  and  the  NETHERLANDS f  10- .  4 

BRAZIL — via  England. 28- .  4 

do  via  Am.  packet,  monthly  from  N.  Y '. . 15--  2 

CANADA — Dominion  of  Nova    Scotia,  New  Brunswick,    and    Prince 

Edward  Island,  [letters,  if  unpaid,  10  cts] 6_.  2 

CHINA — American  packet,  via  San  Francisco 10..  2 

do         French  mail- _. 

do         British  mail  (except  Hong  Kong)  via  Southampton 28-.   6 

do         (except  Hong  Kong)  via  Marseilles _. |86_.  3 

do         via  North  German  Union  direct 24- -12 

do         closed  mail  via  England 27__13 

CHILI — British  mail  via  Panama 22-.  6 

CUBA— 10-.  2 

CONSTANTINOPLE — via  N.  German  Union  direct *12-  -  7 

do         closed  mail  via  England *15..  8 

do         via  England. 28-46 

DENMARK —  via  N.  German  Union  direct  (if  prepaid,  9  cts.) *13-_  6 

do         closed  mail  via  England,  (prepaid,  10  cts.) *13-_  7 

EAST  INDIES — British  mail  via  Southampton 22-- $6 

do         via  Marseilles _ 28..10 

do         N.  German  Union  direct 24-  -12 

do         closed  mail  via  England 27 

do         via  San  Francisco * 10..  2 

EGYPT — (Lower,  excluding  Alexandria,)  via  N.  German  Union  direct.  *17._  9 
do         (Lower,  excluding  Alexandria,)  via  England *20..10 

FRANCE — Direct  mail 10..12 

do         via  England 4 

FRANKFORT — via  North  German  Union,  direct .! -     *7-_  3 

do         via  N.  German  Union,  closed  mail  via  Eng *10      4 

GERMAN  STATES — via  North  German  Union  direct f6--  3 

do  via  N.  Ger.  Un.,  closed  mail  via  England,  including  Baden, 
Hanover,  Hamburg,  Bremen,  Brunswick,  Saxe  Allenburg, 
Saxe  Coburg,  Gotha,  Meinengen,  Weimar,  Saxony,  Schles- 
wig,  Holstein,  Mecklenburg,  Wurtemburg,  Cuxhaven, 
Bavaria,  Lubec,  Luxemburg. *7. .  4 

GREAT  BRITAIN — including  England,  Scotland,  Wales  and  Ireland —     *6_.  2 
t^F'For  every  newspaper  not  exceeding  4  oz.  in  weight,  2  cts. 

HOLLAND — . *15_.  4 

do         via   Bremen  or  Hamburg *10.  _ 

HONDURAS — 

Belize,  British  Honduras,  American  packet,  via  New  Orleans  *12--  2 

HONG  KONG — via  Southampton • 28.  -  6 

do         via  Marseilles 36.  -  8 

American   packet,  via  San  Francisco 10--  2 


278 


MASTER    SPIRITS    OF    THE    WORLD,  AND 


HUNGARY — see  Austria. 

ITALY — via  N.  German  Union,  direct *11.  -  7 

do         closed  mail,  via  England *14_.  8 

do         closed  mail. . *10-_  4 

JAPAN — British  mail,  via  Southampton 28-  -  6 

do         British  mail,  via  Marseilles 34.-10 

MEXICO — Direct  from  New  York ._ 10-.  2 

NASSAU — N.  P.  steamers  direct  from  N.  Y 3--  2 

NORWAY — via  N.  Ger.  Un.  direct,  if  paid,  11  cents '..     14. .  8 

do         closed  mail  via  England,  12  cts 15--  9 

NOTE — Small  newspapers  under  2  oz.  6  cts.  each  by    direct   mail, 
•   7  cts.  by  closed  mail  via  England. 

NETHERLANDS — *10- .  4 

NEWFOUNDLAND — 10..  2 

PRUSSIA — via  N.  German  Union  direct 6_.  3 

do  do         closed  mail  via  England 7_.  4 

SWEDEN — via  N.  Ger.  Un.  direct,  if  prepaid,  lOc. 13-  _  8 

do  do    closed  mail  via  England,   prep'd  lie. 16--  9 

NOTE — Small  newspapers  under  2  oz.,  6  cts.  each  by  direct  mail,  and 
7  cts.  by  closed  mail  via  England. 

*  Indicates  that  in  cases  where  it  is  prefixed,  unless  the  letter  be  registered, 
prepayment  is  optional ;  in  all  other  cases  prepayment  is  required, 
f  Double  the  prepaid  rates  must  be  collected  on  all  unpaid  letters. 
i  Prepayment  compulsory. 

(  The  book  and  pattern  post  to  Egypt  via  British  mail  extends  only  to  Alex, 
andria,  Cairo  and  Suez. 


POST-OFFICES  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


Post-Offices 
States  June  30, '71. 

Alabama 5(53 

Alaska ..         4 

Arizona t    26 

Arkansas 506 

California 576 

Colorado 110 

Connecticut 403 

Dakota. 49 

Delaware -. 96 

District  Columbia 5 

Florida 139 

Georgia 499 

Idaho 33 

Illinois 1674 

Indiana 1370 

Iowa 1240 

Kansas • .     657 

Kentucky 924 

Louisiana 231 

Maine 814 

Maryland 537 

Massachusetts 694 

Michigan  _-. ..1 1031 

Minnesota 672 

Mississippi .     407 


State.  June  30,  V- 

Missouri 1332 

Montana 76 

Nebraska 271 

Nevada 58 

New  Hampshire 410 

New  Jersey 564 

New  Mexico 46 

New  York 2690 

North   Carolina 777 

Ohio 2054 

Oregon 175 

Pennsylvania 2893 

Rhode  Island 100 

South  Carolina 336 

Tennessee 874 

Texas 596 

Utah 136 

Vermont 467 

Virginia. 1115 

Washington 92 

West  Virginia 614 

Wisconsin.. 1085 

Wyoming 24 

Total..  ..30045 


AMERICAN    CITIZEN  S    TREASURE    HOUSE. 


NATURALIZATION   LAWS. 


ATURALIZATION  is  the  act  by  which  an  alien,  or  for- 
eigner>  becomes  invested  with  the  rights  and  privileges  of 
a  native-born  subject  or  citizen.  In  the  United  States, 
a  person  duly  naturalized  is  entitled  to  all  the  privileges  and  im- 
munities of  a  native-born  citizen,  except  that  he  must  have  been 
a  resident  of  the  United  States  for  seven  years,  to  enable  him  to 
occupy  a  seat  in  Congress,  and  that  he  is  not  eligible  to  the  office 
of  President  or  Vice-President,  or,  under  the  Constitution  of  some 
of  the  States,  to  that  of  Governor. 

Congress  having  the  power,  under  the  Constitution  of  the 
United  States,  to  establish  a  uniform  rule  of  naturalization,  has 
provided  by  various  enactments,  as  follows,  viz.  :  Any  alien,  hav- 
ing arrived  in  the  United  States  after  the  age  of  eighteen  years, 
may  be  admitted  to  the  rights  of  citizenship,  after  a  declaration, 
upon  his  part,  or  oath  or  affirmation,  before  the  Supreme,  Supe- 
rior, District,  or  Circuit  Court  of,  or  any  court  of  record  having 
common  law  jurisdiction  in,  any  of  the  United  States,  or  of  the 
territories  thereto  belonging,  or  before  a  Circuit  or  District  Court 
of  the  United  States,  or  the  Clerk  or  Prothonotary  of  any  of  the 
aforesaid  courts,  two  years  at  least  before  his  admission,  that  it  is  his 
bona  fide  intention  to  become  a  citizen  of  the  United  States,  and 
to  renounce  forever  all  allegiance  and  fidelity  to  any  foreign 
prince,  potentate,  State,  or  sovereignty  whatever,  and  particularly 
by  name,  the  prince,  potentate,  State,  or  sovereignty,  whereof  such 
alien  may  at  any  time  have  been  a  citizen  or  subject ;  if  such 
alien  has  borne  any  hereditary  title,  or  been  of  any  of  the  orders 
of  nobility  in  the  kingdom  or  State  from  which  he  came,  he  must, 
moreover,  expressly  renounce  his  title  or  order  of  nobility,  in  the 
court  in  which  his  application  is  made,  which  renunciation  is  to 
be  recorded  in  such  county ;  and  the  court  admitting  such  alien 


282  MASTER    SPIRITS    OF    THE    WORLD,    AND 

must  also  be  satisfied  that  he  has  continuously  resided  in  the 
United  States  for  five  years,  at  least,  immediately  preceding  his 
naturalization,  and  also  within  the  State  or  Territory  wherein  such 
court  is  at  the  time  held,  at  least  one  year  immediately  previous 
to  such  naturalization  ;  and  that  during  such  five  years,  he  has 
been  of  good  moral  character,  attached  to  the  principles  of  the 
Constitution  of  the  United  States,  and  well  disposed  to  the  good 
order  and  happiness  of  the  same ;  the  oath  of  at  least  two  citizens 
of  the  United  States,  is  requisite  to  prove  the  fact  of  such  residence ; 
and,  at  the  time  of  his  application  to  be  admitted  to  citizenship, 
he  must  make,  upon  oath  or  affirmation,  the  same  declaration  of 
renunciation  and  abjuration  of  allegiance  to  any  foreign  power, 
and  also,  make  oath  or  affirmation  to  support  the  Constitution  of 
the  United  States ;  all  of  which  proceedings  are  to  be  recorded 
by  the  Clerk  or  Prothonotary  of  the  proper  court. 

If  any  alien,  having  legally  filed  his  declaration  of  intention  to 
become  a  citizen  and  taken  the  necessary  oath  or  affirmation,  die 
before  he  is  actually  naturalized,  his  widow  and  children  are  enti- 
tled to  all  the  rights  and  privileges  of  citizens,  upon  taking  the 

.     ,        ,  „ 

required  oaths  or  affirmations. 

Any  alien,  arriving  in  the  United  States  under  the  age  of  eight- 
een years,  and  continuously  residing  therein  until  the  time  of  his 
application  for  citizenship,  may,  after  reaching  the  age  of  twenty- 
one  years,  and  having  been  a  resident  within  the  United  States 
for  five  years,  including  the  three  years  of  his  minority,  be  admit- 
ted a  citizen,  without  making  the  formal  declaration  of  intention 
required  in  other  cases ;  but  at  the  time  of  his  admission,  he  must 
make  such  declaration,  and  further  satisfy  the  court,  upon  oath  or 
affirmation,  that,  for  the  three  years  immediately  preceding,  it  had 
been  his  bona  fide  intention  to  become  such  citizen,  and  in  all 
other  respects  must  comply  with  the  naturalization  laws  of  the 
United  States. 

Severe  penalties  for  counterfeiting  any  evidence  of  citizenship, 
or  disposing  of  a  certificate  of  naturalization  to  any  person  other 
than  the  one  for  whom  it  was  issued,  are  imposed  by  act  of  Con- 
gress. 

It  is  to  be  observed,  in  this  connection,  that  as  the  various  States 
have  the  right  under  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States,  of  de- 
fining and  fixing  the  qualifications  of  their  respective  citizens, 


AMERICAN   CITIZEN'S   TREASURE   HOUSE.  283 

persons  who  are  aliens  and  not  citizens  of  the  United  States  may 
yet  be  citizens  of  a  particular  State,  under  its  enactments,  entitled 
to  right  of  suffrage  and  other  privileges  and  immunities  enjoyed 
by  and  belonging  to  the  citizens  of  such  particular  State. 

Some  of  the  States  have  also  interfered,  by  legislative  enact- 
ment, to  require  a  naturalized  citizen  to  reside  in  such  State  a 
certain  length  of  time  after  his  naturalization,  before  he  can  enjoy 
the  right  of  suffrage  therein. 

It  has  been  held,  that,  if  a  subject  of  a  foreign  power,  at  the 
time  of  leaving  the  dominion  of  such  power,  actually  owed  mili- 
tary duty  or  service  to  such  power,  by  formal  enactment  or  con- 
scription, he  is  not  protected,  in  the  event  of  his  return  within  the 
dominion  of  such  power,  by  his  certificate  of  naturalization  within 
the  United  States,  from  the  discharge  of  such  duty  or  service,  but 
is  bound  to  render  the  same,  upon  demand  therefor  made  after 
such  return. 

It  is  but  just,  however,  to  add,  that  this  opinion  is  strongly  com- 
bated, and  can  by  no  means,  at  present  at  least,  be  considered  as 
embodying  the  settled  opinion  of  the  proper  authorities,  or  of  the 
people  of  the  United  States. 


284  MASTER   SPIRITS  OF   THE   WORLD,  AND 


PRE-EMPTION  LAWS. 


PRE-EMPTION  right  is  the  right  of  a  squatter  upon  the 
lands  of  the  United  States  to  purchase,  in  preference  to 
'others,  when  the  land  is  sold.  Such  right  is  granted  to  the 
following  persons  :  Any  citizen  of  the  United  States ;  any  person 
who  has  filed  his  declaration  of  intention  to  become  a  citizen ; 
any  head  of  a  family ;  any  widow ;  any  single  woman  of  the  age 
of  twenty-one  years  or  over ,  and  any  person  who  has  made  a 
settlement,  erected  a  dwelling-house  upon,  and  is  an  inhabitant  of 
the  tract  sought  to  be  entered— -provided  such  settlement  was  made 
since  June  i,  1840,  and  previously  to  the  time  of  application  for 
the  land,  which  land  must,  at  the  date  of  the  settlement,  have  had 
the  Indian  title  extinguished,  and  been  surveyed  by  the  United 
States. 

A  person  bringing  himself  within  the  above  requirements  by 
proof  satisfactory  to  the  Register  and  Receiver  of  the  land  district 
in  which  the  land  may  lie,  taken  pursuant  to  the  rules  hereafter 
prescribed,  will,  after  having  taken  the  affidavit  required  by  the 
Act,  be  entitled  to  enter,  by  legal  subdivisions,  any  number  of  acres, 
not  exceeding  one  hundred  and  sixty,  or  a  quarter-section,  to  in- 
clude his  residence ;  and  he  may  avail  himself  of  the  same  at  any 
time  prior  to  the  day  of  the  commencement  of  the  public  sale, 
including  said  tract,  where  the  land  has  not  yet  been  proclaimed. 

Where  the  land  was  subject  to  private  entry,  June  i,  1840,  and 
a  settlement  shall  thereafter  be  made  upon  such  land,  or  where 
the  land  shall  become  hereafter  subject  to  private  entry,  and  after 
that  period  a  settlement  shall  be  made,  which  the  settler  is  desir- 
ous of  securing,  notice  of  such  intention  must  be  given  within 
thirty  days  after  such  settlement ;  and,  in  all  such  cases,  the  proof, 
affidavit  and  payment  must  be  made  within  twelve  months  after 
such  settlement. 


AMERICAN    CITIZEN'S    TREASURE    HOUSE.  287 

The  tracts  liable  to  entry  are  embraced  under  the  following  de- 
signations :  first,  A  regular  quarter-section,  notwithstanding  the 
quantity  may  vary  a  few  acres  from  one  hundred  and  sixty ;  or  a 
quarter-section,  which,  though  fractional  in  quantity  by  the  pas- 
sage of  a  navigable  stream  through  the  same,  is  still  bounded  by 
regular  sectional  and  quarter-sectional  lines;  second,  a  fractional 
section  containing  not  over  one  hundred  and  sixty  acres,  or  any 
tract  being  a  detached  or  a  nomalous  survey  made  pursuant  to 
law,  and  not  exceeding  such  quantity ;  third,  two  adjoining  half- 
quarter  sections  (in  all  cases  to  be  separated  by  a  north  and  south 
line,  except  on  the  north  side  of  township,  where  the  surveys  are 
so  made  as  to  throw  the  excess  or  deficiency  on  the  north  and 
west  sides  of  the  township),  of  the  regular  quarters  mentioned  in 
the  first  designation ;  fourth,  two  half-quarter  or  eighty-acre  sub- 
divisions of  a  fractional  or  broken  section,  adjoining  each  other, 
the  aggregate  quantity  not  exceeding  one  hundred  and  sixty  acres ; 
fifth,  a  regular  half-quarter  and  an  adjoining  fractional  section,  or 
an  adjoining  half-quarter  subdivision  of  a  fractional  section,  the 
aggregate  quantity  not  exceeding  one  hundred  and  sixty  acres ; 
sixth,  if  the  pre-emptor  do  not  wish  to  enter  one  hundred  and  sixty 
acres,  he  may  enter  a  single  half-quarter  section  (made  by  a  north 
and  south  line),  or  an  eighty-acre  subdivision  of  a  fractional  sec- 
tion ;  seventh,  one  or  more  adjoining  forty-acre  lots  may  be  entered, 
the  aggregate  not  exceeding  one  hundred  and  sixty  acres ;  and, 
eighth,  a  regular  half-quarter,  a  half-quarter  subdivision,  or  a  frac- 
tional section,  may  each  be  taken,  with  one  or  more  forty-acre 
subdivisions  lying  adjoining,  the  aggregate  not  exceeding  one 
hundred  and  sixty  acres.  Forty-acre  tracts,  or  quartef-quarter 
sections,  may  be  entered  in  the  same  manner  that  eighty-acre,  or 
half-quarter  sections,  have  been. 

Only  one  person  upon  a  quarter-section  is  protected,  and  he  the 
one  who  made  the  first  settlement,  provided  he  conform  to  the 
other  provisions  of  the  law.  A  person  who  has  once  availed  himself 
of  the  provisions  of  the  Pre-emption  Act,  cannot,  at  any  future 
period,  or  at  any  other  land-office,  acquire  any  other  right  under 
it.  No  person,  who  is  the  proprietor  of  three  hundred  and  twenty 
acres  of  land  in  any  State  or  Territory  of  the  United  States,  or 
•who  quits  or  abandons  his  residence  on  his  own  land  to  reside  on 


288  MASTER    SPIRITS    OF    THE    WORLD,  AND 

the  public  land  in  the  same  State  or  Territory,  is  entitled  to  the 
benefit  of  the  Pre-emption  Acts. 

The  approval  of  the  tracts  by  the  local  land-office  is  the  evi- 
dence of  the  survey ;  but  the  land  is  to  be  construed  as  surveyed, 
when  the  requisite  lines  are  run  0*1  the  field,  and  the  corners  es- 
tablished by  the  deputy-surveyor.  No  assignments  or  transfers  of 
pre-emption  rights  are  recognized  at  the  land-office ;  the  patents 
issuing  to  the  claimants,  in  whose  names  alone  the  entries  are 
made. 

The  following  description  of  lands  are  not  liable  to  entry :  first, 
lands  included  in  any  reservation  by  any  treaty,  law  or  proclama- 
tion of  the  President  of  the  United  States,  and  lands  reserved  for 
salines  and  for  other  purposes ;  sec&nd,  lands  reserved  for  the  sup- 
port of  schools ;  third,  lands  acquired  by  either  of  the  last  two 
treaties  with  the  Miami  Indians  in  Indiana,  or  which  may  be 
acquired  of  the  Wyandot  Indians  in  Ohio,  or  any  other  Indian 
reservation,  to  which  the  title  has  been,  or  may  be  extinguished  at 
any  time  during  the  operation  of  the  Pre-emption  Acts,  by  the 
United  States ;  fourth,  sections  of  lands  reserved  to  the  United 
States,  alternate  to  other  sections  granted  to  any  State  for  the  con- 
struction of  any  canal,  railroad,  or  other  public  improvement ; 
fifth,  sections  or  fractions  of  sections  included  within  the  limits 
of  any  incorporated  town  ;  sixth,  every  portion  of  the  public  lands 
which  has  been  selected  as  a  site  for  a  city  or  town ;  seventh,  every 
parcel  or  lot  of  land  actually  settled  and  occupied  for  the  pur- 
poses of  trade,  and  agriculture ;  and  eighth,  all  lands  in  which  are 
situated  any  known  salines  or  mines. 

Persons  claiming  the  benefit  of  the  Pre-emption  Acts  are 
required  to  file  duplicate  affidavits,  such  as  are  specified  by  law, 
and  to  furnish  proof,  by  one  or  more  disinterested  witnesses,  of 
the  facts  necessary  to  establish  the  requisites  mentioned  in  the 
first  paragraph  of  this  article ;  such  witnesses  having  first  been 
duly  sworn  or  affirmed  by  some  competent  authority. 

If  adverse  claims  are  made  to  the  same  tract,  each  claimant  is 
to  be  notified  of  the  time  and  place  of  taking  testimony,  and 
allowed  to  cross-examine  the  opposite  witnesses,  and  to  furnish 
counter-proof,  itself  subject  to  cross-examination.  If,  by  reason 
of  distance,  sickness,  or  infirmity,  the  witnesses  cannot  personally 
appear  before  the  register  of  the  land-office,  their  depositions, 


AMERICAN    CITIZEN'S    TREASURE    HOUSE.  289 

taken  in  conformity  with  the  following  regulations,  may  be 
received. 

The  notice  to  adverse  claimants  must  be  in  writing,  and  served 
in  time  to  allow  at  least  one  day  for  every  twenty  miles  which  the 
party  may  have  to  travel  in  going  to  the  place  of  taking  evidence. 
The  proof,  in  all  cases,  should  consist  of  a  simple  detail  of  facts 
merely,  and  not  of  broad  and  general  statements.  If  the  pre- 
emptor  be  "  the  head  of  a  family,"  the  witnesses  must  state  the 
facts  constituting  him  such  ;  whether  he  be  a  husband  having  a 
wife  and  children,  or  a  widower,  or  an  unmarried  person  under 
twenty-one  years  of  age,  having  a  family,  either  of  relatives  or 
others,  dependent  upon  him,  or  hired  persons.  All  the  facts  rel- 
ative to  the  settlement  in  person,  inhabitancy,  or  personal  resi- 
dence, the  time  of  its  commencement,  the  manner  and  extent  of 
its  continuance,  as  also  those  sharing  the  apparent  objects,  must 
be  stated.  It  must  be  stated  that  the  claimant  made  the  settle- 
ment on  the  land  in  person;  that  he  has  erected  a  dwelling  upon 
the  land ;  that  he  lived  in  the  same,  and  made  it  his  home,  etc.  In 
the  event  of  a  decision  by  the  land-officer  against  the  claimant,  he 
may  appeal  to  the  Commissioner  of  the  Land-Office  at  Washing- 
ton. 

No  entry  will  be  permitted  until  the  affidavit  required  of  the 
claimant  is  taken.  Duplicates  thereof  must  be  signed  by  the 
claimant,  and  the  fact  of  the  oath  being  taken  must  be  certified 
by  the  register  or  receiver  administering  the  same  ;  one  copy  to 
be  filed  in  the  Register  s  office,  and  the  other  to  be  sent  to  the 
Land-Office  at  Washington. 

A  purchaser  of  public  land  is  only  required  to  make  written 
application  to  the  Register  of  the  local  land-office  for  the  tract  de- 
sired to  be  entered,  and  to  pay  to  the  Receiver  the  purchase- 
money  therefor.  Blank  forms  of  such  application  are  furnished 
gratuitously  at  the  Land-Office  where  the  tract  is  desired  to  be 
entered. 


290  MASTER   SPIRITS   OF    THE    WORLD,   AND 


SOLDIERS'  HOMESTEAD  LAW 

OF    1872. 


following  is  the  full  text  of  the  Amendatory  Soldiers' 
Homestead  Bill,  approved  by  the  President  on  the  jd  of 
April,  1872. 

Be  it  enacted  by  the  Se?iate  and  House  of  Representatives  of  the 
United  States  of  America  in  Congress  assembled,  That  every  pri- 
vate soldier  and  officer  who  has  served  in  the  army  of  the  United 
States  during  the  recent  rebellion  for  ninety  days  or  more,  and 
who  was  honorably  discharged,  and  has  remained  loyal  to  the 
government,  including  the  troops  mustered  into  the  service  of  the 
United  States  by  virtue  of  the  third  section  of  an  act  entitled 
"An  act  making  appropriations  for  completing  the  defenses  of 
Washington,  and  for  other  purposes,"  approved  February  i3th, 
1862,  and  every  seaman,  marine  and  officer  who  has  served  in  the 
navy  of  the  United  States,  or  in  the  marine  corps,  during  the  re- 
bellion for  ninety  days,  and  who  was  honorably  discharged,  and  has 
remained  loyal  to  the  government,  shall,  on  compliance  with  the 
provisions  of  an  act  entitled,  "  An  act  to  secure  homesteads  to 
actual  settlers  on  the  public  domain,  and  the  acts  amendatory 
thereof,  as  hereinafter  modified,  be  entitled  to  enter  upon  and. 
receive  patents  for  a  quantity  of  public  lands  (not  mineral)  not 
exceeding  one  hundred  and  sixty  acres,  or  one  quarter  section,  to 
be  taken  in  compact  form  according  to  legal  subdivision,  including 
the  alternate  reserved  section  of  public  lands  along  the  line  of 
any  railroad  or  other  public  work  not  otherwise  reserved  or  ap- 
propriated, and  other  lands  subject  to  entry  under  the  homestead 
laws  of  the  United  States :  Prmided,  the  said  homestead  settler 
shall  be  allowed  six  months  after  locating  his  homestead  within 
which  to  commence  his  settlement  and  improvements  :  And  pro- 
vided also,  the  time  which  the  homestead  settler  shall  have  served 
in  the  army,  navy  or  marine  corps  aforesaid  shall  be  deducted 


CHARLES  FRANCIS  ADAMS, 


AMERICAN    CITIZEN'S    TREASURE    HOUSE.  293 

from  the  time  heretofore  required  to  perfect  title,  or  if  discharged 
on  account  of  wounds  received,  or  disability  incurred  in  the  line 
of  duty,  then  the  term  of  enlistment  shall  be  deducted  from  the 
time  heretofore  required  to  perfect  title,  without  reference  to  the 
length  of  time  he  may  have  served  :  Provided,  however,  that  no 
patent  shall  issue  to  any  homestead  settler  who  has  not  resided 
upon,  improved  and  cultivated  his  said  homestead  for  a  period  of 
at  least  one  year  after  he  shall  commence  his  improvements  as 
aforesaid. 

SECTION  2.  That  any  person  entitled  under  the  provisions  of 
the  foregoing  section  to  enter  a  homestead,  who  may  have  hereto- 
fore entered  under  the  Homestead  law  a  quantity  of  land  less 
than  one  hundred  and  sixty  acres,  shall  be  permitted  to  enter  un- 
der the  provisions  of  this  act  so  much  land  as,  when  added  to  the 
quantity  previously  entered,  shall  not  exceed  one  hundred  and 
sixty  acres. 

SECTION  3.  That  in  the  case  of  the  death  of  any  person  who 
would  be  entitled' to  a  homestead  under  the  provisions  of  the  first 
section  of  this  act,  his  widow,  if  unmarried,  or  in  case  of  her 
death  or  marriage,  then  his  minor  orphan  children,  by  a  guardian 
duly  approved  and  officially  accredited  at  the  Department  of  the 
Interior,  shall  be  entitled  to  all  the  benefits  enumerated  in  this 
act,  subject  to  all  the  provisions  as  to  settlement  and  improve- 
ments therein  contained :  Provided,  that  if  such  person  died 
during  his  term  of  enlistment,  the  whole  term  of  his  enlistment 
shall  be  deducted  from  the  time  heretofore  required  to  perfect  the 
title. 

SECTION  4.  That  where  a  party,  at  the  date  of  his  entry  of  a 
tract  of  land  under  the  Homestead  laws,  or  subsequently  thereto, 
was  actually  enlisted  and  employed  in  the  army  or  navy  of  the 
United  States,  his  services  therein  shall,  in  the  administration  of 
said  Homestead  laws,  be  construed  to  be  equivalent,  to  all  intents 
and  purposes,  to  a  residence  for  the  same  length  of  time  upon  the 
tract  so  entered  :  Provided,  that  if  his  entry  has  been  canceled  by 
reason  of  his  absence  from  said  tract  while  in  the  military  or 
naval  service  of  the  United  States,  and  such  tract  has  not  been 
disposed  of,  his  entry  shall  be  restored  and  confirmed  :  And  pro- 
vided further,  that  if  such  tract  has  been  disposed  of,  said  party 
may  enter  another  tract  subject  to  the  entry  under  said  laws,  and 


294 


MASTER   SPIRITS  OF   THE   WORLD,  AND 


his  right  to  a  patent  therefor  shall  be  determined  by  the  proofs 
touching  his  residence  and  cultivation  by  the  first  tract  and  his 
absence  therefrom  in  such  service. 

SECTION  5.  That  any  soldier,  sailor,  marine,  officer  or  other  per- 
son coming  within  the  provisions  of  this  act  may,. as  well  BY  AN 
AGENT  as  in  person,  enter  upon  said  homestead  :  Provided,  that 
the  said  claimant  in  person  shall,  within  the  time  prescribed  [six 
MONTHS  FROM  DATE  OF  ENTRY]  commence  settlement  and  improve- 
ments on  the  same,  and  thereafter  fulfill  all  the  requirements  of 
this  act. 

SECTION  6.  That  the  commissioner  of  the  General  Land  Office 
shall  have  authority  to  make  all  needful  rules  and  regulations  to 
carry  into  effect  the  provisions  of  this  act." 


AMERICAN    CITIZEN'S    TREASURE    HOUSE.  295 


HOW  TO   ACQUIRE   TITLE    TO   GOVERN- 
MENT LANDS. 


are  two  classes  of  public  lands  subject  to  entry; 
one  at  $1.25  Per  acre,  known  as  minimum,  and  one  at  $2.50, 
known  as  double  minimum,  the  latter  being  the  alternate 
sections  along  the  lines  of  railroads.  Title  may  be  acquired  by 
purchase  at  public  sale,  or  by  "  private  entry,"  and  in  virtue  of 
the  Pre-emption  and  Homestead  Laws. 

At  Public  Sale. — Lands  are  offered  at  auction  to  the  highest 
bidder,  pursuant  to  proclamation  or  public  notice. 

Private  Entry. — Lands  subject  to  private  entry,  are  those  which 
have  been  once  offered  at  public  sale  without  finding  purchasers. 
In  order  to  acquire  title  to  these  lands,  a  written  application  must 
be  made  to  the  Land  Register  of  the  District  in  which  the  land  is 
located,  describing  the  tract  desired.  The  Register  certifies  the 
fact  to  the  Receiver,  stating  price,  and  the  applicant  then  pays 
the  money  and  takes  a  receipt,  and  at  the  close  of  the  month  the 
Register  and  Receiver  make  return  of  the  sale  to  the  General 
Land  Office,  when  a  patent  or  full  title  issues  on  due  surrender  of 
the  receipt,  and  will  be  delivered  at  the  option  of  the  purchaser, 
at  the  General  Land  Office  in  Washington,  or  by  the  Register  at 
the  District  Land  Office. 

Land  Warrants. — When  lands  are  to  be  located  with  land  war- 
rants, application  must  be  made  as  in  cash  cases,  accompanied  by 
an  assigned  warrant.  When  the  tract  is  $2.50  per  acre,  $1.25  per 
acre  must  be  paid  in  addition  to  the  warrant.  Receipts  are  given 
and  patents  deli.ered,  as  in  the  preceding  case.  At  the  time  of 
location,  a  fee  of  50  cents  for  a  40  acre  warrant,  and  a  correspond- 
ing amount  for  larger  ones,  must  be  paid  to  the  Register,  and  a 
like  sum  to  the  Receiver. 


296  MASTER    SPIRITS    OF    THE    WORLD,  AND 

Agricultural  College  Scrip. — This  may  be  used  in  the  location 
oflands  at  private  entry,  but  is  only  applicable  to  lands  subject  to 
entry  at  $1.25  per  acre,  and  is  restricted  tj  a  technical  "quarter 
section,"  and  to  three  sections  in  eaen  township  of  land.  The 
proceeding  to  acquire  title  is  the  same  as  in  cash  and  warrant 
cases,  the  fees  being  the  same  as  on  warrants.  This  scrip  may  be 
used  in  payment  of  pre-emption  claims. 

Pre-emptions. — Any  person  being  the  head  of  a  family,  or  widow, 
or  single  man  over  21  years  of  age,  and  a  citizen  of  the  United 
States,  or  a  person  who  has  filed  his  declaration  to  become  such, 
by  settling  upon  and  improving  any  of  the  "offered,"  "  unoffered," 
or  unsurveyed  lands  of  the  United  States,  may  obtain  a  pre-emp- 
tion right  to  purchase  160  acres  so  occupied,  at  the  regular  gov- 
ernment price,  whether  it  be  $1.25  or  $2.50  per  acre.  Where  the 
tract  is  "  offered  "  land,  the  settler  must  file  with  the  District  Land 
Office  his  statement  as  to  the  fact  of  settlement,  within  thirty  days 
thereafter,  and  within  one  year  must  make  proof  to  the  Land 
Office,  of  his  actual  residence  and  cultivation,  and  secure  the  land 
by  payment  in  cash  or  Land  Warrant.  Where  the  land  has  been 
surveyed  and  not  offered  at  public  sale,  the  statement  must  be 
filed  within  three  months  after  settlement,  and  payment  made 
within  21  months.  Where  settlement  is  made  upon  unsurveyed 
lands,  the  settler  is  required  to  file  a  statement  within  three  months 
after  the  survey,  and  pay  within  eighteen  months  thereafter.  No 
person  is  entitled  to  more  than  one  pre-emption  right. 

The  Homestead  Privilege. — The  Homestead  laws  give  to  every 
citizen  the  right  to  a  Homestead  of  160  acres' minimum,  or  eighty 
acres  double  minimum.  To  obtain  Homestead,  applicant  must 
swear  that  he  is  the  head  of  a  family,  or  over  the  age  of  twenty- 
one,  a  citizen,  or  has  declared  his  intention  to  become  such ;  and 
that  the  entry  is  for  his  exclusive  use  and  benefit,  and  for  actual 
settlement  and  cultivation.  When  an  applicant  has  made  actual 
settlement  upon  the  land  he  desires,  he  must  make  affidavit  of  the 
fact  before  the  Land  Register,  and  pay  fees  amounting  on  160 
acres  of  minimum  land  to  $18,  or  an  equal  sum  for  eighty  acres 
of  double  minimum,  for  which  he  gets  a  receipt ;  and  after  five 
years'  occupation  and  cultivation  of  the  land,  he  is  entitled  upon 
proof  of  such  cultivation  to  a  patent  or  full  title  to  the  Home- 
stead. Any  loyal  person  in  the  naval  or  military  service  of  the 


HON.    DAN'IKI,    \VKB?TKH. 


AMERICAN    CITIZEN'S    TREASURE    HOUSE.  299 

United  States,  may  acquire  a  Homestead  by  reason  of  his  family 
occupying  land  and  making  the  application  in  his  stead.  All  offi- 
cers, soldiers  and  sailors,  who  have  served  in  the  army  or  navy  for 
ninety  days  and  remained  loyal,  may  enter  160  instead  of  80  acres 
of  double  minimum  lands.  The  fees  above  for  entering  Home- 
stead apply  to  surveyed  lands  in  Michigan,  Wisconsin,  Iowa,  Mis- 
souri, Minnesota,  Kansas,  Nebraska,  Dakota,  Alabama,  Mississippi, 
Louisiana,  Arkansas,  Florida,  Ohio,  Indiana  and  Illinois.  In  Cal- 
ifornia, Nevada,  Oregon,  Colorado,  New  Mexico,  Washington  Ter- 
ritory, Arizona,  Idaho,  Utah,  Wyoming  and  Montana,  the  fees  are 
$22  instead  of  $18.  A  settler  having  filed  a  pre-emption  declara- 
tion, may  change  his  filing  into  Homestead,  and  receive  the  benefit 
of  the  Homestead  laws.  If  a  Homestead  settler  does  not  wish  to 
remain  five  years  on  his  land  before  obtaining  title,  he  may  pay 
for  it  in  cash  or  Land  Warrants.  Lands  obtained  under  the 
Homestead  laws  are  exempt  from  liability  for  debts  contracted 
prior  to  the  issuing  of  the  patent. 

United  States  Land  Offices  are  located  at  Fort  Des  Moines, 
Council  Bluffs,  Fort  Dodge  and  Sioux  City,  Iowa ;  Menasha,  Falls 
of  St:  Croix,  Stevens'  Point,  La  Crosse,  Bayfield  and  Eau  Claire, 
Wisconsin ;  San  Francisco,  Marysville,  Humboldt,  Stockton,  Vi- 
salia,  Sacramento  and  Los  Angeles,  California;  West  Point,  Beat- 
rice, Lincoln,  Dakota  City  and  Grand  Island,  Nebraska;  Taylor's 
Falls,  St.  Cloud,  Du  Luth,  Alexandria,  Jackson,  New  Ulm  and 
Litchfield,  Minnesota;  Oregon  City,  Roseburg  and  Le  Grand,  Or- 
egon; Topeka,  Junction  City,  Humboldt  and  Augusta,  Kansas; 
Carson  City,  Austin,  Belmont  and  Aurora,  Nevada;  Vermilion, 
Springfield  and  Pembina,  Dakota;  Denver  City,  Fair  Play  and 
Central  City,  Colorado  ;  Boonville,  Ironton  and  Springfield,  Mis- 
souri; Mobile,  Huntsville  and  Montgomery,  Alabama ;  New  Or- 
leans, Monroe  and  Natchiloches,  Louisiana;  Detroit,  East  Sagi- 
naw,  Ionia,  Marquette  and  Traverse  City,  Michigan ;  Little  Rock, 
Washington  and  Clarksville,  Arkansas ;  Boise  City  and  Lewiston, 
Idaho  ;  Chillicothe,  Ohio  ;  Indianapolis,  Indiana ;  Springfield, 
Illinois;  Jackson,  Mississippi;  Tallahassee,  Florida;  Olympia  and 
Vancouver,  Washington  Territory;  Helena,  Montana;  Prescott, 
Arizona;  Salt  Lake  City,  Utah. 

•'  "•  r  •••          *i  ••» 


300 


MASTER    SPIRITS   OF    THE    WORLD,    AND 


NATIONAL  SECURITIES. 


"Seven-thirties"  represent  a  currency" fc&n  havifcg"  three* 
years  to  run,  and  then  convertible  into  £?  gold  interest  six 
per  cent,  stock  having  twenty  years  to  run,-  bujt  witn  &e 
right  reserved  to  the  government  of  paying  off  the  foan*  in  go^, 
at  any  time  after  five  years.  The  tetffi-  "  Smen-thirties  "  &  derived 
from  the  rate  of  interest  which  these  three-years'  converfifeU-  notes 
bear,  to  wit :  two  cents  per  day  on  each  $100,  or  for  thir£t--  hun- 
dred and  sixty-five  days,  seven  dollars  and'  thirty  cents  on  i  ^ac" 
$100. 

2.  The  term  "  Five-tii>enties  "  is  applied  to  the  6  per  cent,  gold- 
bearing  bonds  of  the  United  States,  to  which  twefity  years'  half- 
yearly  coupons  are  attached,  but  which  may  be  paid1  off,  in  gold, 
by  the  government,  on  due  notice  to  the  holders,  at  any  time  after 
five  years. 

3.  The  term  "  Ten-forties  "  is  applied  to  the  5  per  cent,  gold- 
bearing  bonds  of  the  United  States,  to  which  half-yearly  coupons 
are  attached  for  forty  years,  but  which  may  be  paid  off  in  gold,  On 
notice  to  the  holders,  at  any  time  after  ten  years. 

4.  The  long  or  unconditional  6  per  cent,  gold-bearing  loan, 
known  as  the  6  per  cent,  of  1881,  cannot  be  redeemed  by  the 
government  at  all,  except  by  purchase. 


AMERICAN    CITIZEN  S    TREASURE    HOUSE. 


301 


THE  PUBLIC  DEBT  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES, 

December  i,   1871. 
Debt  Bearing  Interest  in  Com. 


Title  of  Loan.                |of  i*^. 

When  Redeemable  or  payable. 

Amt.Outstand'g. 

Accrued  Inter't 
to  Date. 

Loan  of  1858  

Loan    of    February    1861, 

5   per  ct. 

Payable  Jan.  i,  1874  

$20,000,000 

JJM'6,666  67 

('Si's)  6  per  ct. 

Oregon  War  Debt  16  per  ct. 
Loan  of  July  and  August; 

Payable  Dec.  31,  1880  
Payable  July  i,  1881  

18,415,000 
945,000 

460,375  oo 
23,625  oo 

1861,  ('Si's)  

6  per  ct. 

Payable  Tune  30,  i88t  

189,321,200 

4,733,030  00 

Five-twenties  of  1862  
Loan  of  1863,  OSi's)  

6  per  ct. 
6  per  ct. 

j  Red'ableaft.  May  i,  1867, 
)      and  pay'le  May  i,  1882. 
Payable  June  30,  1881  

455,815,200 
75,000,000 

2,279,076  oo 
1,875,000  oo 

Ten-forties  of  1864  
Five-twenties    of    March, 

5   per  ct. 

J  Red'le  aft.  March  i,  '74; 
1      pay'le  March  i,  1904.  _. 
j  Red'le  aft.   Nov.  i,  1869; 

194,567,3°° 

2,432,091  25 

1864  

I      pay'le  Nov.  i,  1884 

12  462    <O 

,4       5 

Five-twenties  of  June,  1864 

6   per  ct. 

1      pay'le  Nov.  i,  1884  

81,858,600 

409,293  oo 

Five-twenties  of  1865  

6   per  ct. 

)  Red'le  aft.   Nov.   i,  1870; 
1      pay'le  Nov.  i,  1885  

163,337,500 

816,687  50 

Consols  of  1865 

6  per  ct. 
6  per  ct. 

6  per  ct. 
5   Per  ct. 

1  Red'le  aft.  July  i,   1870; 
1      pay'le  July  i,  1885  
j  Red'le  aft.  July  i,  1872  ; 
1      pay'le  July  i,  1887  
(  Red'le  aft.  July  i,  1873; 
1      pay'le  July  i,  1888  
Red'le  aft.  May  i,  1881... 

229,706,100 
320,977,500 

39,266,550 
62,796,400 

5,742,652  50 
8,024,437  50 

981,663  75 
261,651  67 

Consols  of  1867  

Consols  of  1868 

Funded  Loan  of  1881  

Funded  Loan  of  1886 

Red'le  aft.  May  i,  1886 

Red'le  aft.  Mav  i.  tool 

Aggregate  of  debt  bearing  Interest  in  Coin  

$1,854,498,850 

$28,468,712  34 

Debt  Bearing  No  Interest. 


Title  of  Loan.          i  Authorizing  Acts. 

Amt.    Outstand'g. 

Int.  due  & 
unpaid. 

Old  Demand  Notes- 
Legal  Tender  Notes. 

Fractional  Currency. 

July  17,  1861..  I 
Feb.  12,  1862..  f 
Feb.  25,  1862..  i 
July  u,  1862..  V 
March  3,  1863.  ) 

July  17,  1862-.  ) 
March  3,  1863.  V 
June  30,  1864.  ) 

March  3,  1863 

$92,801   25 
r   357,  500,000  oo 
1      40,166,036  05 
24,928,140  oo 

j  New   issue.  \ 
\  Series  of  '69 

(First  Issue. 
Second  Issue 
Third  Issue 
Fourth  Issue 

155,691,073  oo 
201,808,927  oo 

4,413,828  it 
3,217,930  21 
4,768,033  89 
27,766,243  84 

$14,442   13 

Unclaimed   Interest 

Aggregate  of  debt  bearing  no  interest  

$422,686,977  3o|$i4,442  13 

Debt  on  which  Interest  has  Ceased  since  Maturity. 


Title  of  Loan. 

Rate. 

Matured. 

Amt.  Ontstd'g.  Accrued  Int. 

Old  Debt  

4  to  6  perct  

At  var.  dat.  p.  to  Jan.  i,  '37 

$57,665  oo 

$64,174  81 

Loan  of  1842. 

6  per  cent 

Dec.  31,  1862 

6,000  oo 

360  oo 

Mexican  indemnity  Stock. 

5  per  cent  

At  var.  dates  in  '51  &  '52... 

1,104  91 

8s  74 

Loan  of  1847 

6  per  cent 

Dec.   31,  1867 

1,650  oo 

117  oo 

Bounty  Land  Scrip 

6*  per  cent  

July  i,  1849 

3,950  oo 

241  50 

Loan  of  1848  

6  per  cent  

July  i,  1868  

24,900  oo 

1,281   OO 

Texan  Indemnity  Stock.  . 

5  per  cent  

Dec.  31,  1864  

174,000  oo 

11,300  oo 

Loan   of  1860  

5  per  cent  

January  i,  1871-  

13,000  oo 

10,650  oo 

Treas'ry  Notes  prior  to  '46;  i-io  to  6  pr.  ct 

At  var.  dates  fr.  '38  to  '44.- 

82,575  35 

2,670  76 

Treasury  Notes  of  1846  

i-io  to  6  pr.  ct 

At  var.  dates  in  '47  &  '48.. 

6,000  oo 

206  oe 

Treasury  Notes  of  1847.  .  . 

6  per  cent  

At  var.  dates  in  '48  &  '49-- 

950  oo 

57  oo 

Treasury  Notes  of  1857  

3  to  6  perct  — 

At  var.  dates  in  '58  &  '59. 

2,000  oo 

108  oo 

Treasury  Notes  of  1861  

6  per  cent  

March  i,  1863  

3,200  oo 

384  oo 

Seven-thirties  of  1861  

7  3-10  per  ct_. 

Aug.  19  and  Oct.  i,  1864  — 

20,000  oo 

1,934  72 

One-year  Notes  of  1863.. 

5  per  cent  

At  various  dates  in  1865  

115,147  oo 

5,757  35 

Two-year  Notes  of  1863.. 

5  per  cent  

At  various  dates  in  1866  

71,605  oo 

5,343  OS 

Compound-inter'st  Notes. 

6  per  cent  

June  10,  '67,  May  15,  '68.  _. 

685,190  oo     135,370  52 

Seven-thirties  of  '64  &  '65 

7  3-10  per  ct..  A'g.  15,  '67,  Ju.  15,  J'y  15/68 

414,800  oo      46,546  58 

Certif.  of  Indebtedness  

A  per  cent  1  At  various  dates  in  1866  

5,000  oo            313  48 

Temporary  Loan  

14  to  6  perct  !  October  15,  1866  

80,560  oo 

7,444  83 

Aggregate  of  debt  on  which  interest  has  ceased  since  maturity  

$1,769,297  26  $294,346  34 

302 


MASTER    SPIRITS    OF    THE    WORLD,  AND 


Debt  Bearing  Interest  in  Lawful  Money. 


Title  of  Loan. 

Rate.      WhenRe'ieor  Pa'le.  Interest  Payable  Amt.Outsund'g 

Int.  due    Accrued  Int'st 

Three  per    cent. 
Certificates  .  .  . 
Navy       Pension 
Fund 

3  per  ct. 
3  Per  ct. 
4  per  ct. 
ebt  beari 

Payable     on    de- 

On  redempt  n 
of  cert  

$23,490,000  oo 
14,000.000  oo 
678.000  oo 

$480  oo 

$62,500  oo 
175,000  oo 
6,780  oo 

Int.  only  appl.  to 
pay't  of  pens's. 
Payable   Sept.    i, 
1875  

ig  interest  in  lawf 

January    and 
July  

Cert,  of  Indebt. 
of  1870  

Aggregate  of  d 

March  &  Sep- 
tember   

jl  money  

$38,168,000  oo 

$480  ooi  $244.280  oo 

Recapitulation. 


Character  of  Issue. 

Ann.  Outstanding. 

Principal. 

Interest. 

i  Bonds  at  6  pr.ct. 
Debt.  bear.  int.  m  com.  -j  Bonds  at  ,.  £r  ct 

Debt  bearing  interest  in  lawful  money  : 
Certificates  of  indebtedness  at  4  per  ct. 
Navy  Pension  Fund  at  3  per  cent  

$1,577,135,150  oo 
277,363,700  °° 

678,000  oo 
14,000,000  oo 
23,490,000  oo 

$1,854,498,850  oo 

38,168,000  oo 
1,769,297  26 

422,686,977  30 

$36i954,839  42 

244,760  oo 
294,346  34 

14,442  13 

Debt  on  which  int.  has  ceased  since  mat  ur. 
Debt  bearing  no  interest  : 
Old  Demand  and  Legal-tender  notes.. 

357,592,801  25 
40,166,036  05 
24,928,140  oo 

Total  debt  

$2,317,123,124  56 

37,508,387  89 

Total                              

$2,354,631,512  45 
106,380,144  60 

2.  2*8.  2SI.W7    8? 

Debt,  less  cash  in  the  Treasury,  December 

i,  1871--. 

Debt,  less  cash  in  the  Treasury,  November  i,  1871 2,251,713,448  03 

Decrease  of  debt  during  the  past  month I  3,462,080  18 

Decrease  of  debt  since  March  i,  1871 72.457,479  07 

Decrease  of  debt   from  March  i,  1869,  to  December  i,  1871 8377,211,892    16 

Bonds  Issued  to  the  Pacific  R.  R.'s,  Int.  Payable  in  Laivful  Monty 


Name  of  Railway. 

Author 

a 

ng  Act.    Rate  of  Int. 

When  Payable. 

Interest  Payable. 

Central  Pacific 

July   i 
July 

'2 

'%. 

& 

6  per  cent. 

30  yrs. 

from  date. 

January 

& 

July. 

Kansas  Pacific  

JUTuly 

J, 

'62, 
'64. 

i 

6  per  cent. 

30  yrs. 

from 

date. 

January 

& 

July. 

July   i 
July 

2 

'62, 
'64. 

i 

6  per  cent.  '30  yrs. 

from 

date.  January 

& 

July. 

Central  Branch,  Union  Pacifiic 

July   i, 
July  2 

'62, 
'64. 

& 

6  per  cent. 

30  yrs. 

from 

date,  January 

A 

July. 

Western  Pacific  

July   i 
July 

2, 

'62, 
'64. 

i: 

6  per  cent. 

30  yrs. 

from 

date.  January 

& 

July. 

July   i 

July 

9 

'62, 
'64. 

A; 

6  per  cent. 

30  yrs. 

from 

date.  January 

& 

July. 

Name  of  Railway. 

Outstanding,      and  not  yet  paid. 

United  States.   ;tfans.mails,&c. 

Bal.of  Int.  paid 
by  Unit.  States. 

Central   Pacific  

$25,881,000  oo 

$647,025  oo 

$4,814,627  84 

$422,556  33;$4,302,o7i  51 

Kansas  Pacifiic  

6,303,000  oo 

157,575  oo 

1,591,173  09 

919,652  72  j       671,520  37 

Union   Pacific  

27,236,512  oo 

0,912  80 

5.347,56i  77 

1,956,669  34 

3,390,892  43 

Central  Branch,  U.  P. 

1,600,000  oo 

40,000  oo 

397,808  26 

9,276  92 

388,531   34 

Western  Pacific  

1,970,000  oo 

49,250  oo 

=49-397  36 

9,35°  25 

240,047   II 

Sioux  City  and  Pacific 

1,628,320  oo 

40,708  oo 

291,907  09 

401  88 

291,505    21 

Totals $64,618,832  ooi    $1,615,470  80  $12,692,475  411*3,317,007  44  $9,374,567  9, 


GEORGE  WASHINGTON. 


AMERICAN    CITIZEN'S    TREASURE    HOUSE.  305 


BIOGRAPHICAL  SKETCHES  OF  THE  PRES- 
IDENTS OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


GEORGE  WASHINGTON. 


>N  the  line  of  march,  whether  progressive  or  retrogressive, 
we  have  been  led  through  all  ages  by  men  who,  by  the 
strength  of  their  intellect  or  the  force  of  their  will,  or  by  a 
subtle  power,  inexpressible  by  words,  but  to  which  we  yield  almost 
insensibly,  have  proved  themselves  masters  of  the  masses.  If  his 
instincts  are  pure,  and  his  aims  and  tendencies  elevated,  his  influ- 
ence upon  the  world  will  be  beneficial ;  if  they  are  corrupt  and 
degraded,  while  he  grovels  in  the  filth  and  slime  of  the  dregs 
of  social  or  national  vices,  he  turns  backward  the  wheel  of 
the  car  of  progress  ;  its  motion  is  reversed,  and  the  jar  and  shock 
is  felt,  it  may  be,  to  the  ends  of  the  earth,  causing  disastrous 
results  to  the  generations  following,  even  greater  than  to  the 
present.  A  thousand  men  in  the  quiet  walks  of  private  life 
might  practice  the  vices  that  are  common  to  this  age  or  sphere, 
and  they  would  pass  comparatively  unnoticed ;  but  once  a  man 
stepps  out  from  the  masses  and  takes  a  position  above  them, 
the  influence  of  his  lightest  act  is  a  power  for  good  or  evil. 

With  a  desire  to  present,  in  a  condensed  form,  sketches  of  the . 
lives  of  those  who  may  serve,  by  their  virtues  and  admirable  qual- 
ities of  mind  and  habit,  as  models  for  our  imitation,  or  whose 
vices,  though  brilliant,  are  repulsive  enough  to  make  them  a  warn- 
ing to  him  who  reads  even  while  he  runs,  we  have  chosen  a  few 
from  almost  every  rank  and  profession  of  those  whose  names 
are  bright  on  history's  page,  and  whose  services  render  it  a  pleas- 
ure to  record  their  acts,  while  their  virtues,  far  more  than  the 


306  MASTER    SPIRITS    OF    THE    WORLD,    AND 

historian's  skill,  lend  interest  to  the  subject.  It  is  meet  that 
those  who  have  been  Chief  Executives  of  our  Nation  should 
have  a  place  ;  that  those  who  have  so  generally  been  an  honor 
to  the  people  should  be  remembered  at  this  time'. 

The  veneration  which  we  feel  for  Washington,  and  the  rever- 
ence and  respect  which  is  the  involuntary  tribute  of  the  world  to 
his  memory,  make  it  most  fitting  that  we  give  him  the  first  place 
on  the  pages  of  the  book  which  we  dedicate  to  his  countrymen,  as 
they  have  given  him  already  the  first  place  in  their  hearts. 

An  enthusiastic  writer  has  declared  Washington  to  be  the  most 
perfect  character  that  has  adorned  any  era  of  history.  While  it 
was  grand  and  majestic,  I  believe  there  were  not  wanting,  then  or 
since,  those  who  were  just  as  pure,  unselfish,  and  honest  as  he,  who 
loved  our  country  well,  and  labored,  and  suffered,  and  died,  if 
need  be,  to  defend  its  rights,  its  liberty,  and  its  honor.  At  that 
early  day,  when  despotism  stood  with  bated  breath,  waiting  till 
the  first  weak  cry  should  proclaim  that  even  in  a  manger  in  the 
New  World  the  young  babe  Freedom  had  been  born,  that  it  might 
send  forth  and  slay  it ;  when  devotion  to  the  new  power  was 
treason  to  the  old ;  when  devotion  to  the  Union  that  was  being 
christened  with  the  baptismal  drops  that  flowed  from  the  brave 
hearts  of  those  that  stood  to  guard  it,  with  one  hand  upon  the 
sword  and  the  other  grasping  the  banner  whose  stars  should  lead 
them  to  victory,  their  eyes  turned  to  the  hills  from  whence  their 
help  must  come,  appealing  to  Him  who  was,  and  is,  and  will 
forever  be,  Lord  of  Lords  and  King  of  Kings,  was  counted  a 
crime  against  the  "powers  that  be,"  of  sufficient  magnitude 
to  cost  a  man  his  life ;  he  was  indeed  a  hero  who  dare  lead  the 
feeble  enterprise  to  a  grand  success — a  success  so  magnificent  that 
crowned  heads  trembled  on  their  thrones  as  they  beheld  it. 

Of  this  type  of  men  was  he  who  is  enshrined  in  the  hearts  of 
this  nation  as  the  "Father  of  his  Country."  He  was  born 
February  22d,  1732,  in  the  county  of  Westmoreland,  Virginia. 
His  education  was  domestic  and  scanty,  but  his  principles  were 
such  as  should  underlie  a  character  that  is  strong  enough  to 
wrestle  with  the  forces  that  were  brought  to  bear  against  it. 

He  was  by  profession  a  civil  engineer,  and  in  that  wild,  new 
country,  there  must  have  been  ample  need  for  his  services.  He 
also  directed  much  of  his  attention  to  the  science  of  arms,  in  the 


AMERICAN    CITIZEN'S    TREASURE    HOUSE.  307 

use  of  which  it  was  necessary  every  young  man  should  be  a  pro- 
ficient, since  they  were  liable  to  be  called  at  any  moment  to  repel 
the  Indians,  who  were  led  on  by  skillful  Frenchmen.  At  the  age 
of  nineteen  he  was  appointed  one  of  the  adjutant-generals  of  Vir- 
ginia, which  gave  him  the  rank  of  major.  So  exemplary  was  his 
conduct,  so  cool  his  judgment,  and  so  faithful,  even  to  the  minutest 
duty,  that  he  was  advanced  to  a  colonelcy  and  sent  by  Gov- 
ernor Dinwiddie  to  the  Ohio,  with  dispatches  to  the  French  com- 
mander, who  was  erecting  fortifications  from  Canada  to  New 
Orleans,  in  violation  of  existing  treaties.  His  conduct  proved 
him  worthy  of  the  highest  confidence,  while  the  delicacy,  yet 
shrewdness  with  which  the  rather  dangerous  and  difficult  matter 
was  managed,  proved  him  at  once  a  statesman  and  a  diplomatist. 

In  the  spring  of  1755,  Washington  accompanied  General  Brad- 
dock  as  an  aid,  in  that  disastrous  and  disgraceful  expedition 
against  Fort  Du  Quesne,  and  had  his  advice  been  followed,  suc- 
cess, and  not  defeat,  must  have  followed  it.  Three  years  later 
Washington  commanded  the  Virginians  in  another  expedition 
against  the  fort,  which  gave  him  a  splendid  victory.  At  the  close 
of  this  campaign  he  withdrew  from  the  army  and  married  Mrs. 
Martha  Custis,  the  widow  of  Colonel  Daniel  P.  Custis.  The  lady 
was  older  than  her  husband  and  the  mother  of  two  children,  but 
was  as  charming  as  she  was  sensible,  and  as  fascinating  as  she  was 
wise,  and  though  it  is  even  more  than  hinted  that  Madame  Wash- 
ington was  slightly  strong-minded,  and  had  a  will  of  her  own, 
gave  impromptu  curtain  lectures,  and  said  "  my  dear"  to  her  hus- 
band with  a  sharpness  of  tone  which  contrasted  oddly  with  that 
affectionate  and  loving  title,  we  have  reason  to  believe  that  his  do- 
mestic life  was  very  happy,  and  her  intelligent  and  patriotic  con- 
duct, both  as  the  wife  and  widow  of  America's  best-loved  hero, 
will  ever  be  remembered  with  gratitude  and  admiration. 

In  1759  he  was  elected  to  the  House  of  Burgesses,  and  contin- 
ued to  be  returned  to  that  body,  with  the  exception  of  short  inter- 
vals of  rest,  until  1774,  when  he  was  elected  to  represent  Virginia 
in  the  Continental  Congress.  His  well-tempered  zeal,  and  his 
military  skill,  which  enabled  him  to  suggest  the  wisest  and  safest 
national  defences  when  the  young  country  was  in  extremity,  soon 
drew  all  eyes  and  hearts  to  him  as  one  qualified  to  disect  and  lead 
in  that  hour  of  extreme  peril.  Even  after  the  lapse  of  nearly  a 


308  MASTER    SPIRITS    OF    THE    WORLD,  AND 

hundred  years,  our  pulse  beats  quicker,  and  tears  spring  unbidden, 
as  we  recall  to  mind  those  years  of  struggle  and  suffering  that 
bought  us  the  liberty  we  prize  so  highly  and  hold  as  a  sacred 
birthright,  guarding  it  as  we  guard  no  other  thing  this  side  of 
Heaven.  Thank  God  for  the  firm  hand  and  the  strong  heart  and 
the  lion  courage  of  our  Washington !  We  can  almost  see  him 
now  as  he  knelt  amid  the  snows  of  Valley  Forge  and,  gathering 
together  the  band  of  heroes  whose  sufferings  were  almost  past 
human  endurance,  but  whose  faith  was  also  almost  superhuman, 
prayed  for  the  guidance  and  protection  which  was  so  much 
needed,  and  which  alone  could  save  the  cause  for  which  they  were 
sacrificing  their  lives. 

Immediately  after  the  opening  scene  of  the  revolutionary  drama, 
at  Lexington  and  Concord,  when  an  army  had  concentrated  at 
Cambridge,  he  was  unanimously  elected  Commander-in-Chief  of 
the  American  Army.  The  purity  of  purpose,  the  self-sacrificing 
spirit,  the  conscientiousness  and  honor  with  which  'he  discharged 
every  duty  relating  to  that  trying  position,  are  too  well  known  to 
require  any  pen  so  weak  as  ours  to  linger  in  the  detail. 

After  bringing  the  war  to  a  triumphant  close,  while  the  green 
laurels  whose  leaves,  wet  with  the  grateful  tears  of  his  countrymen 
as  their  fingers  wrought  them  together,  were  yet  fresh  upon  his 
brow,  he  hastened  to  Annapolis,  where  Congress  was  then  in  session, 
and  on  the  23d  of  December  formally  tendered  the  resignation 
of  his  commission. 

In  May,  1787,  he  was  elected  to  the  convention  which  met  at 
Philadelphia  for  the  purpose  of  forming  the  Constitution,  and 
presided  over  its  deliberations;  and  it  was  here,  while  their  proud, 
free  spirits,  which  the  armed  legions  of  tyranny  and  despotism 
could  not  subdue  or  force  to  yield,  yet  smarted  under  the  wrongs 
they  had  resented,  that  they  framed  the  Constitution  that  has  made 
ours  pre-eminently  the  first  nation  upon  God's  footstool.  Its 
leading  clause  should  be  graven  in  every  heart,  over  erery  hearth- 
stone, altar,  and  pulpit  in  the  land,  and  be  our  national  watchword 
in  war  and  our  motto  in  peace,  as  also  the  rule  of  our  lives : — 
"  Congress  shall  make  no  law  respecting  an  establishment  of  religion, 
or  prohibiting  the  free  exercise  thereof,  or  abridging  the  freedom  of 
speech,  or  of  the  press,  or  of  the  right  of  the  people  to  assemble,  ana 
petition  the  government  for  a  redress  of  grievances."  After  the  Con- 


AMERICAN    CITIZEN  S    TREASURE    HOUSE. 


309 


stitution  was  adopted  by  the  people,  Washington  was  elected  first 
President  of  the  United  States  for  four  years,  at  the  end  of  which 
time  he  was  re-elected  for  a  second  term. 

There  is  scarcely  a  school  boy  or  girl  in  America  who  is  not 
familiar  with  his  farewell  address,  and  looking  over  his  life,  we  can 
see  how  like  himself  was  that  tender  and  humble  sentence  in  which 
was  the  sentiment  of  a  Christian,  a  philosopher  and  a  patriot.  "  I 
consider  it  an  indispensable  duty  to  close  this  last  act  of  my  offi- 
cial life  by  commending  the  interests  of  our  dearest  country  to  the 
protection  of  Almighty  God,  and  those  who  have  the  superin- 
tendence of  them,  to  His  holy  keeping." 

Washington  died  December  i4th,  1799,  at  the  age  of  68  years. 


310  MASTER   SPIRITS   OF    THE    WORLD,    AND 


JOHN  ADAMS, 


second  President  of  the  United  States  was  John 
Adams,  whose  fame  as  a  statesman  and  patriot  is  imperish- 
able. He  was  born  at  Braintree,  Massachusetts,  October 
17,  1735.  He  early  displayed  fine  talents,  and  graduated  from 
Cambridge  with  great  credit.  He  studied  law,  and  was  admitted 
to  practice,  and  rapidly  attained  that  high  distinction  which  his 
superior  capacity  entitled  him  to.  From  the  very  outbreak  of  our 
troubles  with  Great  Britian,  he  took  a  prominent  part  in  all  the 
war  measures  that  were  originated  and  himself  suggested  the 
appointment  of  Washington  as  Commander-in-Chief  of  the  army. 
He  was  one  of  the  framers  and  signers  of  the  Declaration  of  Inde- 
pendence ;  and  the  next  year  he  visited  France  to  form  a  treaty 
of  alliance  and  commerce  with  that^country.  In  1.785  he  was 
sent  to  England  as  the  first  minister  from  this  country ;  and  on 
his  return  was  elected  Vice-President,  in  which  office  he  served 
two  terms,  and  in  1797  was  elected  to  succeed  Washington  as 
Chief  Executive  of  the  nation.  He  was  succeeded  by  Mr.  Jeffer- 
son, in  1 80 1,  after  which  he  retired  to  his  farm  in  Quincy,  where 
liis  declining  years  were  passed  in  the  gratification  of  his  taste  for 
reading  and  study. 

The  fiftieth  anniversary  of  our  American  Independence,  July  4, 
1826,  was  remarkable,  not  alone  for  the  event  it  commemorated, 
but  for  the  decease  of  two  of  the  most  active  participants  in  the 
measures  by  which  it  was  secured  to  us.  On  that  day  Adams  and 
Jefferson  were  both  gathered  to  their  fathers. 


JOHN  ADAMS. 


AMERICAN    CITIZEN'S    TREASURE    HOUSE.  315 

THOMAS  JEFFERSON. 


JEFFERSON  was  born  at  Shadwell,  Albemarle 
county,  Virginia,  April  13,  1743.  He  was  educated  at 
William  and  Mary,  and  was  a  great  student,  having  a  fond- 
ness for  natural  history  quite  remarkable.  He  studied  law  with 
the  renowned  George  Wythe,  and  was  a  celebrated  pupil,  but 
never  became  a  distinguished  lawyer.  Soon  after  his  admission  to 
the  bar,  he  was  elected  to  the  House  of  Representatives,  and  there 
had  abundant  opportunity  to  exercise  his  fine  business  abilities. 
British  oppression  roused  him  to  perfect  frenzy,  and  with  his  pen 
he  gave  to  his  country  the  fiery  thoughts  that  his  indignation  kin- 
dled. 

In  June,  1775,  he  took  his  seat  in  the  Continental  Congress, 
from  Virginia,  and  here  soon  became  conspicuous  as  one  of  the 
most  ardent  friends  of  American  freedom.  He  was  chairman  of 
the  committee  that  drafted  the  Declaration  of  Independence  ;  in- 
deed, this  instrument  is  conceded  to  have  been  mainly  his  own 
work.  He  succeeded  Patrick  Henry  in  1779  as  Governor  of  Vir- 
ginia. In  1783  he  was  sent  to  France  to  join  the  ministers  of  our 
country — Mr.  Adams  and  Dr.  Franklin.  In  1785  he  succeeded 
Dr.  Franklin  as  ambassador,  and  performed  that  duty  for  two 
years,  when  he  returned  home.  He  was  Secretary  of  State  under 
Washington,  in  which  position  he  gave  the  highest  satisfaction. 

In  1795  he  was  elected  Vice-President  of  the  United  States, 
and  took  his  seat  the  4th  of  the  following  March.  In  1801  he  was 
elected  President  of  the  United  States,  a  position  which  he  held 
for  eight  years.  At  the  close  of  the  last  term,  he  retired  from 
active  life,  and  died  July  4,  1826,  just  fifty  years  after  his  pen 
traced  the  words  "  We  hold  these  truths  to  be  self-evident,  that  all 
men  are  created  free  and  equal ;  that  they  are  endowed  by  their 
Creator  with  certain  inalienable  rights ;  amongst  which  are  life, 
liberty  and  the  pursuit  of  happiness." 

He  was  a  man  of  strong  mind,  strong  will  and  strong  prejudices, 
and  no  man  ever  labored  harder  to  convert  every  one  with  whom 
he  came  in  contact,  to  his  own  mode  of  thinking ;  yet  he  was 
honest  and  patriotic,  and  his  loss  was  deeply  felt. 


316  MASTER   SPIRITS   OF   THE   WORLD,  AND 


JAMES  MADISON. 


fourth  President  of  the  United  States,  was  born  in 
Orange  County,  Virginia,  March  16,  1751.  His  studies 
were  far  advanced  under  the  care  of  a  most  accomplished 
preceptor,  and  he  graduated  with  the  highest  honors.  He  turned 
his  attention  to  political  life,  and  in  1776  was  elected  to  the  gen- 
eral assembly  of  Virginia,  and  for  more  than  forty  years  was 
constantly  in  office  and  served  his  State  faithfully,  in  small  as  well 
as  in  great  things,  from  legislator  to  President.  While  he  was  a 
member  of  the  Executive  Council  of  the  State  of  Virginia,  he  won 
the  highest  regard  and  respect  of  his  associates,  by  his  honest 
and  faithful  discharge  of  duty,  and  in  the  year  1780,  he  took 
his  seat  in  the  Continental  Congress,  and  became  immediately  an 
active  and  leading  member.  In  1787  he  became  a  member  of  the 
Convention  held  in  Philadelphia  for  the  purpose  of  drafting  a 
constitution  for  the  new  government,  whose  national  existence  was 
but  an  experiment,  the  success  of  which  the  world  doubted.  He 
was  one  of  the  joint  authors  of  "  The  Federalist ;  "  sharing  the 
labor  with  Alexander  Hamilton  and  John  Jay.  He  was  a  member 
of  the  State  Convention  of  Virginia  which  met  to  adopt  the  Con- 
stitution, and  was  chosen  a  member  of  the  first  Congress  which 
was  organized  under  it. 

In  1 86 1  he  was  one  of  the  presidential  electors,  and  Jefferson 
at  once  offered  him  a  place  in  his  cabinet,  where  he  entered  upon 
the  duties  of  Secretary  of  State;  in  1809  he  succeeded  Jeffer- 
son to  the  Presidency,  and  served  in  that  office  two  terms.  After 
this,  he  returned  to  his  home  in  Virginia,  where  he  passed  the  re- 
mainder of  his  days  in  quiet  content,  until  June,  1826,  when  the  last 
survivor  of  the  framers  of  the  Constitution  passed  peacefully 
away. 


^'^fe-JP?" ~ 

y-  .1  hSOF^Tjiiertft  rk 


JAMES  MONROE. 


AMERICAN    CITIZEN'S    TREASURE    HOUSE.  321 


JAMES  MONROE 


>AS  the  fifth  President  of  the  United  States.  He  was 
born  in  Westmoreland  county,  Virginia,  April  28,  1728. 
He  was  a  graduate  at  William  and  Mary,  but  anxious 
to  aid  in  the  struggle  for  independence,  he  joined  the  army  under 
General  Mercer,  as  cadet,  and  soon  distinguished  himself  in  sev- 
eral well-fought  battles,  and  rapid  promotions  followed,  until  he 
reached  the  rank  of  captain.  At  Harlem  Heights  and  White 
Plains  he  shared  the  defeat  and  sufferings  of  Washington,  through 
New  Jersey ;  at  Trenton  he  rejoiced  in  the  triumph  of  our 
arms  over  the  Hessians,  and  though  severely  wounded,  carried 
the  ntusket  ball  in  his  shoulder  through  the  day  and  "  fought  out 
the  fight."  He  was,  afterwards,  aid  to  Lord  Sterling,  with  the  rank 
of  major,  and  if  he  earned  for  himself  fame,  it  is  very  certain  that 
he  found  no  flowery  path  to  tread.  In  the  military  service  of  those 
days,  when  the  leaders  of  our  battles  and  our  national  councils 
looked  upon  their  country's  peril  with  an  anguish  that  words  can 
never  convey  to  this  generation,  and  when  their  country's  honor 
was  something  to  them  which  we  fear  modern  statesmen  and  sol- 
diers can  not  understand,  men  worked  with  an  energy  and  self- 
sacrificing  spirit  that  made  each  one  a  host.  At  the  bloody  bat- 
tles of  Brandywine,  Germantown  and  Monmouth,  Monroe  is  said 
to  have  particularly  distinguished  himself  for  his  bravery  and 
courage  ;  and  by  the  coolness  which  he  displayed.  Ambitious  to 
command  a  regiment  of  his  own,  he  obtained  a  dismissal  from  the 
army,  returned  to  Virginia,  where  he  met  so  many  discouraging 
obstacles  that  he  gave  it  up,  and  resumed  his  law  studies  in  the 
office  of  Mr.  Jefferson. 

In  1794  he  went  as  Minister  Plenipotentiary  to  the  Court  of  Ver- 
sailles, and  after  settling  the  cession  of  Louisiana  to  the  United 
States,  he  went  to  England  to  succeed  Mr.  King  as  Minister  at  the 


322 


MASTER    SPIRITS   OF    THE    WORLD,  AND 


Court  of  St.  James.  The  little  difficulty  between  the  two  coun- 
tries in  regard  to  the  Chesapeake,  placed  him  in  so  unpleasant  a 
position  that  he  returned  home  and  was  soon  after  chosen  Gov- 
ernor of  the  State,  in  which  office  he  remained  until  called  by 
Mr.  Madison  to  assume  the  duties  of  Secretary  of  State. 

In  1817  he  was  elected  President  of  the  United  States,  and  in 
1821  was  unanimously  re-elected,  with  the  exception  of  a  single 
vote  in  New  Hampshire.  His  entire  administration  was  marked 
by  peace,  quiet  and  prosperity. 

When  the  convention  was  called  to  revise  the  Constitution  of 
the  State  of  Virginia,  he  was  chosen  to  preside  over  its  action. 
Soon  after  he  removed  to  New  York  City,  where  he  remained  until 
his  death,  which  occurred  July  4th,  1831,  when  amid  the  pealing 
of  bells  and  the  thundering  of  artillery  that  proclaimed  the  na- 
tion's jubilant  rejoicing  at  the  anniversary  of  independence,  ihe 
angels  whispered,  "Come  up  higher." 


AMERICAN    CITIZEN'S   TREASURE    HOUSE.  325 


JOHN  QUINCY  ADAMS, 


IXTH  President  of  the  United  States,  was  born  in  Quincy, 
Massachusetts,  May  nth,  1767,  graduated  at  Harvard 
College,  and  became  a  law  student  in  the  office  of  Hon. 
Theophilus  Parsons,  for  many  years  Chief  Justice  of  Massachu- 
setts. His  literary  tastes  gained  him  considerable  attention,  and 
some  of  his  essays  are  commended  as  excellent.  Under  Washing- 
ton's administration  he  was  appointed  minister  to  the  Netherlands, 
and  afterwards  to  Portugal.  He  was,  at  different  periods,  minister 
to  Prussia,  Russia  and  England,  and  was  one  of  the  commission- 
ers who  negotiated  the  treaty  of  peace  with  Great  Britain,  at 
Ghent. 

During  Mr.  Monroe's  entire  administration  of  eight  years,  he 
held  the  office  of  Secretary  of  State,  after  which  he  was  elected 
President  of  the  United  States  by  the  House  of  Representatives, 
the  people  failing  to  make  a  choice.  Like  his  father,  he  met  very 
strong  opposition  from  the  political  party  then  coming  into  power, 
and  his  service  ended  with  one  term — being  defeated  in  re-election 
by  Gen.  Jackson.  Soon  after  he  was  chosen  representative  in 
Congress,  and  was  re-chosen  at  each  successive  election  until  his. 
death. 

Two  days  previous  to  his  decease,  while  at  his  duties  in  the 
House,  he  received  a  paralytic  stroke,  from  which  he  never  recov- 
ered his  consciousness.  Mr.  Adams  was  a  man  of  fine  intellect 
and  great  endowments ;  his  mind  was  cultivated  and  enriched  to 
a  high  degree.  The  government  lost,  in  him,  one  of  its  brightest 
ornaments. 


326  MASTER    SPIRITS   OF    THE    WORLD     AND 


ANDREW  JACKSON 


'EVENTH  President  of  the  United  States.  The  fame  of 
"  Old  Hickory  "  is  too  far  spread  to  need  that  our  feeble 
powers  be  exerted  to  add  to  it  one  ray  of  luster.  He 
was  born  at  Waxhaw,  Lancaster  county,  South  Carolina,  1767,  and 
manifested,  from  childhood,  something  of  the  martial  spirit  which 
made  him  the  hero  of  New  Orleans. 

One  author  said  of  him,  with  a  spice  of  malice,  that  a  more  tur- 
bulent, roaring,  rollicking  youngster  never  lived  than  this  same 
soldier  and  statesman.  In  1790  he  fixed  his  residence  at  Nash- 
ville, and  married.  In  1795  he  assisted  in  framing  the  Constitu- 
tion of  Tennessee,  and  was  sent  to  Congress  as  the  first 
representative  of  the  new  State.  Mr.  Jackson  studied  law  and 
practised  it  to  a  limited  extent,  but  it  is  conceded,  even  by  his 
warmest  friends,  that  in  this  profession  he  was  not  "  a  success." 

In  1797  he  was  elected  to  the  Senate  of  the  United  States,  and 
upon  the  expiration  of  his  term  of  office  here,  he  was  appointed 
Judge  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Tennessee.  In  1804  he  resigned 
that  office  and  retired  to  the  "  Hermitage,"  near  Nashville.  When 
war  was  proclaimed  with  Great  Britain,  in  1812,  he  commanded  the 
militia  of  his  district,  and  in  1815  obtained  the  victory  at  New 
Orleans,  which  was  the  crowning  glory  of  his  military  life.  Three 
years  later  he  made  a  successful  campaign  against  the  Indians  in 
our  Southern  Territories  and  States. 

In  1812  he  was  appointed  Governor  of  Florida,  then  a  territory. 
In  1823  the  appointment  of  Minister  to  Mexico  was  tendered  to 
him,  which  he  declined,  but  was  elected  as  member  of  Congress 
from  Tennessee.  In  1824  he  received  many  votes  for  President, 
but  was  not  elected  until  1828,  and  was  re-elected  by  an  immense 
majority  in  1832.  In  the  spring  of  1837,  weary  and  worn  with  his 
active  life,  he  gave  to  younger  hands  and  brains  the  cares  of  State, 
and  retired  again  to  his  beloved  home,  the  "  Hermitage,"  where 
he  spent  the  remainder  of  his  days  in  the  peace  and  quiet  which 
he  had  so  well  earned.  His  death  occurred  here,  June  8th,  1845. 


ANDREW  JACKSON. 


AMERICAN    CITIZENS   TREASURE    HOUSE.  331 


MARTIN  VAN  BUREN, 


[IGHTH  President  of  the  United  States,  was  a  native  of 
Kinderhook,  New  York.  He  was  born  September  5,  1782. 
Having  prepared  himself  for  the  study  of  the  law,  he  en- 
tered the  office  of  Francis  Sylvester,  where  he  remained  six  years, 
meantime  giving  much  thought  to  politics.  His  ambition  pointed 
out  to  him  that  field  as  the  one  where  he  could  earn  most  rapidly 
the  fame  he  craved.  Fully  satisfied  of  this,  he  studied  until  he 
acquired  much  perfection  in  the  art  of  pleasing,  with  a  view  to 
local  popularity,  and  was  so  successful,  that  while  yet  a  boy,  be- 
fore his  cheeks  had  lost  their  blushing  roundness  or  girlish 
smoothness — in  his  "  teens  " — he  was  sent  as  delegate  to  a  conven- 
tion in  his  native  county,  at  which  important  political  measures 
were  to  be  taken. 

The  first  public  office  he  ever  held  was  that  of  Surrogate  of  Co- 
lumbia county,  to  which  he  was  appointed  in  1808.  In  1812-16, 
he  was  elected  to  the  State  Senate  and  became  a  leader  of  the 
Madison  party.  In  1821  he  was  elected  United  States  Senator, 
which  position  he  held  for  eight  years.  In  1828  he  was  elected 
Governor  of  his  native  State,  but  filled  the  gubernatorial  chair 
only  a  few  weeks.  When  General  Jackson  was  elected  President, 
Mr.  Van  Buren  was  offered  the  post  of  Secretary  of  State,  which 
he  accepted. 

In  1836  he  was  put  in  nomination  for  the  Chief  Magistracy,  to 
which  he  was  elected  by  a  large  majority  over  General  Harrison ; 
but  at  the  next  election  the  tide  turned  upon  him,  and  he  only 
received  sixty  votes  out  of  two  hundred  and  ninety-four.  After 
his  defeat  he  returned  to  Kinderhook,  and  subsequently  visited 
Europe,  whither  he  went  hoping  that  a  change  of  climate  might 
restore  to  health  one  of  his  sons.  Soon  after  his  return  to  Amer- 
ica he  accepted  the  nomination  of  the  Free  Soil  party  for  the 
Presidency,  but  was  unsuccessful.  From  this  time  forward  he 
lived  in  retirement,  and  devoted  most  of  his  time  to  writing  a' 
history  of  the  political  party  with  which  he  was  identified,  tn£ 
publication  of  which  occurred  after  his  death,  July  24111,  1862, 


332  MASTER    SPIRITS   OF    THE    WORLD,  AND 

WILLIAM  HENRY  HARRISON, 


5INTH  President  of  the  United  States,  was  born  in  Charles 
City  county,  Virginia,  February  gth,  1773.  The  Presi- 
dential line  beginning  with  Washington,  who  was  a  civil 
engineer,  is  an  unbroken  succession  of  lawyers ;  till  now,  by  some 
freak  or  accident,  we  find  a  medical  man  who  reached  the  high 
position  of  President  of  the  first  Republic  of  the  world.  He  grad- 
uated at  a  time  when  our  northwestern  frontier  was  harrassed  by 
the  Indians,  and  feeling  that  his  country,  more  than  his  profession, 
demanded  his  services,  he  accepted  an  ensign's  Commission  from 
President  Washington,  and  joined  the  army.  He  was  soon  pro- 
moted to  a  lieutenancy,  and  was  commended  by  General  Wayne, 
under  whose  command  he  was  engaged  in  several  actions.  After 
the  bloody  battle  of  Miami  Rapids,  he  was  promoted  to  the  rank  of 
Captain,  for  his  brave  and  noble  conduct  during  the  engagement, 
and  placed  in  command  at  Fort  Washington.  In  1797  he  resigned 
his  commission  in  the  army,  for  the  purpose  of  accepting  the 
office  of  Secretary  of  the  Northwestern  Territory,  from  which  he 
was  sent  to  Congress  in  1799.  He  was  appointed  first  Governor 
of  Indiana,  while  to  his  civil  and  military  duties  he  added  those 
of  superintendent,  and  commissioner  of  Indian  affairs.  During  his 
administration  he  completed  thirteen  treaties,  and  gained  the 
important  battle  of  Tippecanoe,  the  news  of  which  was  received 
with  such  wild  enthusiasm. 

During  the  war  of  1812  he  was  made  Commander  of  the  Army 
of  the  Northwest, — remembered  by  the  prominent  part  he  bore  in 
the  defense  of  Fort  Meigs,  and  also  in  the  victory  of  the  Thames. 
In  1814  he  was  appointed,  with  Governor  Shelby  and  Gen.  Cass,  to 
treat  with  the  Indians  in  general  council  at  Greenville,  and  the 
following  year  led  a  commission  to  form  treaties  with  other  tribes? 
to  the  entire  satisfaction  of  both  parties.  In  1816  he  was  appointed 
member  of  Congress  from  Ohio,  and  in  1828  was  sent  to  the  republic 
of  Columbia  as  Minister  Plenipotentiary.  In  1837  as  candidate 
for  the  Presidency,  he  was  defeated ;  but  four  years  later,  was 
elected  by  a  large  majority.  He  died  April  4th,  just  one  month 
after  entering  upon  his  duties. 


JOHN  TYLER. 


AMERICAN    CITIZEN  S   TREASURE    HOUSE.  337 


JOHN  TYLER. 


TYLER,  who  succeeded  General  Harrison  as  Presi- 
dent,  was  born  at  Williamsburg,  Virginia,  March  29th,  1790, 
and  graduated  from  William  and  Mary's  College,  and  was 
admitted  to  the  bar ;  when  in  his  twenty-second  year,  was  sent  to 
the  Virginia  legislature,  and  in  his  twenty-sixth  year  to  Congress. 
Eight  years  later,  in  1825,  he  was  elected  Governor  of  Virginia, 
and  in  1827  United  States  Senator  frpm  his  native  State,  and  while 
there,  voted  and  labored  strongly  against  the  Tariff  Bill  of  1828, 
and  against  re-chartering  the  United  States  Bank ;  and  also  ve- 
toed the  bill  for  the  establishment  of  the  "  Fiscal  Bank,"  which 
was  again  resurrected,  remodeled,  rechristened  and  urged  upon 
the  people  as  the  "  Fiscal  Corporation  of  the  United  States  "  passed 
both  houses  successfully,  only  to  be  again  vetoed,  at  the  last  mo- 
ment, by  the  President. 

His,  party  were  terribly  disappointed  in  him,  and  every  member 
of  his  cabinet,  except  Mr.  Webster,  resigned  his  place.  The  vacan- 
cies Ws.-re  immediately  filled  with  men  who  rallied  around  him  and 
were  staunch  and  true  in  that  time  of  his  utmost  need.  The 
charges  and  imputations  brought  were  s.o  intolerably  bitter  that 
he  turned,  with  his  heart  sick  and  sore  with  abuse,  and  looking 
fonvard,  exclaimed,  "  I  appeal  from  the  vituperations  of  the  pres- 
ent day  to  the  impartial  pen  of  history,  in  confidence  that  neither 
my  motives  nor  my  acts  will  bear  the  interpretation  which  for  sin- 
ister motives  has  been  put  upon  them." 

In  the  winter  of  1860-61,  Mr.  Tyler  was  an  active  agency  in 
organizing  the  Peace  Conference,  and  presided  over  its  delibera- 
tions. This  was,  indeed,  his  last  public  work.  He  died  in  Vir- 
ginia in  1862. 


338 


JAMES  K.  POLK, 


[LEVENTH  President,  was  born  in  Mechlenburg,  N.  C.r 
November  2,  1795.  In  1809  his  family  removed  to 
Nashville,  Tennessee,  where  his  education  was  completed, 
and  where  he  studied  law  in  the  office  of  Hon.  Felix  Grundy,  who 
proved  a  most  able  teacher  and  consistent  friend.  He  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  in  1820,  and  already  interested  in  the  politics 
of  the  country,  he  now  took  an  active  part  in  it,  studying  it 
closely  and  deeply.  In  182*3  ne  was  elected  to  the  legislature, 
and  while  yet  but  twenty-nine  years  old,  was  chosen  a  member  of 
Congress,  which  office  he  held  for  fourteen  years ;  was  also  for 
several  sessions  Speaker  of  the  House.  In  1844,  he  was  unex- 
pectedly nominated  for  the  Presidency,  elected  by  a  large  majority 
over  Mr.  Clay  and  inaugurated  March  4,  1845. 

War  with  Mexico,  already  impending,  broke  forth  now,  but  was, 
as  history  shows,  but  a  succession  of  easily  won  victories  for  the 
Americans,  and  the  conquest  of  new  territory.  Mr  Polk,  though 
a  wise  and  able  manager  and  a  shrewd  diplomatist,  was  still  not 
popular,  and  lost  his  reelection.  His  health  was  very  delicate  and 
failed  rapidly  under  the  severe  labors  of  his  office ;  he  did  not 
long  survive  after  reaching  his  home  in  Nashville,  but  died  June 
15  th,  1849. 


AMERICAN    CITIZEN'S    TREASURE    HOUSE.  343 


ZACHARY  TAYLOR 


!>AS  born  in  Orange  county,  Virginia,  November  24th, 
1790,  and  was  the  twelfth  President  of  the  United 
States.  His  boyhood  was  passed  in  the  wild  and  ex- 
citing scenes  of  the  frontier.  In  1808  he  received  the  appointment 
of  lieutenant  in  the  United  States  infantry,  and  afterwards  was 
promoted  to  a  captain  for  brave  service  against  the  Indians.  In 
1812  he  was  in  command  of  Fort  Harrison,  which  he  defended 
against  fearful  odds.  From  long  intimacy  with  the  wily  savage, 
he  became  so  familiar  with  their  mode  of  warfare  and  habits  of 
life  that  his  services  were  considered  almost  indispensable  by  the. 
government.  He  was  promoted  from  rank  to  rank,  until,  in  1840, 
he  held  the  rank  of  brigadier-general.  In  1845  he  was  stationed 
on  the  American  shore  of  the  Rio  Grande,  simply  to  act  on  the 
defensive,  unless  attacked.  OppositeMetamora  he  had  built  Fort 
Brown,  and  this  being  bombarded,  gave  him  his  first  opportunity 
to  display  his  valor.  At  Palo  Alto  and  Resaca  de  la  Palma,  he 
fought  against  fearful  odds,  and  gained  in  each  a  victory  which 
crowned  him  with  honor,  after  which  conquests  he  returned  home 
with  laurels  fresh  and  fair,  and  upon  the  treaty  of  peace  was 
met  with  every  demonstration  of  respect  and  admiration ;  indeed, 
it  seemed  as  if  the  people's  enthusiasm  was  boundless,  and  of 
course  there  was  but  one  appropriate  way  of  testifying  it.  Since 
they  could  not  offer  him  a  crown  and  a  throne,  they  must  needs 
offer  him  the  chief  seat  in  the  White  House,  which  being  accepted, 
he  entered  upon  his  duties  March  4th,  1849.  But  already  ad- 
vanced in  years,  and  broken  down  with  the  hardships  he  had 
endured,  he  lived  but  a  little  more  than  a  year  to  enjoy  the  hon- 
ors of  his  position.  He  died  July  9th,  1850. 


344  MASTER    SPIRITS   OF    THE    WORLD,  AND 

MILLARD   FILLMORE. 


)ILLARD  FILLMORE,  the  successor  of  General  Tay- 
lor as  President  of  the  United  States,  was  a  native  of 
Summer  Hill,  New  York,  and  was  born  January  7th, 
1800.  His  educational  advantages  were  of  the  poorest  class; 
indeed  only  such  as  were  to  be  found  in  the  common  schools  of 
the  country  at  that  early  date,  and  ne  was  sent,  while  yet  a  mere 
boy,  to  Livingston  county,  then  a  new,  almost  unsettled  wilder- 
ness, to  learn  a  trade ;  but  attracted  the  notice  of  a  gentleman 
who  used  his  influence  with  a  friend  to  receive  the  lad  into  his  office 
to  study  for  the  legal  profession.  In  1827  he  was  admitted  to  prac- 
tice as  an  attorney,  and  soon  after  as  Counselor  of  the  Supreme 
Court.  Establishing  himself  in  Buffalo,  he  secured,  by  his  energy, 
talents,  and  strict  attention  to  business,  a  fine  and  extensive  prac- 
tice 

In  1829  he  took  his  seat  in  the  Assembly,  from  Erie  county,  and 
made  himself  conspicuous  for  the  energy  with  which  he  labored  to 
annul  the  law  granting  or  enforcing  imprisonment  for  debt,  which 
he  considered  an  inhuman  practice,  unworthy  of  our  age  and  of 
our  government.  In  1833  he  was  elected  to  the  National  House  of 
Representatives,  and  was  appointed  to  the  position  of  Chairman  of 
the  Committee  of  Ways  and  Means.  He  sustained  every  propo- 
sition which  he  brought  forward  with  such  fine  ability  that  the 
government  was  relieved  in  a  great  measure  from  its  financial  em- 
barrassments ;  indeed,  as  a  financier,  he  had  few,  if  any  equals. 
In  1848  he  was  elected  Vice-President  under  General  Taylor. 
Upon  the  death  of  General  Taylor,  he,  of  course,  filled  the  va- 
cancy in  the  Presidential  chair  and  selected  a  cabinet  distinguished 
for  its  ability,  its  unswerving  integrity  and  its  love  for  our  Union. 
Few  cabinets  have  given  so  general  and  extensive  satisfaction  as 
did  this.  On  the  expiration  of  his  official  term  he  returned  to  his 
home  in  Buffalo  and  resumed  the  practice  of  law.  Mr.  Fillmore 
is  one  of  our  finest  specimens  of  self-made  men.  All  that  he  is 
he  owes  to  his  own  unaided  exertions,  and  his  popularity  is  una- 
bated still. 


MILLARD  FILLMORE. 


I   «; 

Xt, rf.V*. 

FRANKLIN  PIERCE. 


AMERICAN   CITIZEN'S   TREASURE   HOUSE.  349 

FRANKLIN  PIERCE. 


!>O  brighter  constellation  of  stars  ever  gathered  in  any  sphere 
of  life  than  the  group  of  talented  and  patriotic  men  who 
have  filled,  from  time  to  time,  the  position  of  Chief  Ex- 
ecutive of  the  United  States.  True,  envy  may  strive  to  darken 
their  fair  fame,  and  jealousy  magnify  or  distort  errors  of 
judgment ;  for  until  the  mortal  shall  put  on  immortality  we  shall 
not  be  free  from  human  weaknesses.  But,  taken  together  or^ingly, 
we  are  proud  to  compare  them  with  the  rulers  of  any  or  all  nations 
of  the  earth.  The  fourteenth  President,  Franklin  Pierce,  was  born 
at  Hillsbo rough,  New  Hampshire,  Nov.  23,  1804,  and  had  every 
advantage  afforded  him  for  a  fine  education,  which,  with  his  active 
mind  he  was  not  slow  to  avail  himself  of.  He  graduated*  with  dis- 
tinguished honors,  and  studied  law  in  the  office  of  Judge  Wood- 
bury,  and  afterwards  in  the  law  school  of  Northampton,  where  he 
remained  two  years,  finishing  his  course  with  Judge  Parker,  at 
Amherst.  He  was  slow  and  methodical — neither  brilliant  nor 
rapid  in  thought  or  speech,  but  careful,  accurate,  pains-taking 
and  studious ;  and  never  lost  an  advantage  when  once  it  was 
gained.  He  attained  a  high  rank  as  an  advocate. 

In  1827  he  was  elected  to  represent  his  native  town  in  the  State 
Legislature,  which  office  he  held  for  four  years,  during  the  last  two 
of  which  he  was  speaker,  and  gave  the  highest  satisfaction.  In 
1846  he  was  tendered  the  office  of  States  Attorney,  which  he 
declined,  and  when  the  Mexican  war  broke  out,  he  took  an  active 
part  in  raising  troops ;  and,  accepting  the  commission  of  Brigadier 
General,  entered  the  army  with  the  New  England  Regiment  of 
Volunteers,  and  distinguished  himself  by  his  bravery  and  coolness 
in  several  hard-fought  battles ;  particularly  at  Cerro-Gordo  and 
Chapultepec.  In  1852  the  Democratic  Convention  met  at  Balti- 
more, and  after  an  almost  hopeless  disagreement  as  to  a  candidate, 
finally  united  on  Franklin  Pierce.  He  was  elected  President  by 
an  immense  majority  over  General  Scott,  and  was  inaugurated 
March  4,  1857.  Upon  the  expiration  of  his  term,  he  returned  to 
his  home  in  New  Hampshire,  where  he  died  October  8th,  1869. 


350  MASTER   SPIRITS   OF    THE    WORLD,  AND. 


JAMES  BUCHANAN. 


)R.  BUCHANAN  was  of  Irish  parentage,  born  at  Stony 
Batter,  Pennsylvania,  April  23,  1791.  He  entered  Dick- 
inson College,  from  which  he  graduated  in  two  years. 
He  studied  law  in  Lancaster,  was  admitted  to  the  bar,  and  soon 
commanded  an  extensive  practice.  In  1814  he  was  sent  to  the 
Pennsylvania  State  Legislature;  in  1820  to  Congress,  and  in  1813 
was  appointed  Minister  to  Russia  by  President  Jackson,  of  whom 
he  was  a  warm  personal  friend  and  great  admirer.  In  1834  he  was 
elected  United  States  Senator,  where  he  held  his  seat  until  1845, 
when  1  c  was  appointed  Secretary  of  State  in  Mr.  Folk's  cabinet, 
and  held  the  position  until  the  expiration  of  Mr.  Folk's  term, 
when  he  retired  to  private  life  to  recover  from  the  fatigue  and 
over -exertion  which  he  had  endured. 

When  Mr.  Pierce  was  nominated  for  President,  in  1853,  Mr.  Bu- 
chanan was  appointed  Minister  to  England.  Questions  were  then 
pending  which  required  the  greatest  delicacy  and  tact,  and  hi& 
course  there  was  so  discreet  and  honorable,  so  courtly,  yet  firm, 
that  he  was  a  credit  alike  to  himself  and  the  government  he  rep- 
resented ;  so  highly  was  his  conduct  appreciated  that  he  was 
received  on  his  return  with  the  greatest  enthusiasm. 

In  June,  1856,  Mr.  Buchanan  was  nominated  by  the  Democratic 
Convention  as  a  candidate  for  the  Presidency ;  and  although  the 
opposition  was  strong  against  him  he  was  elected  by  a  large  ma- 
jority. At  the  close  of  his  administration,  which  was  a  stormy  and 
most  unhappy  one,  when  he  was  called  upon  to  meet  mighty  issues, 
he  returned  to  his  home  in  Wheatland,  where  he  died  June  ist, 
1868. 

His  position  with  reference  to  the  rebellion  destroyed  the  pop- 
ularity he  had  been  a  life-time  in  building  up. 


JAMES  BUCHANAN. 


ABRAHAM  LINCOLN. 


AMERICAN    CITIZEN  S    TREASURE    HOUSE.  355 


ABRAHAM  LINCOLN 


NE  of  the  few  names  that  are  truly  worthy  to  live  on  the 
pages  of  history,  and  to  be  handed  down  to  posterity  as  a 
beacon  light  and  a  guide,  is  that  of  Abraham  Lincoln. 
The  heart  leaps  quick  to  its  labor  of  love,  and  the  pen  yields 
ready  and  willing  obedience  to  the  mind,  as  it  dwells  tenderly 
and  lovingly  on  the  brave,  strong  character  of  this  good  man. 
He  lived  in  a  time  when  it  was  needed  that  in  connection  with 
rapidity  of  thought,  must  be  deliberateness  of  action,  and  that 
the  steady  well  balanced  brain  should  be  unbiased  by  sectional  or 
personal  prejudice.  How  well  he  did  his  duty  ;  how  true  he  was, 
not  to  party  or  State,  but  to  principle  and  honor ;  how  fully  he 
discharged  every  obligation  in  that  time  that  tried  men's  souls ; 
how  earnest  was  his  love  for  North  and  South  alike,  since  North 
and  South,  East  and  West  formed  the  Union  he  had  sworn 
to  defend;  he  proved  in  the  strongest  way  possible,  since 
he  was  willing  to  sacrifice  ease  and  comfort,  yea  life 
itself,  for  his  country.  He  was  the  sixteenth  President  of 
the  United  States,  and  was  born  in  Hardin  county,  Ky.,  Feb. 
12,  1809.  His  advantages  for  obtaining  an  education  in  his  boy- 
hood, were  very  limited,  and  he  was,  in  the  fullest  sense,  one  of 
America's  self-made  men.  Nowhere  in  the  world,  and  to  none 
but  the  liberty  loving  children  of  the  New  World,  can  this  have 
so  strong  a  significance,  since  it  speaks  eloquently  of  trial,  of  self- 
denial,  of  struggle,  of  victory.  All  that  he  acquired  was  wrought 
out  by  patient  study.  All  that  he  achieved  was  by  sheer  force 
of  will  and  stubborn  determination.  While  the  favored  sons  of 
affluence  lounged  over  their  books  in  classic  halls,  he  toiled  un- 
weariedly  at  his  by  the  dim  light  of  a  pine  torch  in  the  rough 
home  of  a  pioneer ;  and  when  he  had  reached  the  goal,  strength- . 
ened  by  the  race  in  which  every  thing  was  against  him,  he  looked 


356  MASTER    SPIRITS    OF    THE    WORLD,  AND 

back  to  see  that  they,  with  both  wind  and  tide  in  their  favor,  had 
given  it  up. 

In  1832  he  served  in  the  Blackhawk  war,  and  on  his  return  was 
elected  to  the  Illinois  Legislature.  In  1834  he  was  elected  to  the 
Legislature,  and  re-elected  in  1836,  '38  and  '40.  While  in  that 
position  he  gave  evidence  of  the  power  and  ability  which  made 
for  him  a  reputation  world  wide.  For  many  years  Mr.  Lincoln 
was  a  prominent  leader  of  the  Whig  party  in  Illinois,  and  in  1844 
he  canvassed  the  entire  State  for  Henry  Clay,  of  whom  he  was*  a 
sincere  and  enthusiastic  admirer,  and  a  warm  personal  friend,  and 
exerted  himself  powerfully  for  the  favorite  of  his  party.  In  1846 
he  was  elected  to  Congress,  and  took  his  seat  in  1847,  the  only 
Whig  representative  of  his  State — not  now  a  representative  of  his 
party,  but  of  the  people  who  trusted  the  honor  of  the  man  who 
never  betrayed  them.  Though  not  a  public  man  so  long  as  many 
of  his  cotemporaries,  all  his  acts  were  in  accordance  with  his  pro- 
fession, and  he  never  swerved  from  the  right,  or  compromised 
with  wrong.  No  hope  of  advancement  could  tempt  that  honest 
soul  to  stoop  to  an  unworthy  deed,  and  no  pleading  of  the  ambi- 
tion within  him  could  move  him  to  gratify  it  at  the  expense  of  his 
country. 

In  November,  1860,  he  was  elected  President  of  the  United 
States  by  the  Republican  party,  and  took  his  seat  on  the 
4th  of  March,  1861.  For  some  time  clouds  had  overhung  the 
nation,  dense  and  dark,  and  at  length  the  threatening  storm 
broke.  The  Confederates  opened  the  war  by  firing  on  Fort 
Sumter,  and  seizing  it  and  Charleston  harbor.  On  the  i5th  of 
April,  President  Lincoln  issued  his  first  call  for  seventy-five  thou- 
sand men  for  the  defence  of  the  government.  This  was  followed 
by  other  calls  for  troops,  and  during  his  first  administration  an 
army  of  two  million  men  was  brought  into  the  field  by  successive 
levies,  nearly  all  of  which  was  volunteer  service.  Three  thousand 
million  of  dollars  was  expended  in  the  maintenance  of  the  gov- 
ernment and  the  support  of  the  army.  In  1864  Mr.  Lincoln  was 
again  nominated,  and,  at  the  instance  of  the  border  States,  Andrew 
Johnson,  then  military  governor  of  Tennessee,  was  substituted  for 
Mr.  Hamlin  for  Vice-President,  and  after  a  fiercely  contested 
election,  when  political  excitement  ran  higher  than  ever  before 
since  our  nation  had  a  form  and  a  name,  Abraham  Lincoln  and 


AMERICAN    CITIZEN  S    TREASURE    HOUSE. 


SST 


Andrew  Johnson  were  elected  President  and  Vice-President  of 
the  United  States.  They  were  inaugurated  March  3d,  1865.  For 
months  the  rebellion  had  been  waning.  The  fierceness  of  the 
wrath  of  the  contending  parties  was  cooling  down;  the  sacrifice 
of  precious  lives  had  been  offered  on  a  thousand  hills,  and  a 
thousand  valleys  were  furrowed  with  the  graves  of  those  who  had 
fallen  in  combat,  and  the  hearts  of  Northern  and  Southern  men 
yearned  for  rest,  and  peace,  and  reconciliation.  The  war  was 
virtually  brought  to  a  close  when  General  Lee  surrendered  hi» 
forces  at  Appomatox  Court  House. 

On  the  evening  of  April  i4th,  1865,  President  Lincoln  was 
assassinated  at  Ford's  Theatre,  by  John  Wilkes  Booth,  and  died 
on  the  morning  of  the  i5th.  This  tragic  event  caused  great 
gloom  to  the  nation,  and  other  nations  wept  in  sympathy  at  the 
loss  of  a  man  so  eminent  in  qualities  that  had  made  him  beloved 
wherever  his  name  and  character  were  known.  By  the  death  of 
President  Lincoln,  Vice-President  Johnson  succeeded  him,  and 
took  the  oath  of  office  April  15,  1865. 


MASTER    SPIRITS   OF    THE    WORLD,    AND 


ANDREW  JOHNSON. 


seventeenth  President,  was  born  in  Raleigh,  North 
Carolina,  and  was  apprenticed  to  a  tailor  when  he  was  ten 
years  of  age,  with  whom  he  remained  until  he  was  seven- 
teen. He  never  attended  school,  and  deserves  the  greatest  credit 
for  having  obtained,  unaided,  the  rudiments  of  a  good  common 
education  by  studying  alone,  without  assistance  from  any  one.  He. 
removed  to  'Greenville,  Tennessee,  where  he  was  highly  respected, 
and  in  1830  was  chosen  Mayor  of  that  place,  and  in  1835  was. 
elected  to  the  State  Legislature,  to  the  State  Senate  in  1841  and 
was  sent  to  Congress  in  1843,  where  he  remained  but  a  year,  being 
elected  Governor  of  Tennessee  during  the  term  and  re-elected  in  '53. 
He  was  chosen  United  States  Senator  in  1857  for  the  term  ending 
1863,  after  which  he  served  on  the  Committee  on  Public  Lands. 
In  his  politics  he  was  a  Democrat  and  a  strong  supporter  of  Breck- 
inridge  and  Lane  for  the  Presidential  offices ;  but  at  the  first  note 
of  war,  his  love  for  the  dear  old  flag  asset  ted  itself,  and  he  declared 
himself  in  favor  of  the  Union.  He  was  appointed  Military 
Governor  of  Tennessee  by  President  Lincoln,  and  w^.s  elected 
Vice-President  at  the  second  term  of  Lincoln.  After'  that  sad 
calamity  which  shook  the  hearts,  and  almost 'the  faith  of  the  na- 
tion— a  calamity  whose  sudden  darkening  gave  them  not  a 
moment  of  warning,  but  left  them  bereaved  and  desolate,  Mr. 
Johnson  was  made  President ;  the  war  was  virtually  ended  and 
the  work  of  reconstructing  the  broken  and  shattered  Union 
was  begun.  But  the  work  of  calling  order  out  of  chaos  in  the 
creation  seemed  a  much  more  hopeful  affair.  The  reduction 
of  the  military  and  naval  forces  was  a  subject  of  endless  differ- 
ences between  himself  and  his  cabinet,  and  his  views  differed  also 
from  a  majority  of  those  in  Congress,  causing  constant  unpleas- 
ant and  noisy  scenes  during  his  administration  In  the  win- 


MASTER    SPIRITS   OF    THE    WORLD. 

ter  of  1868  articles  of  impeachment  were  drawn  up  against  him, 
passed  the  House  of  Representatives,  and  being  submitted  to  the 
Senate,  that  body  became  at  once  a  committee  of  impeachment. 
The  President  was  tried  on  these  articles,  but  the  failure  of 
the  committee  to  vote  on  the  last  seven  articles,  having 
been  brought  about  by  persons  or  parties  who  desired  to  save 
his  reputation,  the  matter  was  indefinitely  postponed.  But  the 
differences  between  himself  and  Congress  continued  and  increased, 
becoming  a  source  of  endless  bitterness  and  trouble ;  and  at  the 
end  of  his  official  term  he  retired  to  his  home  in  Tennessee,  wel- 
coming peace  and  rest  as  joyfully  as  the  storm-beaten  dove 
welcomed  the  shelter  of  the  ark  when  the  waters  covered  the  face 
of  the  earth  and  she  had  not  where  to  rest  her  foot. 


ULYSSES  S.  GRANT. 


AMERICAN    CITIZEN'S   TREASURE    HOUSE.  363 


ULYSSES  S.  GRANT. 


IGHTEENTH  President  of  the  United  States,  the  "  Hero 
of  a  hundred  battles,"  was  born  at  Pleasant  Point,  Ohio, 
23d  of  April,  1822.  It  is  not  satisfactorily  proven  that 
his  ancestors  came  across  the  briny  deep  in  the  May  Flower, 
but  they  most  likely  did  in  some  other  staunch  ship,  since  they 
were  among  the  first  settlers  in  Massachusetts  Bay,  in  the  early 
part  of  the  seventeenth  century.  The  youth  of  Ulysses  was  spent 
at  his  native  place,  and  he  received  a  good  English  education  at 
Georgetown,  in  Brown  county.  In  1839,  being  then  seventeen 
years  of  age,  he  was  admitted  to  the  Military  Academy  at  West 
Point,  as  a  cadet,  and  graduated  on  the  3oth  of  June,  1843,  stand- 
ing No.  21  in  a  class  of  39.  He  is  not  spoken  of  as  a  young  man 
of  bright  talents  or  brilliant  promise,  but  that  he  acquired  all  he 
learned  through  hard  work  and  close  study.  In  July,  1843,  he 
entered  the  army  as  brevet  second  lieutenant  of  infantry,  and  was 
attached  to  the  fourth  regiment.  He  served  in  the  Mexican  War, 
first  under  Taylor,  then  under  Scott,  and  was  a  faithful  soldier. 
He  was  promoted  to  first  lieutenant,  then  to  brevet  captain,  and 
in  1857  a  full  commission  of  captain,  dating  back  to  1853.  In 
July,  1854,  Mr.  Grant  resigned  his  commission,  engaged  for  a 
while  in  commercial  pursuits,  and  afterwards  removed  to  Galena, 
Illinois.  When  the  Rebellion  broke  out  his  pulses  stirred,  and  his 
eye  lit  up  with  martial  fire  as  his  ear  caught  the  sound  of  bugle 
and  drum,  and  the  call  of  his  country  appealed  to  him  as  does  the 
cry  of  a  suffering  child  to  its  mother.  He  was  at  once  appointed 
on  the  Governor's  staff  as  mustering  officer  of  volunteers ;  but  this 
was  two  tame  a  position  for  him  then,  for  he  had  tasted  the  excite- 
ment of  battle,  and  longed  for  it  as  impatiently  as  a  war  horse 
prances  beneath  the  restraints  of  his  master. 

His  first  command  was  Colonel  of  the   2ist  Regiment,  Illinois 
Volunteers,  and  his  commission  dated  June  15,  1861.     The  fol- 


364 


MASTER    SPIRITS    OF    THE    WORLD,   AND 


lowing  August  he  was  appointed  Brigadier  General  of  United 
States  Volunteers,  with  rank  and  commission  dating  back  to  May, 
1 86 1.  During  the  campaign  in  Tennessee  he  distinguished  him- 
self by  his  valiant  conduct,  and  after  the  surrender  of  Fort 
Donnelson,  he  was  raised  to  the  rank  of  Major  General  of  Volun- 
teers. Upon  the  capture  of  Vicksburg,  he  was  made  a  Brigadier, 
and  soon  after  Major  General  in  the  regular  army. 

His  fine  executive  talents,  his  many  and  rapid  victories,  and  the 
general  success  which  attended  his  plans,  naturally  suggested  him 
as  the  proper  person  for  Commander-in-Chief  of  the  Federal 
army.  In  accordance  with  the  expressed  wish  of  the  Execu- 
tive, he  repaired  to  Washington,  and  received  his  commission  from 
President  Lincoln's  own  hand ;  assumed  the  command  of  the 
armies  on  the  loth  of  March,  and  was  away  to  the  tented  field, 
where,  at  the  head  of  his  legions  he  received  the  sword  which 
Lee  surrendered,  and  with  it  the  main  body  of  the  Southern  army. 
He  was  nominated  for  the  Presidency  at  the  Chicago  Convention 
in  May,  1868,  and  triumphantly  elected — receiving  a  magnificent 
majority.  We  will  leave  to  other  pens  the  work  of  eulogizing  him, 
since  he  is  known  in  every  home,  and  in  every  hamlet,  and  at 
every  hearthstone  his  name  is  as  familiar  as  a  household  word. 


AMERICAN    CITIZEN'S    TREASURE    HOUSE.  365 


THE  FUTURE  OF  OUR  COUNTRY. 


history  of  America  has  not,  like  that  of  the  Old  World, 
the  charm  of  classical  or  romantic  associations ;  but  in 
useful  instruction  and  moral  dignity  it  has  no  equal.  It  is 
not  yet  a  century  since  this  fair  and  flourishing  republic  was  a 
colony  of  England,  scarcely  commanding  the  means  of  existence 
without  the  aid  of  the  mother  country,  who  was  herself  oppressed 
by  European  wars.  Our  puritan  forefathers  began  in  the  rough 
fields  of  Massachusetts,  Rhode  Island  and  Connecticut,  on  a 
broad,  comprehensive  principle,  which  has  gone  forth  to  fraternize 
the  world.  Our  history,  therefore,  like  that  poetical  temple  of 
fame  reared  by  the  imagination  of  Chaucer,  and  decorated  by  the: 
taste  of  Pope,  is  almost  exclusively  dedicated  to  the  memory  of 
the  truly  great.  Within,  no  idle  ornament  encumbers  its  bold 
simplicity.  The  pure  light  of  Heaven  enters  from  above,  and 
sheds  an  equal  and  serene  radiance  around.  As  the  eye  wanders 
about  its  extent,  it  beholds  the  unadorned  monuments  of  brave 
and  good  men,  who  have  bled  or  toiled  for  their  country ;  or  it 
rests  on  votive  tablets  inscribed  with  the  names  of  the  blessed 
benefactors  of  mankind.  The  puritans  of  England — the  resolute 
conquerors  of  the  lakes  and  forests  of  the  New  World — occupied, 
in  the  first  period  of  their  social  existence,  the  depressed  position 
of  a  European  colony ;  but  the  spirit  of  liberty  which  had  led 
them  to  these  wild  regions,  and  the  gifts  of  a  magnificent  and 
fertile  nature,  were  sufficient  to  prepare  them  for  their  high  des- 
tiny. This  rude  apprenticeship  lasted  more  than  one  hundred 
and  fifty  years  before  the  hour  of  change  struck;  and  in  the  night 
of  the  i8th  of  April,  1775,  the  cannons  of  Lexington  called  a 
new-born  nation  to  regenerate  the  world.  The  people  rose  as 
one  man,  and  turning  the  ploughshares  that  tilled  the  soil  into 


366  MASTER    SPIRITS    OF    THE    WORLD,  AND 

swords  to  defend  it,  they  threw  themselves  upon  their  unjust  op- 
pressors, and  proclaimed  at  Philadelphia  the  immortal  principles 
of  self-government,  that  made  tyrants  tremble  and  every  generous 
heart  palpitate  with  joyful  hope.  At  that  moment  a  new  name 
was  inscribed  on  the  catalogue  of  great  nations.  If  not  great  in 
national  importance,  it  was  great  by  the  moral  influence  it  imme- 
diately exercised  on  the  world.  The  long  and  bloody  but  success- 
ful Revolutionary  War  broke  the  chains  of  the  thirteen  colonies, 
and  offered  to  the  astonished  world  the  most  sublime  spectacle  of 
ancient  or  modern  times — the  fusion  of  all  races,  tongues  and 
sects,  in  the  one  political  religion  of  liberty. 

In  our  necessarily  brief  record  of  these  wonderful  events  and 
their  grand  results,  we  have  as  historians  tried  to  be  faithful,  and 
as  chroniclers  have  endeavored  to  present  facts  unbiased  by  pre- 
judice, and  with  strict  regard  to  truth.  We  view  the  Union  from 
no  sectional  stand  point,  but  looking  over  its  broad  area  from  east 
to  west,  from  north  to  south,  we  say,  with  as  fervent  love  as  ever 
swelled  the  heart  of  patriot  for  country,  //  fs  ours  !  God  bless 
America!  God  bless  and  preserve  our  Union  !  and  if  too  much  of 
pride  and  exultation  mingles  with  our  emotions,  we  find  in  her 
glory  and  honor  our  only  apology.  We  naturally  ask  what  is  to 
be  the  future  of  our  country — what  its  population — how  rapid  its 
growth — what  of  the  generations  to  come,  and  for  what  length  of 
time  the  present  rate  of  increase  can  be  maintained  ?  Some  close 
their  eyes  to  the  brightness  which  surrounds  them,  and  with 
retroverted  vision,  and  gloomy  forebodings,  point  to  the  ruin  and 
-decay  which  cover  the  land  where  once  flourished  the  mightiest 
kingdoms  of  the  world  ;  while,  passing  to  the  opposite  extreme, 
hopeful  and  sanguine  men  will  tell  you  there  are  no  limits  to  our 
growth  and  prosperity.  In  favor  of  our  present  ratio  of  increase 
it*  may  be  urged,  that  with  a  population  of  only  40,000,000,  we 
have  sufficient  territory  to  accommodate  1,000,000,000,  and  yet 
not  be  so  densely  populated  as  China,  India,  or  Japan.  An 
eminent  mathematician  has  estimated  that,  starting  at  the  present 
year,  with  a  populat'o.t  of  43,000,000,  the  same  ratio  of  increase 
that  has  prevailed  lor  the  last  century,  Avould  give  the  United 
States,  in  the  year  2000,  a  population  of  one  and  a  quarter 
billion,  or  very  nearly  the  present  population  of  the  entire  globe. 
Startling  as  is  the  proposition,  it  is  not  improbable. 


AMERICAN    CITIZEN  S    TREASURE    HOUSE.  367 

We  have  abundant  resources  to  support  this,  or  even  a  greater 
number  in  comfort.  To-day  not  one-half  of  our  entire  territory 
is  settled,  and  not  one-half  of  that  settled  is  cultivated,  while  even 
this  does  not  produce  to  exceed,  on  an  average,  more  than  one- 
half  it  is  capable  of  producing  under  a  higher  system  of  agricul- 
ture, and  with  better  machinery ;  yet  we  have  enough  even  now,  to 
very  nearly  or  quite  sustain  the  population  which  we  shall  have 
ten  centuries  hence.  Those  who  are  living  in  dread  of  a  famine 
in  consequence  of  the  great  rush  of  emigration,  would  do  well  to 
consider  the  following  facts.  Most  of  the  immigrants  come 
from  a  hard,  stern  school,  in  which  they  have  learned  lessons  of 
close  economy,  industry  and  patient  perseverance,  preparing  them 
to  win  from  our  most  sterile  lands  a  richer  harvest  than  rewarded 
their  efforts  on  the  best  of  their  own  acres.  With  simplicity  of 
habit,  they  possess  great  power  of  endurance.  Having  in  their 
hearts  an  irrepressible  love  of  freedom,  a  hungering  and  thirsting 
after  the  liberty  with  which  the  generous  Republic  endows  all  her 
sons  alike,  whether  hers  by  birth  or  adoption,  they  become  at 
once  the  staunchest  defenders  and  the  most  unbounded  admirers 
of  our  institutions. 

If  agriculture  is  in  its  infancy,  so  also  is  the  development  of 
our  mineral  resources,  abundant  and  unlimited,  even  to  the 
necessities  of  all  the  anticipated  increase  of  population.  Christ- 
ianity and  education  elevate  the  masses  of  the  people,  and  give 
them  the  wisdom  requisite  for  the  duties  of  citizens  and  states- 
men, and  it  is  only  through  the  influence  of  those  two  agents  that 
we  shall  escape  the  fate  of  Republics  which  rose  and  fell  before 
our  own  had  an  existence,  or  its  birth  was  foretold. 

So  long  as  numberless  church  spires  pierce  the  clouds  in 
every  city,  town,  vale  and  prairie  throughout  the  land,  and  every- 
where are  found  institutions  of  learning — from  the  classic  halls 
that  have  been  the  literary  alma  mater  of  generations  of  philoso- 
phers to  the  log  school-house  on  the  far  frontier,  we  have  little  to 
dread  from  political  power.  Neither  civil  nor  religious  oppres- 
sion can  be  brought  to  bear  heavily  upon  a  people  thus  guarded 
and  protected.  No  Republic,  except  our  own,  ever  attained  such 
triumphs  in  the  test  of  the  great  principles  upon  which  it  was 
founded,  and  perhaps  no  people  ever  possessed  such  advantages 
for  perfecting  an  experiment  that  has  so  often  proved  a  disastrous 
failure  with  other  nations. 


368  MASTER    SPIRITS    OF    THE    WORLD,   AND 

It  is  impossible  for  us  to  be  too  careful  in  guarding  every  source 
by  which  corruption  can  creep  into  our  councils  and  obtain  power 
in  our  midst.  The  contest  with  bigotry,  prejudice  and  superstition, 
with  the  religious  intolerance  of  other  ages  and  other  nations, 
will  not  only  be  sharp,  but  long.  If  "  the  price  of  liberty  is 
eternal  vigilance,"  it  is  still  worth  all  it  costs.  It  is  not  the  inter- 
vention of  foreign  foes  we  have  to  dread  so  much  as  masked 
treason  in  our  midst.  The  world  looks  on  in  silence.  Freedom, 
crushed  again  and  again  by  the  hand  of  tyranny  in  the  Old  World, 
has  found  a  place  of  refuge,  a  shelter,  a  home,  an  altar  in  the 
New.  Her  triumphant  shouts  reach  the  shores  of  distant  king- 
doms, and  the  reverberating  echo  startles  crowned  heads  from  their 
fancied  security. 

There  is  no  standing  still — no  folding  of  idle  hands — no  loiter- 
ing in  pleasant  places  by  the  way.  "  Onward !  "  is  the  cry ;  "  On- 
ward!" is  the  motto — onward  the  purpose.  Millions  of  acres 
are  yet  to  be  brought  under  cultivation ;  exhaustless  wealth  of 
iron,  and  coal,  and.  copper,  and  lead  lie  in  the  unexplored  depths 
of  the  earth.  Ophir  ne'er  possessed  more  abundant  riches  of 
gold  and  silver  than  await  the  persevering  industry  of  the 
miner  in  this  fair  land.  Our  territories  offer  homesteads  for  all 
who  will  come. 

The  ordinary  mind  is  overwhelmed  with  the  magnitude  of  the 
view  thus  presented  and  shrinks  from  the  task  of  predicting  the 
future  of  such  a  country,  but  dwells  in  ever-brightening  hope  of 
the  glory  thereof. 


NATHANIEL  P.  BANKS, 


AMERICAN    CITIZEN'S   TREASURE    HOUSE.  37 r 


THE  LOVE  OF  COUNTRY  AND  OF  HOME, 


THERE  is  a  land,  of  every  land  the  pride, 
Beloved  by  heaven  o'er  all  the  world  beside ; 
Where  brighter  suns  dispense  serener  light, 
And  milder  moons  imparadise  the  night ; 
A  land  of  beauty,  virtue,  valor,  truth, 
Time-tutored  age,  and  love-exalted  youth. 

The  wandering  mariner,  whose  eye  explores 
The  wealthiest  isles,  the  most  enchanting  shores, 
Views  not  a  realm  so  bountiful  and  fair, 
Nor  breathes  the  spirit  of  a  purer  air  ; 
In  every  clime,  the  magnet  of  his  soul, 
Touched  by  remembrance,  trembles  to  that  pole  : 

For  in  this  land  of  heaven's  peculiar  grace 
The  heritage  of  nature's  noblest  race, 
There  is  a  spot  of  earth  supremely  blest, 
A  dearer,  sweeter  spot  than  all  the  rest, 
Where  man,  creation's  tyrant,  casts  aside 
His  sword  and  sceptre,  pageantry  and  pride. 

While,  in  his  softened  looks  benignly  blend 
The  sire,  the  son,  the  husband,  father,  friend, 
Here  woman  reigns  ;  the  mother,  daughter,  wife, 
Strews  with  fresh  flowers  the  narrow  way  of  life  ; 
In  the  clear  heaven  of  her  delightful  eye, 
An  angel-guard  of  loves  and  graces  lie  ; 

Around  her  knees  domestic  duties  meet, 

And  fireside  pleasures  gambol  at  her  feet. 

Where  shall  that  land,  that  spot  of  earth  be  found? 

Art  thou  a  man  ?  a  patriot  ?  look  around  ; 

Oh  !  thou  shalt  find,  howe'er  thy  footsteps  roam, 

That  land  THY  COUNTRY,  and  that  spot  THY  HOME. 


372  MASTER    SPIRITS   OF    THE    WORLD,  AND 


FORMATION  OF  THE  ORIGINAL  UNION. 


N  Monday,  the  5th  September,  1774,  there  were  assembled 
at  Carpenter's  Hall,  in  the  city  of  Philadelphia,  a  number 
of  men  who  had  been  chosen  and  appointed  by  the  sev- 
eral colonies  in  North  America  to  hold  a  Congress  for  the  purpose 
of  discussing  certain  grievances  imputed  against  the  mother-coun- 
try. This  Congress  resolved,  on  the  next  day,  that  each  colony 
should  have  one  vote  only.  On  Tuesday,  the  2d  July,  1776,  the 
Congress  resolved,  "  That  these  United  Colonies  are,  and  of  right 
ought  to  be,  Free  and  Independent  States,"  etc.,  etc. ;  and  on 
Thursday,  the  4th  July,  the  whole  Declaration  of  Independence 
having  been  agreed  upon,  it  was  publicly  read  to  the  people. 
Shortly  after,  on  the  pth  September,  it  was  resolved  that  the  words 
'"  United  Colonies"  should  be  no  longer  used,  and  that  the  "  UNITED 
STATES  OF  AMERICA  "  should  thenceforward  be  the  style  and  title 
of  the  Union.  On  Saturday,  the  i5th  November,  1777,  "Articles 
of  Confederation  and  Perpetual  Union  of  the  United  States  of 
America  "  were  agreed  to  by  the  State  delegates,  subject  to  the 
ratification  of  the  State  legislatures  severally.  Eight  of  the  States 
ratified  these  articles  on  the  gih  July,  1778 ;  one  on  the  2ist  July; 
one  on  the  24th  July;  one  on  the  26th  November  of  the  same 
year;  one  on  the  22d  February,  1779;  and  the  last  one  on  the 
ist  of  March,  1781.  Here  was  a  bond  of  union  between  thirteen 
independent  States,  whose  delegates  in  Congress  legislated  for  the 
general  welfare,  and  executed  certain  powers,  so  far  as  they  were 
permitted  by  the  articles  aforesaid.  The  following  are  the  names 
of  the  Presidents  of  the  Continental  Congress  from  1774  to  1788 : 

Peyton  Randolph,  Virginia 5th  Sept.  1774 

Henry  Middleton,  South  Carolina _22d  Oct.  1774 

Peyton  Randolph,  Virginia i oth  May,  1775 

John  Hancock,  Massachusetts 24th  May,  1776 


AMERICAN    CITIZEN  S    TREASURE    HOUSE  373 

Henry  Laurens,  South  Carolina ist  Nov.  1777 

John  Jay,  New  York loth  Dec.  1778 

Samuel  Huntingdon,  Connecticut 28th  Sept.  1779 

Thomas  McKean,  Delaware loth  July,  1781 

John  Hanson,  Maryland _Sth  Nov.  1781 

Elias  Boudinot,  New  Jersey  _. 4th  Nov.  1782 

Thomas  Mifflin,  Pennsylvania 3d  Nov.  1783 

Richard  Henry  Lee,  Virginia -3oth  Nov.  1784 

Nathaniel  Gorham,  Massachusetts 6th  Jan.  1786 

Arthur  St.  Clair,  Pennsylvania 2d  Feb.  1787 

Cyrus  Griffin,  Virginia 22d  Jan.  1788 

The  seat  of  government  was  established  as  follows  :  at  Philadel- 
phia, Pennsylvania,  commencing  September  5,  1774,  and  May  10, 
1775;  at  Baltimore,  Maryland,  December  20,  1776;  at  Philadel- 
phia, Pennsylvania,  March  4,  1777  ;  at  Lancaster,  Pennsylvania, 
September  27,  1777;  at  York,  Pennsylvania,  September  30,  1777  ; 
at  Philadelphia,  Pennsylvania,  July  2,  1778;  at  Princeton,  New 
Jersey,  June  30,  1783;  at  Annapolis,  Maryland,  November  26, 
1783;  at  Trenton,  New  Jersey,  November  1,1784;  and  at  New 
York  City,  New  York,  January  n,  1785. 

On  the  4th  March,  1789,  the  present  Constitution,  which  had 
been  adopted  by  a  convention  and  ratified  by  the  requisite  num- 
ber of  States,  went  into  operation 


374  MASTER   SPIRITS   OF    THE    WORLD,  AND 


STATISTICS  OF  THE  GLOBE. 


/HE  earth  is  inhabited  by  about  1300  millions  of  inhabit- 
ants, viz : 

360,000,000  of  the  Caucassian  race ; 
550,000,000  of  the  Mongolian; 
190,000,000  of  the  Ethiopian; 
200,000,000  of  the  Malay  races,  and 
1,000,000  of  the  American  Indian. 

All  these  respectively  speak  3,064  languages  and  possess   1,000 
different  religions. 

The  amount  of  deaths  per  annum  is  33,333,333,  or  91,954  per 
day;  3,730  per  hour;  60  per  minute,  or  one  per  second.  This 
loss  is  compensated  by  an  equal  number  of  births. 

The  average  duration  of  life  throughout  the  globe  is  thirty- 
three  years.  One-fourth  of  its  population  dies  before  the  seventh 
year,  and  one-half  before  the  seventeenth.  Out  of  10,000  per- 
sons only  one  reaches  his  hundredth  year;  only  one  in  500  his 
eightieth  ;  and  only  one  in  100  his  sixty-fifth. 

Married  people  live  longer  than  unmarried  ones,  and  a  tall  man 
is  likely  to  live  longer  than  a  short  one.  Until  the  fiftieth  year, 
women  have  a  better  chance  of  life  than  men ;  but  beyond  that 
period  the  chances  are  equal. 

Sixty-five  persons  out  of  one  thousand,  marry.  The  months  of 
June  and  December  are  those  in  which  marriages  are  most 
frequent. 

Children  born  in  spring  are  generally  stronger  than  those  born 
in  other  seasons. 

Births  and  deaths  chiefly  occur  in  the  night. 
The  number  of  men  able  to  bear  arms  is  but  one-eighth  of  the 
population. 


AMERICAN    CITIZEN  S    TREASURE    HOUSE. 


377 


ESTIMATED    POPULATION    OF    THE    OLD    AND    NEW    WORLD. 

Europe - 280,000,000- 

Asia,  including  Islands 750,000,000 

Africa, estimated  from. 100  to  200,000,000 

America 69,000,000 

Australia  and  Islands 2,000,000 

Polynesia,   estimate 1,500,000 

NEGROES    IN    AMERICA. 

It  is  estimated  that  there  are  some  14,000,000  persons  of  African 
descent  on  this  continent.  In  the  United  States  they  number 
4,500,000;  Brazil  4,000,000;  Cuba  and  Porto  Rico,  1,500,000; 
South  and  Central  American  Republics,  1,200,000;  Hayti, 
1,350,000;  British  Possessions,  800,000 ;  French,  250,000;  Dutch 
and  Mexican,  400,000. 


MASTER    SPIRITS   OF    THE    WORLD,   AND 


THE  TREATY  OF  WASHINGTON. 


HIS  Treaty  with  Great  Britain,  signed  at  Washington,  May 
8,  1871,  ratified  on  the  i7th  of  June,  and  proclaimed  by 
President  Grant  on  the  4th  of  July,  provides  for  the  ami- 
cable settlement  of  all  points  of  difference  between  the  United 
States  and  Great  Britain,  more  especially  in  the  matters  of  the 
•"Alabama  claims  "  and  the  Canadian  fisheries.  We  give  all  that 
is  necessary  to  a  clear  understanding  of  the  intent  of  the  treaty. 

THE    ALABAMA  CLAIMS. 

"  Whereas,  differences  have  arisen  between  the  government  of 
the  United  States  and  the  government  of  Her  Britannic  Majesty, 
and  still  exist,  growing  out  of  the  acts  committed  by  the  several 
vessels  which  have  given  rise  to  the  claims  generally  known  as  the 
x Alabama  claims  ';  And  whereas  Her  Britannic  Majesty  has  author- 
ized her  High  Commissioners  and  Plenipotentiaries  to  express,  in 
a  friendly  spirit,  the  regret  felt  by  Her  Majesty's  government  for 
the  escape,  under  whatever  circumstances,  of  the  Alabama  and 
other  vessels  from  British  ports,  and  for  the  depredations  com- 
mitted by  those  vessels. 

"  Now,  in  order  to  remove  and  adjust  all  complaints  and  claims 
on  the  part  of  the  United  States,  and  to  provide  for  the  speedy 
settlement  of  such  claims,  which  are  not  admitted  by  Her  Britannic 
Majesty's  government,  the  High  Contracting  Parties  agree  that 
all  the  said  claims,  growing  out  of  acts  committed  by  the  afore- 
said vessels  and  generally  known  as  the  'Alabama  claims,'  shall  be 
jeferred  to  a  Tribunal  of  Arbitration  to  be  composed  of  five 
Arbitrators,  to  be  appointed  in  the  following  manner,  that  is  to 
say :  One  shall  be  named  by  the  President  of  the  United  States; 
one  shall  be  named  by  Her  Britannic  Majesty;  His  Majesty  the 
King  of  Italy  shall  be  requested  to  name  one ;  the  President  of 
the  Swiss  Confederation  shall  be  requested  to  name  one;  and  His 
Majesty  the  Emperor  of  Brazil  shall  be  requested  to  name  one." 


AMERICAN    CITIZEN'S    TREASURE    HOUSE.  379 

Provision  is  made  for  filling  vacancies  in  the  Board  of  Arbitra- 
tors, who  are  to  meet  at  Geneva,  Switzerland,  at  a  convenient  and 
early  day,  "  and  shall  proceed  impartially  and  carefully  to  examine 
and  decide  all  questions  that  shall  be  laid  before  them  on  the 
part  of  the  governments  of  the  United  States  and  Her  Britannic 
Majesty  respectively.  All  questions  considered  by  the  Tribunal, 
including  the  final  award,  shall  be  decided  by  a  majority  of  all 
the  Arbitrators.  Each  of  the  High  Contracting  Parties  shall  also 
name  one  person  to  attend  the  Tribunal  as  its  agent,  to  represent 
it  generally  in  all  matters  connected  with  the  arbitration." 

Each  side  is  to  have  access  to  all  documents  referring  to  claims 
and  ample  regulations  are  made  for  the  times  and  forms  of  pro- 
cedure. 

"In  deciding  the  matters  submitted  to  the  Arbitrators,  they 
shall  be  governed  by  the  following  three  rules,  which  are  agreed 
upon  by  the  High  Contracting  Parties  as  rules  to  be  taken  as  ap- 
plicable to  the  case,  and  by  such  principles  of  International  Law 
not  inconsistent  therewith  as  the  Arbitrators  shall  determine  to  have 
been  applicable  to  the  case.  A  neutral  Government  is  bound — 

" '  First,  to  use  due  diligence  to  prevent  the  fitting  out,  arming, 
or  equipping,  within  its  jurisdiction,  of  any  vessel  which  it  has 
reasonable  ground  to  believe  is  intended  to  cruise  or  to  carry  on 
war  against  a  power  with  which  it  is  at  peace ;  and  also  to  use  like 
diligence  to  prevent  the  departure  from  its  jurisdiction  of  any 
vessel  intended  to  cruise  or  carry  on  war  as  above — such  vessel 
having  been  specially  adapted,  in  whole  or  in  part,  within  such 
jurisdiction,  to  warlike  use. 

" '  Secondly,  not  to  permit  or  suffer  either  belligerent  to  make 
use  of  its  ports  or  waters  as  the  base  of  naval  operations  against 
the  other,  or  for  the  purpose  of  the  renewal  or  augmentation  of 
.military  supplies  or  arms,  or  the  recruitment  of  men. 

" '  Thirdly,  to  exercise  due  diligence  in  its  own  ports  and  waters, 
and,  as  to  all  persons  within  its  jurisdiction,  to  prevent  any  viola- 
tion of  the  foregoing  obligations  and  duties.' 

"  Her  Britannic  Majesty  has  commanded  her  High  Commission- 
ers and  Plenipotentiaries  to  declare  that  Her  Majesty's  government 
cannot  assent  to  the  foregoing  rules  as  a  statement  of  principles 
of  International  Law  which  were  in  force  at  the  time  when  the 
claims  mentioned  in  Article  I  arose,  but  that  Her  Majesty's  gov- 


380  MASTER    SPIRITS    OF    THE    WORLD,    AND 

ernment,  in  order  to  evince  its  desire  of  strengthening  the  friendly 
relation  between  the  two  countries  and  of  making  satisfactory 
provisions  for  the  future,  agrees  that  in  deciding  the  questions  be- 
tween the  two  countries  arising  out  of  those  claims,  the  Arbitra- 
tors should  assume  that  Her  Majesty's  government  had  undertaken 
to  act  upon  the  principles  set  forth  in  these  rules.  And  the  High 
Contracting  Parties  agree  to  observe  these  rules  as  between  them- 
selves in  future,  and  to  bring  them  to  the  knowledge  of  other  mari- 
time powers,  and  to  invite  them  to  accede  to  them. 

"  The  decision  of  the  Tribunal  shall,  if  possible,  be  made  within 
three  months  from  the  close  of  the  argument  on  both  sides.  It 
shall  be  made  in  writing  and  dated,  and  shall  be  signed  by  the 
Arbitrators  who  may  assent  to  it.  The  said  tribunal  shall  first 
determine  as  to  each  vessel,  separately,  whether  Great  Britain  has, 
by  any  act  or  omission,  failed  to  fulfill  any  of  the  duties  set  forth 
in  the  foregoing  three  rules,  or  recognized  by  the  principles  of 
International  Law  not  inconsistent  with  such  rules,  and  shall 
certify  such  fact  as  to  each  of  the  said  vessels.  In  case  the  Tri- 
bunal find  that  Great  Britain  has  failed  to  fulfill  any  duty  or  duties 
as  aforesaid,  it  may,  if  it  think  proper,  proceed  to  award  a  sum  in 
gross  to  be  paid  by  Great  Britain  to  the  United  States  for  all  the 
claims  referred  to  it ;  and  in  such  case  the  gross  sum  so  awarded 
shall  be  paid  in  coin  by  the  government  of  Great  Britain  to  the 
government  of  the  United  States,  at  Washington,  within  twelve 
months  after  the  date  of  the  award." 

Each  party  pays  its  own  commissioners  and  their  expenses. 
Record  of  all  proceedings  is  to  be  kept. 

In  case  the  Tribunal  finds  that  Great  Britain  has  failed  to  fulfill 
any  duty  as  aforesaid,  and  does  not  award  a  sum  in  gross,  the 
Contracting  Parties  agree  that  a  Board  of  Assessors  shall  be  ap- 
pointed to  determine  what  claims  are  valid,  and  what  amount 
shall  be  paid  by  Great  Britain  to  the  United  States  on  account  of 
the  liability  arising  from  such  failure,  as  to  each  vessel,  according 
to  the  extent  of  such  liability  as  decided  by  the  Arbitrators.  The 
Board  of  Assessors  shall  be  constituted  as  follows :  One  member 
thereof  shall  be  named  by  the  President  of  the  United  States,  one 
member  thereof  shall  be*  named  by  Her  Britannic  Majesty  and 
one  member  thereof  shall  be  named  by  the  Representative  at  Wash- 
ington of  the  King  of  Italy ;  and  in  case  of  a  vacancy  it  shall  be 


AMERICAN    CITIZEN'S    TREASURE    HOUSE.  383 

filled  in  the  same  manner.  As  soon  as  possible  after  such  nomi- 
nations the  Board  of  Assessors  shall  be  organized  in  Washington. 
The  members  shall  be  bound  to  hear  on  each  separate  claim,  if 
required,  one  person  on  behalf  of  each  government,  as  counsel  or 
agent.  A  majority  of  the  Assessors  in  each  case  shall  be  suffi- 
cient for  a  decision.  Every  claim  shall  be  presented  to  the 
Assessors  within  six  months  from  the  day  of  their  first  meet- 
ing, but  they  may,  for  good  cause  shown,  extend  the  time  for 
the  'presentation  of  any  claim  to  a  further  period  not  exceeding 
three  months.  The  Assessors  shall  report  to  each  govern- 
ment, at  or  before  the  expiration  of  one  year  from  the  date  of 
their  first  meeting,  the  amount  of  claims  decided  by  them  up  to 
the  date  of  such  report. 

All  awards  are  payable  in  coin,  at  Washington,  within  twelve 
months. 

"  The  High  Contracting  Parties  engage  to  consider  the  result  of 
the  proceedings  of  the  Tribunal  of  Arbitration  and  of  the  Board 
of  Assessors,  should  each  Board  be  appointed,  as  a  full,  perfect 
and  final  settlement  of  all  the  claims  hereinbefore  referred  to ; 
and  further  engage  that  every  such  claim,  whether  the  same  may 
or  may  not  have  been  presented  to  the  notice  of,  made,  preferred, 
or  laid  before  the  Tribunal  or  Board,  shall,  from  and  after  the 
conclusion  of  the  proceedings  of  the  Tribunal  or  Board,  be  con- 
sidered and  treated  as  finally  settled,  barred,  and  thenceforth 
inadmissible." 

ALL    OTHER    CLAIMS. 

The  High  Contracting  Parties  agree  that  all  claims  on  the  part 
of  corporations,  companies,  or  private  individuals,  citizens  of  the 
United  States,  upon  the  government  of  Her  Britannic  Majesty, 
arising  out  of  acts  committed  against  the  persons  or  property  of 
citizens  of  the  United  States  during  the  period  between  the  thir- 
teenth of  April,  1861,  and  the  ninth  of  April,  1865,  inclusive, 
not  being  claims  growing  out  of  the  acts  of  the  vessels  referred  to 
in  Article  I  of  this  Treaty,  and  all  claims  with  the  like  exception, 
on  the  part  of  corporations,  companies,  or  private  individuals, 
subjects  of  Her  Britannic  Majesty,  upon  the  government  of  the 
United  States,  arising  out  of  acts  committed  against  the  persons 
or  property  of  subjects  of  Her  Britannic  Majesty  during  the  same, 
period,  which  may  have  been  presented  to  either  government  for 


384        •  MASTER    SPIRITS    OF    THE    WORLD,  AND 

its  interposition  with  the  other,  and  which  yet  remain  unsettled, 
as  well  as  any  other  such  claims  which  may  be  presented  within 
the  time  specified  in  this  Treaty,  shall  be  referred  to  three  Com- 
missioners, to  be  appointed — One  shall  be  named  by  the  President 
of  the  United  States,  one  by  Her  Britannic  Majesty,  and  a  third 
by  the  President  of  the  United  States  and  Her  Britannic  Majesty, 
conjointly.  The  Commissioners  shall  meet  at  Washington  at  the 
earliest  convenient  period;  and  shall  forthwith  proceed  to  the 
investigation  of  the  claims  which  shall  be  presented.  They  shall 
investigate  and  decide  such  claims  in  such  order  and  such  man- 
ner as  they  may  think  proper,  but  upon  such  evidence  or  informa- 
tion only  as  shall  be  furnished  by  or  on  behalf  of  the  respective 
governments.  They  shall  be  bound  to  receive  and  consider  all 
written  documents  or  statements  which  may  be  presented  to  them 
by  or  on  behalf  of  the  respective  governments  in  support  of,  or  in 
answer  to,  any  claim,  and  to  hear,  if  required,  one  person  on  each 
side,  on  behalf  of  each  government  as  counsel  or  agent  for  such 
government,  on  each  and  every  separate  claim.  A  majority  of  the 
Commissioners  shall  be  sufficient  for  an  award  in  each  case.  The 
High  Contracting  Parties  hereby  engage  to  consider  the  decision 
of  the  Commissioners  as  absolutely  final  and  conclusive  upon  each 
claim  decided  upon  by  them,  and  to  give  full  effect  to  such  decis- 
ions without  any  objection,  evasion,  or  delay  whatsoever. 

Claims  are  to  be  presented  within  six  months  unless  for  satisfac- 
tory reasons,  and  are  to  be  decided  within  two  years ;  payment  ot 
awards  to  be  made  within  a  year,  without  interest. 

THE    FISHERIES. 

It  is  agreed  by  the  High  Contracting  Parties  that  British  sub- 
jects shall  have,  in  common  with  the  citizens  of  the  United  States, 
the  liberty,  for  the  term  of  ten  years,  to  take  fish  of  every  kind, 
except  shell-fish,  on  the  eastern  sea-coasts  and  shores  of  the  United 
States  north  of  the  thirty-ninth  parallel  of  north  latitude,  and  on 
the  shores  of  the  several  islands  thereunto  adjacent,  and  in  the 
bays,  harbors  and  creeks  of  the  said  sea-coasts  and  shores  of  the 
United  States  and  of  the  said  islands,  without  being  restricted  to 
any  distance  from  the  shore,  with  permission  to  land  upon  the 
said  coasts  of  the  United  States  and  of  the  islands  aforesaid,  for 
the  purpose  of  drying  their  nets  and  curing  their  fish ;  provided 


AMERICAN    CITIZEN'S    TREASURE    HOUSE.  385 

that,  in  so  doing,  they  do  not  interfere  with  the  rights  of  private 
property,  or  with  the  fishermen  of  the  United  States  in  the  peace- 
able use  of  any  part  of  the  said  coasts  in  their  occupancy  for  the 
same  purpose.  It  is  understood  that  the  above-mentioned  liberty 
applies  solely  to  the  sea  fishery,  and  that  salmon  and  shad  fisheries, 
and  all  other  fisheries  in  rivers  and  mouths  of  rivers,  are  hereby 
reserved  exclusively  for  fishermen  of  the  United  States.  Fish-oil 
and  fish  of  all  kinds  (except  fish  of  the  inland  lakes,  and  of  the 
rivers  falling  into  them,  and  except  fish  preserved  in  oil),  being 
the  produce  of  the  fisheries  of  the  United  States,  or  of  the  Do- 
minion of  Canada,  or  of  Prince  Edward's  Island,  shall  be  admitted 
into  each  country,  respectively,  free  of  duty. 

The  Treaty  provides  for  commissions  to  settle  any  disputed 
points  in  the  matter  of  the  fisheries,  and  prescribes  rules  for  their 
proceedings. 

RIVER    NAVIGATION. 

The  navigation  of  the  river  St.  Lawrence,  from  the  forty-fifth 
parallel  of  north  latitude,  where  it  ceases  to  form  the  boundary 
between  the  two  countries,  from,  to,  and  into  the  sea,  shall  forever 
remain  free  and  open  for  the  purposes  of  commerce  to  the  citi- 
zens of  the  United  States,  subject  to  any  laws  and  regulations  of 
Great  Britain,  or  of  the  Dominion  of  Canada,  not  inconsistent 
with  such  privilege  of  free  navigation.  The  navigation  of  the 
rivers  Yukon,  Porcupine  and  Stikine,  from,  to,  and  into  the  sea, 
shall  forever  remain  free  and  open  for  the  purposes  of  commerce 
to  the  subjects  of  Her  Britannic  Majesty  and  to  the  citizens  of  the 
United  States,  subject  to  any  laws  and  regulations  of  either  coun- 
try within  its  own  territory,  not  inconsistent  with  such  privilege 
of  free  navigation. 

It  is  provided  that  efforts  shall  be  made  to  procure  mutual  privi- 
leges in  navigating  canals  and  lakes  upon  or  contiguous  to  the 
Canadian  boundaries  ;  also  that  Lake  Michigan  shall  be  free  to 
British  vessels.  Goods  from  Great  Britain  for  Canada  may  be 
carried  through  United  States  territory  without  paying  duty,  and 
the  same  as  to  goods  through  Canada  for  the  United  States.  The 
government  of  the  United  States  may  suspend  the  right  of  carry- 
ing granted  in  favor  of  the  subjects  of  Her  Britannic  Majesty 
under  this  article,  in  case  the  Dominion  of  Canada  should  at  any 
time  deprive  the  citizens  of  the  United  States  of  the  use  of  the 


386 


MASTER   SPIRITS   OF    THE    WORLD,    AND 


canals  in  the  said  Dominion  on  terms  of  equality  with  the  inhab- 
itants of  the  Dominion. 

NORTHWESTERN    BOUNDARY. 

The  unsettled  boundary  between  Washington  Territory  and 
British  Columbia,  in  which  "  the  government  of  Her  Britannic 
Majesty  claims  that  such  boundary  line  should,  under  the  terms 
of  the  Treaty  of  June  15,  1846,  be  run  through  the  Rosario  Straits, 
and  the  government  of  the  United  States  claims  that  it  should  be 
run  through  the  Canal  de  Haro,  it  is  agreed  that  the  respective 
claims  shall  be  submitted  to  the  arbitration  of  the  Emperor  of 
Germany,  who,  having  regard  to  the  above-mentioned  article  of 
the  said  Treaty,  shall  decide  thereupon,  finally  and  without  appeal, 
which  claim  is  most  in  accordance  with  the  true  interpretation  of 
said  Treaty."  His  decision  is  to  be  a  full  settlement  of  the  mat- 
ter. Due  provision  is  made  for  presenting  evidence,  etc.,  to  the 
Emperor. 


AMERICAN    CITIZEN  S    TREASURE    HOUSE. 


389 


THE  ELECTORAL  COLLEGE. 


The  electoral  vote  for  President  in  1872  will  be  considerably  greater  than  it 
was  in  1868,  under  the  previous  apportionment.  Many  States  have  increased 
their  respective  votes,  and  several  States  which  did  not  vote  at  all  in  1868  will 
now  take  part  in  the  election.  The  following  table  will  show  the  electoral 
vote  ii  1868,  with  the  popular  majority  in  each  State  for  Grant  or  Seymour,  and 
aLo  the  number  of  votes  to  which  each  State  will  be  entitled  in  1872  : 

Grant.    Seymour. 

Alabama 8 

Arkansas 5 

California 5 

Connecticut 6 

Delaware --  3 

*Florida 3 

Georgia .  . .  9 

Illinois.. - -  16 

Indiana 13 

Iowa •, 8 

Kansas 3 

Kentucky -.  --  11 

Louisiana 7 

Maine -- 7 

Maryland . ..  7 

Massachusetts 12 

Michigan 8 

Minnesota 4 

Mississippi 

Missouri 11 

Nebraska . -       3 

Nevada 3 

New  Hampshire 5 

New  Jersey 7 

New  York. 33 

North   Carolina 9 

Ohio.... 21 

Oregon 3 

Pennsylvania 26 

Rhode  Island 4 

South  Carolina 6 

Tennessee 10 

*Texas 

Vermont 5 

*Virginia 

West  Virginia 5 

Wisconsin 8 

Whole  number 221  78          317        366 

Majority 159         184 

Votes  necessary  to  a  choice,  179.     Grant's  majority  on  popular  vote,  309,568. 
The  whole  number  of  electors  has  been  increased  49,  and  three  States,  which 
had  23  votes,  did  not  vote  in  1868, — making  72  additional  electoral  votes. 

*  Not  voting,  23. 


Electoral  vote  of 

Majority. 

'68. 

'72. 

4280 

8 

10 

3074 

5 

6 

514 

5 

6 

3045 

6 

6 

3357 

3 

3 

. 

3 

4 

45688 

9 

11 

51150 

16 

21 

9572 

13 

15 

46962 

8 

11 

170SO 

3 

5 

76323 

11 

12 

46962 

7 

8 

28030 

7 

7 

31919 

7 

8 

77069 

12 

13 

31481 

8 

11 

15470 

4 

5 

7 

8 

25883 

11 

15 

4290 

3 

3 

1262 

3 

3 

6967 

5 

5 

2880 

7 

9 

10000 

33 

35 

12136 

9 

10 

41428 

21 

22 

164 

3 

3 

28398 

26 

29 

6445 

4 

4 

17064 

6 

7 

30446 

10 

12 

6 

8 

82122 

5 

5 

10 

11 

8719 

5 

5 

24447 

8 

10 

390  MASTER    SPIRITS   OF    THE    WORLD,  AND 


THE  LAW  OF  NATIONS. 


CATIONS,  like  individuals,  are  bound  by  certain  laws 
which  govern  and  control  their  relation  and  conduct  to 
each  other.  It  is,  or  should  be,  based  upon  the  divine 
precept,  "  Whatsoever  ye  would  that  men  should  do  to  you,  do 
ye  even  so  to  them."  No  other  rule  is  just,  and  nations  are  as 
strongly  bound  to  obey  it  as  an  individual.  This,  however,  is  not 
enough  ;  and  sad  as  is  the  commentary,  in  other  and  more  human 
laws  they  find  a  stronger  protection.  There  is  no  tribunal  but 
that  of  public  opinion  to  enforce  upon  nations  an  observance  of 
the  courtesy  due  each  other,  but,  in  this  age;  there  is  not  a  civilized 
government  on  earth  that  does  not  stand  sufficiently  in  awe  of 
this  to  openly  respect  its  compact  with  other  nations. 

There  can,  of  course,  be  no  court  for  the  adjustment  of 
national  misunderstandings  ;  and  each  nation  is  therefore  a  law 
unto  itself,  and  the  chief  judge  of  its  own  wrongs  and  grievances; 
hence,  when  difficulties  and  disputes  arise  between  them,  and 
neither  reason  nor  charity  will  lead  to  a  peaceful  settlement  of 
their  troubles,  war  is  resorted  to,  and  by  force  of  arms,  or  supe- 
riority of  numbers,  one  is  forced  to  yield  its  claims  to  the  other, 
and  often  to  relinquish  justice.  A  nation's  strength  is  not  always 
a  nation's  glory,  since  it  may  have  been  acquired  by  the  most  dis- 
honorable means  ;  and  a  nation's  greatness  is  not  always  a  nation's 
honor,  since  it  may  have  been  reached  in  such  a  way  as  to  be  its 
shame.  In  the  ages  when  the  most  bloody  and  cruel  war  begat 
heroes,  and  the  most  treacherous  and  cowardly  acts  often  crowned 
them  with  laurels,  it  was  enough  that  a  nation  was  victorious ;  it 
mattered  little  whether  that  victory,  or  the  terms  dictated  to  the 
conquered,  were  honorable  or  otherwise,  and  some  of  the  most 
noted  of  the  ancient  Roman  and  Grecian  warriors  were  distinguished 
for  cruelty,  tyranny  and  treachery.  To  violate  a  treaty  was,  with 


AMERICAN    CITIZEN'S    TREASURE    HOUSE.  391 

• 

Rome,  but  to  proclaim  that  it  was  more  to  her  interest  to  break 
than  to  keep  it — or  that  she  was  strong  enough  to-day  to  with- 
draw what  she  conceded  through  weakness  yesterday*  Every 
nation  has,  as  much  as  every  family,  the  right  to  regulate  its  own 
domestic  or  internal  affairs  ;  and  no  other  nation  has  a  right  to 
interfere,  no  matter  what  its  laws  or  customs  may  be,  or  how  bar- 
barous or  inhuman ;  and  they  may  alter  or  abolish  them,  in  part 
or  altogether,  as  they  chose,  but  it  must  be  done  with  proper  con- 
sideration for  the  rights  of  others,  and  care  that  it  does  not  inter- 
fere with  or  injure  them. 

All  political  divisions  are  protected  under  and  by  the  law  of 
nations,  as  the  States  of  a  confederacy  or  union  are  protected  by 
the  constitution  that  is  binding  upon  all  alike ;  and  any  nation  or 
kingdom  guilty  of  wilfully  violating  treaties,  or  resorting  to  dis- 
simulation to  free  itself  from  honest  obligations,  or  wantonly 
making  unprovoked  war  upon  a  neighbor  would  forfeit  its  claim 
to  the  protection  of  the  law  of  nations,  and  all  governments  would 
be  bound  to  see  that  justice  was  done  to  the  wronged  party. 
Every  government  is  free  to  act  as  it  sees  fit  in  making  treaties, 
and  in  using  its  discretion  and  judgment  as  to  what  is  best  for 
itself. 

Every  nation  has  an  exclusive  right  to  the  use,  for  navigation, 
or  other  purposes,  of  the  rivers  flowing  through  its  own  territony, 
to  sea,  lake  or  inland  bay,  and  to  its  own  sea  coast  for  three  miles 
from  shore ;  and  all  her  vessels,  of  whatever  description,  going  be- 
yond that  line,  are  considered  in  foreign  waters,  and  must  be  pro- 
vided with  passports  from  their  government,  which  is  neither 
more  nor  less  than  an  official  certificate  that  the  ship  is  from  the 
country  under  whose  flag  she  sails,  and  gives  permission  to  visit 
certain  ports  or  countries,  and  to  navigate  certain  waters  without 
molestation.  It  gives  a  minute  and  truthful  description  of  the 
vessel,  her  officers,  crew,  lading,  capacity,  guns,  etc.,  and  asks  of 
all  powers  that  the  vessel  be  allowed  to  pass  on  her  journey  with- 
out disturbance  ;  and  any  molestation  or  insult  to  her  is  an  insult 
to  the  nation  whose  flag  she  bears,  and  one  requiring  the  fullest 
apology  and  the  most  ample  amendment,  according  to  the  law  of 
nations. 

Every  nation  has  its  agent  or  representative  at  the  national 
capital,  at  the  court,  or  legislative  assemblage  of  each  other  ;  and 


392  MASTER    SPIRITS    OF    THE    WORLD,  AXD 

the  failure  of  a  nation  to  send  a  minister  to  a  court,  or  assembly 
of  national  interest,  is  often  a  sign  of  non-recognition  of  that 
power.  -These  officers  are  divided  into  four  classes :  ist,  Am- 
bassadors or  Papal  Legates ;  2d,  Envoys  Extraordinary  and  Min- 
isters Plenipotentiary;  3d,  Resident  Minister,  accredited  to 
sovereigns  or  independent  nations;  4th,  Charge ' (F Affaires,  ac- 
credited to  the  minister  of  foreign  affairs.  An  ambassador  holds 
the  highest  rank,  and  acts  in  the  place  of  the  sovereign  who  em- 
ploys him,  and  his  word  is  absolute,  so  far  as  his  government  is 
concerned  ;  and  is  entitled  to  all  the  honors  which  would  be  paid 
to  the  ruler  he  represents  personally ;  and  he  is  not  answerable  or 
held  accountable  to  the  country  he  visits  for  any  crime  or  atrocity, 
but  it  can  be  exacted  of  his  own  government  that  he  be  re-called 
and  punished. 

In  times  of  peace,  special  agents  sent  out  in  case  of  an  emer- 
gency, or  for  a  special  purpose,  is  styled  an  envoy.  A  plenipo- 
tentiary is  a  minister  who  is  authorized  to  act  for  his  sovereign  in 
any  negotiations,  and  to  arrange  terms  and  treaties  at  the  close  of 
war.  The  ministers  of  the  United  States  are  required  to  keep 
their  government  notified  of  everything  which  is  of  interest  or  im- 
portance to  it,  to  see  that  justice  is  done  to  their  countrymen,  that 
they  are  not  oppressed  or  wronged,  and  to  encourage  every  move- 
ment which  tends  to  the  enlightenment  of  the  race,  and  to  improve 
their  condition.  A  charge  cT  affaires  ranks  lowest  in  the  class  of 
foreign  ministers — is,  indeed,  a  deputy  simply,  and  intrusted  by 
the  ambassador  to  take  charge  of  the  business  with  which  he  in- 
trusts him.  A  consul  is  a  commercial  agent,  who  is  sent  by  his 
government  to  reside  abroad,  and  his  business  lies  usually  in 
seaport  towns.  The  consul  must  carry  with  him  a  certificate  of 
his  appointment,  must  be  publicly  recognized  and  receive  from 
the  government  under  which  he  proposes  to  reside  a  written  per- 
mission to  perform  his  special  duties.  He  is  not  entitled  to 
the  immunities  of  a  minister  and  may  be  discharged  at  the  will  of 
the  government  to  whom  he  is  sent ;  but  an  ambassador  can 
only  be  withdrawn  at  the  will  of  the  sovereign  he  represents.  The 
refusal  to  receive  a  consul  is  never  considered  a  breach  of  eti- 
quette, but  a  refusal  to  receive  a  minister  would  be  an  open  insult 
to  his  government,  and  denote  great  dissatisfaction,  if  not  actual 
hostility.  It  is  not  customary,  nor  admissible,  to  open  war  upon 


AMERICAN    CITIZEN'S    TREASURE    HOUSE.  395 

any  nation  without  a  certain  preliminary  course.  It  is  preceded 
by  setting  forth  the  wrongs  and  grievances  upon  which  it  is  based, 
and  asking  peaceful  redress  and  not  until  every  other  means  have 
been  tried,  and  every  other  measure  resorted  to  without  success, 
is  war  justified  by  the  law  of  nations.  In  the  United  States  the 
power  to  declare  war  is  intrusted  to  the  national  legislature. 
When  once  war  has  been  declared,  every  subject  is  considered  or 
treated  as  if  responsible  for  the  acts  of  his  government,  and  en- 
mity and  hostility  exists,  not  only  between  the  active  armies,  but 
between  the  individuals  who  comprise  the  nations,  and  indirectly 
they  support  the  war,  since  the  taxes  levied  upon  them,  paid,  it 
may  be  reluctantly,  yet  paid,  are  the  only  means  by  which  the 
armies  could  be  sustained  or  war  carried  on. 

A  blockade  is  the  surrounding  of  a  place  with  hostile  troops  or 
ships  in  such  a  manner  as  to  prevent  escape  and  hinder  supplies 
of  ammunition  and  provision  from  entering,  with  a  view  to  com- 
pelling a  surrender  by  hunger  and  want,  without  regular  attacks. 
No  neutral  nation  is  permitted  to  afford  aid  or  relief  to  the  inhabi- 
tants, and  all  supplies  in  a  state  of  transmission  for  such  relief,  are 
subject  to  confiscation.  A  mere  declaration  of  blockade  is  not 
sufficient,  nor  is  it  binding  upon  neutral  powers,  unless  they  have 
first  been  notified,  and  the  port  or  country  surrounded  in  such  a 
manner  as  to  prevent  ingress  or  egress. 

A  truce  is  a  temporary  suspension  of  hostilities  by  the  mutual 
agreement  of  the  two  armies,  and  at  the  close  of  it,  war  may  be 
at  once  resumed,  and  it  maybe  generator  only  partial.  A  partial 
truce  suspends  hostilities  only  at  one  point,  while  a  general  truce 
extends  over  all  the  dominion  of  the  hostile  nations. 

A  declaration  of  war  is  a  total  prohibition  of  commercial  inter- 
course between  the  citizens  of  the  two  opposing  powers,  and  any 
contracts  made  between  them  are  null  and  void ;  neither  is  it 
lawful  to  insure  the  property  of,  or  remit  money  to,  a  citizen  of 
the  other  country. 

An  embargo  is  an  injunction  to  vessels  not  to  leave  port,  and 
can  only  be  issued  by  the  supreme  rulers  of  a  country,  and  im- 
plies that  there  is  threatening  and  immediate  danger. 

Letters  of  marque  and  reprisal  are  sealed  commissions  granted 
by  a  government  to  its  citizens,  licensing  the  seizure  of  an  enemy's 
property,  or  of  the  person  of  those  who  belong  to  a  government 


396 


MASTER    SPIRITS    OF    THE    WORLD,    AND 


which  has  refused  to  do  justice  to  the  country  granting  it;  and 
war-vessels  owned  by  private  individuals,  and  thus  licensed,  are 
privateers. 

A  treaty  is  a  solemn  compact  between  nations,  made  by  com- 
missioners who  represent  the  sovereign  or  chief  magistrate,  and 
the  country  which  they  represent  pledges  its  national  honor  and 
truth  before  the  world  to  keep  sacred  the  stipulations  of  such 
treaty  .  and  this  is  as  closely  binding  upon  the  respective  gov- 
ernments as  are  contracts  upon  private  citizens.  In  this  age  a 
nation  would  be  irredeemably  disgraced  who  would  wilfully  out- 
rage or  violate  a  treaty. 

It  is  the  tendency  and  design  of  the  law  of  nations  to  cul- 
tivate the  principles  of  justice  and  humanity,  and  to  unite  in  the 
encouragement  of  the  rational  usages  of  the  Christian  world. 


PART  II. 


NAPOLEON  III. 


AMERICAN    CITIZEN  S    TREASURE    HOUSK.  399 


LOUIS  NAPOLEON  BOUNAPARTE. 


the  first  time  since  the  heart-broken  captive  emperor 
gave  his  last  look  at  the  land  he  loved,  we  may  safely  say 
that  the  Napoleonic  dynasty  is  ended.  It  is  true  that  the 
exiled  monarch  may,  and  most  likely  will  be  replaced  on  the 
throne  of  "  La  Belle  France,"  but  it  will  be  through  the  tolerance 
of  the  powers  who  have  humbled  him — or  rather,  perhaps,  they 
may  replace  him  because  he  will  serve  better  the  ends  of  despot- 
ism on  the  throne  than  off  it.  The  French  people  have  loved  and 
reverenced  the  name  of  Napoleon ;  because  it  was  inseparably 
connected  with  the  palmy  days  of  the  empire,  and  they  yielded 
to  the  name  the  homage  which  they  never  would  have  given  to 
Napoleon  III.  At  the  best  he  was  an  usurper  and  a  robber;  at 
the  worst,  he  was  not  only  an  usurper  and  robber,  but  a  degraded 
man,  whose  depraved  nature  was  a  hot  bed  in  whose  nursing  care 
every  vice,  both  native  and  exotic,  had  flourished  and  grown  rank 
and  strong.  If  he  had  one  redeeming  trait  of  character,  the  world 
is  not  clear-sighted  enough,  or  sufficiently  charitable,  to  look  for  it, 
and  it  is  not  prominent  enough  to  be  like  a  light  that  is  set  on  a 
hill  and  can  not  be  hid.  If  the  career  of  the  Napoleonic  dynasty 
is  without  parallel  it  certainly  owes  but  little  of  its  glory  to  Napo- 
leon III. 

Charles  Louis  Napoleon  Bonaparte  is  the  son  of  Louis 
Napoleon,  King  of  Holland,  and  Hortense,  daughter  of  the  Em- 
press Josephine,  by  her  first  marriage,  with  the  Viscounr  de 
Beauharnois.  He  resided  with  his  mother  in  Paris,  until  1814. 
When  the  first  great  disaster  of  Napoleon  occurred  after  the  Rus- 
sian expedition,  when  defeat  and  disgrace  had  overwhelmed  him, 
Hortense,  with  a  faith  as  strong  as  was  his  own  in  the  star  of  his 
destiny,  watched  and  waited  for  his  return,  and  when  the  glad 
day  came,  exulted  in  the  brilliant  success  that  rewarded  the  hero 


400  MASTER    SPIRITS    OF    THE    WORLD,  AND 

of  a  hundred  battles.  Again  the  clouds  darkened  over  France 
— again  her  blue  lilies  were  drenched  with  the  life-blood  of  her 
bravest  sons — again  the  wild  storm  burst  over  that  devoted  land, 
and  on  the  ensanguined  plain  of  Waterloo,  the  star  of  Napoleon 
I.  set  to  rise  no  more. 

Under  the  rule  of  the  Bourbons  France  drooped  and  languished, 
praying,  in  stealthy  ways,  for  deliverance  from  the  accursed  yoke  of 
a  race  it  hated.  The  revolution  of  1830  in  France  rekindled  the 
fierce  flames  of  discontent  in  Italy,  and  for  the  first  time  in  his 
life  we  find  Louis  Napoleon,  whom  the  jealous  watchfulness  of 
Louis  Philippe  prevented  from  taking  an  active  part  in  the  politics 
of  his  country,  turning  his  attention  to  that  distracted  province,, 
and  as  he  became  an  object  of  attention  to  the  progressive  partyr 
he  became,  in  an  even  greater  measure,  an  object  of  dread  and 
suspicion  to  the  Papal  government,  and  was  ordered  to  withdraw 
from  Rome.  The  request,  pointed  and  significant,  was  not  com- 
plied with.  A  guard  was  then  sent  to  remove  him,  but  he  eluded 
them  and  fled  to  Florence  ;  and  the  insurrection  of  the  Romagna 
so  long  suppressed,  burst  forth,  and  the  tri-colored  flags  waved 
defiance  from  the  battlement  of  every  stronghold  in  Italy;  but  the 
fingers  of  the  Austrian  despot  were  upon  her  throat,  and  the  fierce 
and  beautiful,  but  weak  and  helpless,  queen  of  the  Old  World  lay 
disarmed  and  powerless  at  his  feet. 

It  was  not  until  1832  that  the  eyes  of  Europe  were  centered 
upon  Louis  Napoleon  as  the  probable  head  of  the  Napoleonic 
dynasty,  and  Louis  Philippe,  under  the  restless  motion  of  the. 
people  whom  he  lacked  the  power  to  control,  trembled  as  he  read 
the  hand-writing  upon  his  palace  walls,  and  knew  that  his  king- 
dom was  passing  into  other  hands.  The  far-seeing  wisdom  and 
shrewd  foresight  of  the  "  coming  man,"  convinced  him  that  the 
French  must  have  not  only  a  change  of  power,  but  a  change  of 
government,  and  though  every  nerve  leaped  and  thrilled  at  the 
lightest  thought  of  the  old  glory  of  France,  he  foresaw  that  a 
throne  was  a  thing  of  the  past,  and  that  too  much  of  the  wild, 
free  air  of  America  had  fluttered  over  the  briny  deep,  and  that 
the  passionate  hearts  of  the  people  whom  he  aspired  to  lead,  must 
at  least  be  humored  in  the  idea  that  they  might  establish  a  repub- 
lic as  fair  and  strong  as  our  own.  He  circulated  pamphlets 
amongst  the  laboring  classes,  in  which  he  talked  of  the  "  rights  of 


AMERICAN    CITIZEN'S    TREASURE    HOUSE.  40! 

the  people,"  of  course,  in  a  guarded  way,  he  talked  to  them  of 
freedom  and  of  national  existence  that  should  be  un trammeled  by 
tyranny,  of  a  day  when  no  despot's  foot  should  be  upon  their 
neck,  and  they  believed  him,  and  longed  for  the  coming  of  the 
day  he  had  pictured  to  their  imagination.  Thus  far  his  life  had 
been  without  political  reproach,  and  without  shame,  and  no  im- 
prudence had  shaken  the  faith  of  the  people  in  his  ability  or  his 
honesty.  The  reasonable  and  honorable  had  predominated. 

The  state  of  France  at  this  time  was  peculiar,  and  the  irrepres- 
sible turbulence,  and  the  disappointment  which  they  felt  in  Louis 
Philippe,  whose  selfishness,  avarice  and  perfidy  merited  their  con- 
tempt, presented  a  temptation  which  a  stronger  mind  than  Na- 
poleon might  have  yielded  to.  Every  attempt  which  the  reigning 
monarch  took  to  render  himself  popular  seemed  to  act  against 
him,  and  the  conspiracy  of  Strasbourg  was  to  him  as  a  funeral 
knell.  Though  it  was  a  failure,  and  Napoleon  a  prisoner,  he 
knew  that  the  days  of  his  reign  were  numbered ;  although,  when 
he  had  banished  the  aspiring  young  prince  from  the  soil  of 
France,  and  pronounced  a  sentence  of  perpetual  exile,  no  doubt 
he  breathed  more  freely;  and  when  an  ocean  rolled  between  him 
and  the  rival  he  feared  and  hated,  he  hoped  against  hope  for  the 
perpetuation  of  his  own  reign.  His  arrival  in  New  York  is  still 
well  remembered,  and  while  it  is  asserted  that  his  life  became  that 
of  an  abandoned  debauchee,  that  he  was  overwhelmed  with  want, 
that  he  was  arrested  for  debt,  and  that  he  acted  in  every  manner 
unworthy  of  his  name,  his  rank  and  his  hopes,  it  is  probable  that 
these  stories  are  highly  exaggerated,  or  untrue  in  the  main.  He 
was  recalled  from  America  by  a  letter  from  his  mother,  who  was 
lying  in  a  very  critical  condition,  and  braving  the  wrath,  and 
defying  the  hatred  of  Louis  Philippe,  he  embarked  for  Europe, 
and  reached  Arnumburg  in  time  to  render  the  last  offices  of 
affection  to  his  dying  mother.  After  her  death  he  resided  for 
some  time  in  London,  and  was,  at  more  than  one  period  of  his 
life  there,  so  impoverished  as  to  be  dependent  upon  his  mistress, 
the*  beautiful  and  fascinating  Mrs.  Howard.  His  destitution,  his 
misfortunes,  and  the  glory  which  attached  to  his  name,  attracted 
her  to  this  penniless  aspirant  to  the  throne  of  the  Bourbons.  But 
though  he  lived  in  forced  exile — enduring  it  because  he  could  not 
avoid  it — his  busy  brain  still  toiled  and  wrought  away  at  the  tan- 


402  MASTER    SPIRITS    OF    THE    WORLD,  AND 

gled  knot  of  destiny ;  and  though  the  thread  led  out  into  dark- 
ness, he  believed  it  was  to  lead  him  to  honor,  or  at  least  to  glory. 
But  alas,  at  Boulogne  he  again  suffered  the  defeat  which  his  rash, 
immature  plans  seemed  only  to  court;  and  again  he  was  a 
prisoner. 

Arraigned  for  trial  before  the  Chamber  of  Peers,  he  was  con- 
victed upon  the  evidence  of  his  own  proclamations  to  the  people, 
as  well  as  the  fact  of  his  having  been  taken  while  fighting  against 
the  Crown.  He  was  condemned  to  imprisonment  for  life  in  the 
fortress  ot  Ham.  For  six  long  years  he  was  kept  in  close  con- 
finement, and  at  last,  when  the  vigilance  of  the  guard  was  some- 
what relaxed,  found  means  of  escape  through  the  adroit  and 
faithful  management  of  his  physician,  Dr.  Conneau ;  and  he  again 
found  an  asylum  in  London.  He  seemed  now  to  believe  that  the 
downfall  of  Louis  Philippe  would  soon  take  place,  and  he  be- 
lieved rightly.  He  founded  his  opinion  upon  the  observation  that 
the  ruling  powers  had  held  the  throne  but  sixteen  or  seventeen 
years.  Seventeen  years  Napoleon  I.  reigned.  Seventeen  years 
the  restored  Bourbons  were  in  supremacy.  Seventeen  years  Louis 
Philippe  occupied  the  throne;  and,  predicted  Schmucker,  we 
may  safely  prophesy  that  seventeen  years  will  be  about  the  time 
allotted  by  the  hand  of  destiny  for  the  reign  of  the  restored  Bou- 
napartes.  Maddened  by  wrong  and  oppression,  and  hating  bit- 
terly the  man  who  ruled  them,  the  people  at  length  forced  Louis 
Philippe  to  abdicate  the  throne,  and  declared  they  would  have  a 
republican  form  of  government.  Accordingly,  upon  the  loth  of 
December,  1848,  an  election  was  held  which  resulted  in  Napo- 
leon's being  proclaimed  President  of  the  French  Republic,  for  the 
term  of  four  years. 

At  last,  after  weary  years  waiting  and  hoping,  he  stood  at  the 
head  of  the  French  government,  and  if  his  position  was  not  what 
he  had  fondly  hoped  and  aspired  to — if  it  was  but  as  Dead  Sea 
apples,  where  he  had  looked  for  Pomegranates — or  a  stone  where 
he  had  asked  for  bread — or  Marah  water  to  thirst  that  longed  to 
quench  itself  in  the  free,  sweet  mountain  springs — at  least  it  was 
something,  and  he  could  bide  his  time,  and  await  the  moment  when 
he  could  spring  into  the  position  he  craved.  For  four  years  he 
never  lost  sight  of  this  for  one  instant,  and  at  the  end  of  that 
time  was  elected  for  ten  years.  We  use  the  term  "  elected,"  but 


AMERICAN    CITIZEN  S    TREASURE    HOUSE.  403 

it  was  carried  at  the  bayonet's  point,  and  Paris  was  guarded  with 
a  hundred  thousand  armed  soldiers,  who  had  been  rendered 
savage  with  brandy.  There  were  true  hearts  there  in  the  doomed 
city,  who  had  determined  to  give  their  lives  before  they  would 
relinquish  their  liberties.  There  was  a  sharp  conflict  of  a  few 
hours;  Napoleon's  minions  were  triumphant  and  the  Parisians 
yielded  to  the  power  they  were  helpless  to  withstand.  At  the  end 
of  a  week  tranquility  was  restored,  and  order  again  reigned 
throughout  France;  the  Assembly  was  obliterated,  and  Louis  Na- 
poleon had  realized  the  darling,  life-long  aspirations  of  his  heart ; 
the  dying  prayer  of  Hortense  was  fulfilled,  and  at  length  her  son, 
the  heir  of  the  Great  Napoleon,  was  absolute  Monarch  of  France. 
When  he  was  elevated  to  the  imperial  throne,  he  dispatched  to 
the  Emperor  Nicholas,  in  common  with  the  other  sovereigns  of 
Europe,  a  messenger,  informing  him  of  his  new  dignity.  Nicholas 
returned,  after  an  insulting  delay,  an  answer  so  cold,  so  ambigu- 
ous, and  so  destitute  of  all  courtesy — even  the  hollow  and  worth- 
less courtesy  which  usually  characterizes  the  intercourse  of  sov- 
ereigns not  actually  engaged  in  war, — that  Louis  Napoleon  was 
compelled  to  resent  it.  He  was  not  in  a  position  to  grapple  with 
the  Russian  Bear,  but  I  have  said  before  that  his  was  one  of  those 
natures  whe  bide  their  time,  and  know  the  moment  when  it  is  safe 
to  strike ;  and  that  moment  did  not  come  to  him  until,  allied 
with  England,  he  dictated,  with  his  hereditary  enemy,  terms  to 
Russia.  Sevastopol  fell,  after  a  siege  of  twelve  months,  and  a 
hundred  thousand  men  had  fallen  around*  and  within  her  walls ; 
and  there,  France  and  her  hated  ally,  dictated  terms  to  the 
haughty  and  imperious  Czar,  who  had  no  choice  but  to  accept 
them.  It  was  the  proudest  day  in  Napoleon's  life, — before  its 
triumph  the  glory  of  his  coronation  day  dwindled  into  insignifi- 
cance, since  he  not  only  humbled  Russia,  but  England  was  forced 
to  meet  as  an  equal  a  monarch  whom  she  looked  upon,  as  did  the 
rest  of  the  world,  as  an  upstart  and  an  usurper. 

The  years  rolled  on ;  Napoleon  waxed  mighty,  in  his  own  con- 
ceit, at  least,  and  wearying  of  inactivity,  and  sighing  for  fresh 
conquests,  he  bethought  him  to  add  to  the  luster  of  a  somewhat 
unenviable  reputation,  by  subduing  his  ancient  enemy,  Prussia. 
The  war  has  been  denounced  as  wanton  and  unprovoked,  and  no 
doubt  was  so,  with  but  one  motive  which  can  be  urged.  Apart 


404  MASTER    SPIRITS   OF    THE    WORLD,  AND 

from  his  passion  for  the  perpetuation  of  his  dynasty,  he  had,  of 
course,  some  feeling  for  France,  as  one  of  the  great  powers  of 
Europe.  The  position  of  Prussia,  so  late  her  inferior,  now  men- 
aced her  with  humiliation.  There  was  no  choice  for  France ;  she 
must  relinquish  her  prestige  to  a  nation  she  despised,  even  while 
she  feared  it,  or  she  must  subdue  it  before  it  had  grown  too  proud 
and  strong  to  be  subdued.  Having  decided  upon  war,  nothing 
but  a  pretext  was  wanting,  and  this  was  easily  found  in  the  refusal 
of  the  King  of  Prussia  to  prohibit,  absolutely,  the  candidature  of 
the  Prince  Leopold,  or  of  any  other  Prussian  prince,  then  or  ever, 
for  the  throne  of  Spain.  The  indignant  refusal  of  Prussia,  who 
was  in  a  better  position  to  dictate  terms  than  was  France,  was 
seized  upon.  Such  was  the  insignificant  origin  of  a  war  which 
cost  the  nations  a  quarter  of  a  million  lives,  and  France  alone  the 
enormous  sum  of  $2,500,000,000.  Her  capital  is  in  ruins, — her 
high  places  were  laid  waste — her  villages  were  depopulated,  and 
the  country  impoverished.  At  Sedan  came  the  last  fell  blow 
which  covered  him  with  defeat  and  disgrace,  and  accomplished 
the  overthrow  of  the  Napoleonic  dynasty;  and  there,  in  the  even- 
ing of  that  bleak,  dark  day,  September  i,  1870,  Napoleon  surren- 
dered his  sword,  his  army  and  himself  into  the  hands  of  the 
Emperor  Wilhelm.  His  name  and  his  glory  is  a  thing  of  the  past, 
and  this  "  eldest  son  of  the  Church  "  (Jesuit),  as  Dr.  Brocket  sig- 
nificantly styles  him,  has  retired  from  public  life  to  obscurity  as 
deep  as  it  is  deserved. 


AMERICAN    CITIZEN  S    TREASURE    HOUSE. 


405 


BISMARCK. 


INCE  1862,  Count  Karl  Otto  von  Bismark-Schonhausen, 
has  really  stood  at  the  head  of  the  Prussian  nation.  His 
spirit  has  been  felt  in  peace  and  war,  and  his  counsels 
have  been  more  potent  then  the  word  of  the  crowned  head  who 
seemed  to  dictate — yet  only  seemed — since  he  was  but  the  means 
of  executing  the  will  of  the  prime  minister.  Perhaps  his  greatest 
ability  has  been  shown  in  his  skill  and  tact  in  leading,  and  con- 
trolling, and  influencing  King  William  I.  to  adopt  measures 
which  were  in  direct  opposition  to  his  views  and  prejudices,  more 


406  MASTER    SPIRITS    OF    THE    WORLD,   AND 

even  than  in  any  of  his  official  acts.  The  King  was,  both  by  edu- 
cation and  nature,  a  firm  believer  in  the  "  divine  right  of  Kings," 
an  absolutist  of  the  most  rigid  form,  willful,  stubborn,  opinionated 
and  bigoted,  and  the  most  skillful  and  delicate  tact  was  needed, 
together  with  a  strong  magnetic  power,  to  lead  him  in  any  but  the 
direction  in  which  he  had  determined  to  go.  But  this  stern,  hard, 
positive,  willful  old  man  has  so  fully  come  under  the  control  and 
K  so  subject  to  the  voice  of  Von  Bismarck,  as  to  be  moulded  into  a 
different  being ;  yet  he  is  wholly  unconscious  of  the  fact,  and  com- 
placently gives  the  orders  that  are  the  suggestions  of  Bismark, 
securing,  at  last,  the  love  and  respect  of  those  who,  a  few  years 
ago,  were  bitterly  hostile  to  every  measure  he  advanced  or  advo- 
cated. The  man  who  could  accomplish  such  results,  and,  while 
preserving  peace  between  the  King  and  the  people,  lead  both  for- 
ward in  harmony  to  a  higher  position,  deserves  the  credit  of  being 
one  of,  if  not  the  first  statesman  in  Europe. 

Bismark  was  born  at  Schonhausen,  in  the  province  of  Saxony, 
April  i,  1814.  His  family  belonged  to  the  ancient  nobility,  and 
had  long  served  the  Saxon  and  Prussian  rulers.  He  was  educated 
for  the  legal  profession,  but  entered  the  army  soon  after  obtaining 
his  degree  of  Doctor  of  Philosophy,  serving  first  in  the  light  in- 
fantry, and  afterwards  as  an  officer  of  the  reserves.  He  did  not 
enter  upon  public  life,  or  take  any  part  in  politics  until  he  was 
thirty  years  of  age,  when  he  was  elected  to  the  Diet  of  Saxony, 
and  afterwards  to  the  United  Diet,  in  1847.  In  the  latter  he  soon 
became  leader  of  the  conservative  party,  and  distinguished  him- 
self for  eloquence  and  logical  ability.  He  opposed  the  adoption 
of  the  constitution  which  was  offered  to  Prussia,  fought  furiously 
against  the  prevailing  democracy  of  the  period,  and  it  is  said  de- 
clared vehemently  that  the  great  cities  of  Europe  ought  to  be 
razed  to  the  ground  because  they  were  hot-beds  of  democracy  and 
constitutionalism.  Since  that  time  he  has  grown  wiser,  and  looks 
to  a  constitutional  form  of  government  as  something  which  might, 
under  some  circumstances  be  warranted.  His  course  at  the  Diet 
attracted  the  attention  of  King  Frederick  William  IV.,  and  in 
1851  he  assigned  him  the  difficult  and  important  post  of  Privy 
Counselor  to  the  Prussian  Embassy  at  Frankfort.  In  this  posi- 
tion he  laid  down  the  principle  that  Prussia  could  not  fulfill 
her  mission  to  Germany  until  Austria  should  be  driven  from  the 


AMERICAN    CITIZEN  S    TREASURE    HOUSE.  407 

confederation.  In  1852  he  was  sent  on  a  special  mission  to 
Vienna,  and  there  as  at  Frankfort  showed  himself  the  vigilant  and 
untiring  adversary  of  Count  Rochberg,  the  Austrian  Premier.  A 
pamphlet,  written  with  great  ability,  appeared  in  1858,  entitled 
"  Prussia  on  the  Italian  Question,"  and  was  very  generally  attrib- 
uted to  him — no  doubt  with  truth — for  he  never  lost  an  opportu- 
nity to  wield  tongue  or  pen  in  behalf  of  what  he  believed  to  be 
the  best  interests  of  his  government.  In  1856  he  was  minister  to 
St.  Petersburg,  and  in  1860  he  visited  Paris.  In  May,  1862,  he 
was  transferred  by  the  present  King  to  the  French  Embassy,  but 
remained  in  Paris  only  till  September,  when  he  was  summoned  to 
Berlin  as  premier  of  the  new  Cabinet,  with  the  double  duty  of 
governor  of  the  King's  household  and  Minister  of  Foreign  Affairs. 
He  had  already  attained  high  distinction  as  a  diplomatist  and  a 
parliamentarian,  but  his  new  position  was  one  requiring  greater 
talents,  and  those  of  a  higher  order  than  any  yet  displayed,  and  he 
soon  proved  himself  quite  equal  to  the  emergency.  He  inherited 
from  the  Ministry  a  chronic  quarrel  with  the  House  of  Deputies 
of  the  Prussian  Legislature.  The  King  and  his  cabinet  had 
deemed  it  indispensable  to  reorganize  the  army,  and  substitute 
for  the  militia  a  system  of  military  training  which  would  make 
every  able-bodied  man  in  the  realm  an  educated  soldier,  owing 
and  giving  to  the  nation  three  years  of  military  service  ;  forming  a 
reserve  force  liable  to  be  called  upon  in  actual  war.  Connected 
with  this  were  changes,  promoting  greater  efficiency  amongst  the 
officers,  and  making  the  nation  a  nation  of  soldiers — every  man 
an  adept  in  the  use  of  arms.  The  necessity  of  this  grew  out  of 
the  position  of  Prussia  in  relation  to  Germany.  Either  she,  a 
nearly  pure  German  power,  or  Austria,  whose  population  was 
mostly  made  up  of  non-German  nationalities,  must  lead  Germany. 
If  Prussia  was  to  take  this  place  she  must  be  prepared  for  it ;  if  she 
yielded  the  position  that  was  rightfully  her  own — if  she  accepted  at 
the  hands  of  Austria  the  humiliating  alternative  of  war,  she  must 
do  it  in  silence  and  forever  after  hold  her  peace.  In  that  case 
she  sank  to  a  second-rate  power,  and  might  never  hope  to  rise, 
at  least  without  war — war  it  might  be — probably  must  be — 
if  she  sustained  herself,  since  Austria  would  not  relinquish  her 
position  without  fighting.  And  Prussia  must  be  prepared  for  it, 
since  she  would  have  to  contend  with  superior  power,  so  far  as 


408  MASTER    SPIRITS    OF    THE    WORLD,  AND 

numbers  and  resources  were  concerned,  yet  to  give  any  hint  to  the 
world  of  her  object  was  to  court  defeat.  The  King,  therefore, 
under  Bismark's  advice,  though  himself  opposed  to  a  war  with 
Austria  for  any  cause,  went  forward  and  reorganized  the  army, 
expending  large  sums  of  money  and  doing  the  work  thoroughly, 
and  then  calling  upon  the  Diet  for  an  appropriation  to  meet  it. 
This  was  persistently  refused,  and  when  the  House  of  Nobles 
voted  it  the  Diet  impeached  the  action  as  illegal,  and  long  and 
bitter  was  the  struggle  between  the  two  Houses ;  but  when  the 
crisis  came,  and  Prussia,  having  formed  an  alliance  with  Italy, 
declared  war  with  Austria,  and  defeated  her  in  seven  weeks,  the 
wisdom  of  Bismark's  course  was  obvious,  and  those  who  had  de- 
nounced him  most  unreservedly  were  then  willing  to  acknowl- 
edge their  obligations  to  him.  The  German  Confederacy  was 
reorganized  with  Prussia  at  its  head,  and  all  the  German  States, 
except  Austria,  bound  by  treaties  either  offensive  or  defensive ; 
and  it  was  to  the  wisdom  and  prudence  of  the  Prime  Minister 
that  this  was  due.  Gifted  with  a  remarkable  insight  into  the 
motives  of  men,  and  especially  of  monarchs  and  political  leaders, 
Count  von  Bismark  has  measured  his  strength  with  the  ablest 
diplomatists  in  Europe,  but  has  never  met  his  equal ;  indeed,  we  do 
not  believe  that  for  far-seeing  judgment,  for  concentration  and 
strength  of  purpose,  for  rare  discrimination,  and  cool,  calm,  rea- 
soning powers,  there  is  a  living  statesman  in  Europe  who  is  his 
peer.  He  was  aware,  after  the  battle  of  Sadowa,  that  Napoleon 
would  make  a  war  between  France  and  Prussia  as  soon  as  he 
could  find  a  pretext  for  doing  it,  and  he  foresaw,  better  than  any 
one  else  did,  what  the  pretext  would  be.  While  carefully 
avoiding  any  provocation,  he  was  urging  on,  with  quiet  force,  every 
means  to  be  ready  to  meet  it,  and  when  Napoleon  declared  war, 
Prussia  was  ready  to  meet  it,  but  France  was  not.  Proud, 
haughty  and  imperious,  depending  too  much  upon  the  glory  of 
the  Napoleonic  Dynasty  to  intimidate  the  world,  or,  perhaps,  he 
really  believed  the  arms  of  France  were  invincible,  yet  he  has  had 
abundant  opportunity,  in  his  forced  seclusion,  to  meditate  upon 
the  fallacy  of  measuring  swords  with  a  man  like  Bismark.  In 
person  the  Count  is  a  portly  but  intellectual  looking  man,  with  a 
quick,  nervous  manner,  partly  the  result  of  ill-health,  yet  with  an 
air  of  great  self-command,  while  his  keen,  brilliant  eyes  have  a 


AMERICAN    CITIZEN  S    TREASURE    HOUSE.  409 

most  pleasing  expression.  He  is  a  fine  scholar,  thoroughly 
acquainted  with  most  of  the  languages  of  Europe,  speaking  them 
fluently.  His  herculean  labors  within  the  last  five  years  have 
permanently  impaired  his  health,  and  it  is  not  likely  he  will  ever 
regain  it.  While  Germany  is  a  nation,  and  vrhjle  her  people  glory 
in  the  triumph  of  her  cause,  they  will  never  forget  how  much  is 
due  to  Bismarck's  diplomatic  and  parliamentary  powers  for  their 
reorganization  and  safe  establishment  as  an  independent  and 
honorable  kingdom,  and  the  first  power  in  Europe, 


CARL  SCHURZ. 


)N  1848,  when  the  present  formidable  German  Empire  was 
divided  into  some  thirty-seven  duchies,  principalities  and 
other  monarchial  governments,  which  drained  the  substance 
from  the  people  that  held  them  in  bonds  of  almost  penal  servitude, 
a  few  brave  men  called  the  masses  to  arms,  and  sought  to  establish 
a  great  republic.  Among  the  prominent  agitators  of  the  move- 
ment was  Carl  Schurz,  now  Senator  from  Missouri.  It  is  but  a 
matter  of  history  that  the  uprising  was  unsuccessful,  and  a  large 
number  of  the  leaders  were  executed,  others  imprisoned,  and 
many  banished.  Among  the  latter  was  Carl  Schurz.  Upon  tak- 
ing his  forced  departure,  he  exclaimed  :  "  To-day  I  leave  you, 
an  exile ;  but  I  shall  return,  and  when  I  do  you  shall  respect  me 
as  much  as  you  now  despise  me  !  "  and  if  any  man  had  the  power 
to  make  good  the  words  that  to  the  old  world  despots  were  both 
a  threat  and  a  prophesy,  it  is  he  who  flung  them  back  as  a  parting 
souvenir  to  a  power  he  hated. 

Physically  he  is  tall,  sinewy  and  lean.  His  physiognomy  is 
pure  Teutonic.  A  fair  forehead,  under  dark-brown,  carelessly- 
combed  hair ,  sallow  cheeks ;  a  sharply-cut  nose,  and  deep  inden- 
tations above  flaring  nostrils ;  a  reddish  moustache  and  a  reddish 


CARL  SCHURZ. 


AMERICAN    CITIZENS    TREASURE    HOUSE.  411 

beard,  pretty  closely  trimmed  ;  a  strong  jaw,  lips  that  can  smile 
sweetly  or  curl  into  a  sneer  like  Mephistopheles'  own,  and  eyes 
singularly  expressive  and  piercing  :  these  are  the  features  of  Carl 
Schurz.  Between  n  and  12  every  forenoon  he  walks  up  the 
avenue  to  the  capitol  with  a  heavy  overcoat  wrapped  around  him, 
his  left  hand  holding  the  folds  together  over  his  chest,  and  his 
right  hand  swinging  a  Malacca  cane. 

In  the  Senate,  divested  of  his  overcoat  his  figure  appears  the 
more  lithe  and  slender.  His  movements  are  in  striking  contrast 
with  the  slow,  formal,  and  studied  movements  of  many  of  the  elder 
Senators,  being  full  of  nervous  vivacity  and  grace.  His  manner 
is  courtesy  itself.  Generally,  his  first  business  after  taking  his 
seat  appears  to  be  the  wiping  of  his  spectacles  with  a  spotless 
handkerchief.  By  the  time  this  little  thing  is  done,  the  Senator 
has  in  a  series  of  swift  glances  surveyed  the  Chamber,  galleries 
and  all ;  and  many  are  the  imperceptible  signs  of  personal  recogni- 
tion which  flash  from  his  keen  eyes.  In  the  time  of  debate  he  is 
a  careful  listener.  He  never  insults  an  adversary  while  that  ad- 
versary is  speaking  by  a  mean  pretense  of  being  engaged  in  letter- 
writing  or  the  examination  of  papers ;  on  the  contrary,  it  seems 
natural  to  Senator  Schurz  to  preserve  the  demeanor  of  a  gentle- 
man toward  all  his  associates  at  all  times.  This  politeness  on  his 
part  doubtless  has  its  influence,  in  conjunction  with  the  fascina- 
tion of  his  abilities,  to  secure  for  him,  whenever  he  arises 
to  address  the  Senate,  an  attentive  audience  on  the  floor.  He  is 
always  charged  with  something  to  say  on  every  important  question ; 
but  he  has  the  sense  and  tact  to  reserve  himself  for  occasions  when 
his  voice  and  influence  could  not  well  be  spared.  He  is  never 
trivial ;  never  makes  much  of  small  topics.  Therefore  when 
Carl  Schurz  gets  on  his  feet,  there  is  generally  a  reason  for  it,  and 
he  does  not  often  sit  down  without  vindicating  some  principle 
worthy  of  such  an  advocate. 

In  an  important  debate  fitted  to  calHnto  exercise  all  his  powers, 
he  makes  a  magnificent  figure.  His  firm  yet  elastic  posture  ;  his 
gestures,  commanding,  graceful,  vehement ;  his  voice,  now  ringing 
loud,  now  subdued  to  impressive  monotones ;  his  irresistible  Ger- 
man accent ;  the  close  reasoning,  cumulative  logic,  sarcasm  and 
eloquence  of  his  speech  ;  its  fine,  nervous  English  ;  and  above 
and  beyond  all,  the  manly  earnestness  and  fervor  with  which  he  is 


412  MASTER    SPIRITS   OF    THE    WORLD,   AND 

evidently  defending  a  principle  dear  to  his  heart,  make  him  a 
great  orator.  *  *  *  What  is  chiefly  edifying  to  a  student  of 
the  current  debates  is  the  dominion  of  such  a  mind  as  his  over 
the  bombast,  the  quibbles,  the  stump  oratory,  and  the  rickety 
logic  of  Senatorial  quacks.  It  suggests  the  poise  of  an  eagle  in  the 
"  blue  serene  "  above  a  flock  of  clacking  wild  geese. 

The  lovable  side  of  Carl  Schurz's  character  is,  the  sociable  and 
domestic  side.  He  has  a  noble  wife  and  one  child,  and  a  quiet 
home  in  Washington.  There,  on  Saturday  evenings,  his  friends 
are  entertained  with  conversation  and  music.  There  is  certainly 
no  difficulty  in  conversing  with  the  Senator,  because  he  talks  flu- 
ently in  three  languages,  and  we  don't  know  how  many  more.  He 
has  a  true  German  fondness  for  music,  and  is  said  to  be  a  fine 
amateur  pianist. 


LYMAN    TRUMBULL. 


!>N  speaking  of  this  man,  no  introduction  is  needed. 
His  name  is  familiar  to  every  voter,  his  speeches  have  been 
read  at  every  fireside,  and  his  acts  have  been  before  the 
public  for  many  years.  He  was  born  in  Colchester,  Conn.,  in 
1813.  In  his  sixteenth  year  he  became  a  teacher  in  his  native 
town,  and  upon  reaching  his  majority  went  to  Georgia,  where  he 
was  engaged  in  teaching  for  several  years,  devoting  all  his  spare 
time  to  the  study  of  law,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  while  he 
was  still  a  resident  of  that  State. 

In  1837  he  removed  to  Illinois,  and  in  1840  represented  St. 
Clair  county  in  the  State  Legislature;  and  in  1841  was  made 
Secretary  of  the  State  of  Illinois.  In  1848  he  was  elected  one  of 
the  Chief  Justices  of  the  State  Supreme  Court,  an  office  which  he 
held  for  thirteen  years.  In  1855  the  Legislature  elected  him  to 


AMERICAN    CITIZEN'S    TREASURE    HOUSE.  413 

the  Senate  of  the  United  States,  and  in  1861-67  he  was  re-elected. 

In  connection  with  other  leading  men,  and  in  accordance  with 
the  known  wishes  of  the  people,  he  advocated  earnestly  the  nom- 
ination of  President  Lincoln,  both  for  his  first  and  second  terms  of 
office. 

Senator  Trumbull  is  one  of  our  strong  men.  He  is  emi- 
nently practical,  and  very  firm ;  while  rarely,  if  ever,  acting  upon 
impulse,  he  rarely,  if  ever,  changes  an  opinion.  He  is  an  earnest, 
thoughtful,  conscientious  man,  not  one  of  those,  perhaps,  to  whom 
our  hearts  go  out  involuntarily  with  their  freight  and  offering  of 
love,  but  one  of  those  whom  we  honor  and  trust,  and  to  whom  we 
could  safely  commit  the  keeping  of  our  party  or  national  honor. 


SCHUYLER  COLFAX. 


&ON.  SCHUYLER  COLFAX  was  born  in  the  city  of 
New  York,  March  23,  1823.  He  early  learned  to  depend 
upon  himself,  and  prepare  to  meet  life's  stern  realities, 
and  to  breast  the  tide  of  human  affairs  with  what  strength  and 
forces  were  at  his  command.  His  father  died  before  his  babe  was 
born,  leaving  the  young  widow  with  exceedingly  limited  resources 
When  he  was  ten  years  old,  Schuyler  went  into  a  store,  where  he 
remained  three  years,  and  then,  with  his  mother  and  stepfather, 
removed  to  the  West,  and  settled  in  Indiana,  where  he  again  found 
employment  as  a  dry  goods  clerk,  for  four  years  more.  He  must 
"have  given  promise  already  of  ability,  for  before  he  was  eighteen 
he  was 'appointed  deputy  auditor,  and  moved  to  South  Bend.  He 
possessed  some  literary  taste,  and  wrote  fluently  and  correctly, 
and  attracted  some  attention  by  articles  in  the  country  papers  of 
the  day.  In  1845  he  began  the  publication  of  the  St.  Joseph  Val- 
ley Register.  His  speculation  seems  not  to  have  been  imme- 
diately successful,  for  it  is  said  that  the  young  editor  found 


HON.  SCHUYLER  COLFAX. 


AMERICAN.   CITIZEN'S    TREASURE    HOUSE.  415 

himself  deeply  in  debt — almost  any  one  but  him  would  have  said, 
hopelessly  so — and  when,  by  the  closest  attention  to  business,  he 
had  placed  his  paper  on  a  safe  footing,  he  had  the  misfortune  to 
lose  his  office  by  fire.  Having  no  insurance  on  it,  of  course  the 
loss  was  total.  It  is  pleasant  to  be  able  to  say  that  the  courage 
of  the  young  man  was  equal  to  the  emergency,  and  that  his  energy 
made  it  a  popular  and  profitable  paper. 

The  beginning  of  his  political  career  was  his  appointment  as 
delegate  and  secretary  to  the  Whig  National  Convention.  In 
1849  he  was  a  member  of  the  Convention  to  revise  the  Constitution 
of  Indiana.  In  1851  he  received  his  first  nomination  to  Congress, 
but  lost  the  election.  In  1855  he  was  re-nominated,  and  elected 
by  a  majority  of  two  thousand  ;  and  has  been  returned  to  each  suc- 
ceeding Congress.  He  approved  of  the  nomination  of  Mr.  Lin- 
coln, as  one  of  the  best  and  safest  measures  of  the  period,  warmly 
seconded  every  effort  for  the  election,  and  during  his  entire  ad- 
ministration was  a  wise  and  faithful  friend,  a  discreet  and  judicious 
counselor.  He  was  Speaker  of  the  House  of  Representatives 
during  the  sessions  of  the  Thirty-eighth  Congress,  and  subse- 
quently twice  filled  the  office.  The  National  Republican  Con- 
vention which  met  in  Chicago  in  May,  1868,  nominated  Mr. 
Colfax  for  the  Vice-Presidency  under  Grant ;  and  the  measure 
gave  great  satisfaction  to  the  people.  Mr.  Colfax  had  for  many 
years  been  a  widower,  having  been  married  while  very  young  to 
a  sweet,  frail  girl,  who  drooped  and  faded  and  died,  as  the  blos- 
soms die  when  wild  rude  winds  sweep  round  them.  A  few  days 
after  his  nomination  to  the  office  of  Vice  President,  he  was  mar- 
ried to  Miss  Ella  M.  Wade,  a  niece  of  Hon.  B.  F.  Wade,  of  Ohio, 
a  most  amiable  and  accomplished  woman.  Mr.  Colfax  is  a  man 
whose  many  virtues,  pleasing  manners  and  address  have  made 
him  popular,  while  his  firm  adherence  to  principle  has  won  him 
the  respect  of  the  nation. 


MASTER    SPIRITS    OF    THE    WORLD,  AND 


CHARLES   SUMNER. 


R  forty  years  the  name  of  Charles  Stunner  has  been  before 
the  American  people,  and  for  more  than  thirty  years  he 
has  been  a  leading  statesman.  His  ancestors  for  several 
generations  had  been  legal  men — indeed,  one  may  safely  say  that 
it  is  a  family  trait  to  incline  to  the  profession  of  the  law. 

Charles  Sumner  was  born  in  Boston,  January  6th,  1811  ;  grad- 
uated from  Harvard  College  in  1830  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar 
in  1836.  In  1837  he  visited  Europe  and  spent  three  years  on  the 
Continent,  when  he  returned  to  America  and  resumed  the  prac- 
tice of  law  in  Boston.  Mr.  Sumner,  though  not  at  this  time  an 
active  politician,  was  claimed  by  the  Whigs  as  belonging  to  their 
party,  and  most  likely  he  did.  He  strongly  opposed  the  Mexican 
War,  and  wrote  a  letter  to  Hon.  Robert  C.  Winthrop,  who  then 
was  the  Member  of  Congress  from  Boston,  filled  with  the  most 
scathing  rebuke,  for  having  voted  in  favor  of  that  war  in  direct 


AMERICAN    CITIZEN'S    TREASURE    HOUSE.  417 

contradiction  to  the  known  wishes  of  his  constituents.  When  Mr. 
Webster  was  withdrawn  from  the  Senate  by  Mr.  Fillmore  to  a  place 
in  his  cabinet,  Charles  Sumner  was  chosen  to  fill  the  vacancy,  and, 
already  ahead  of  all  parties  on  some  of  the  great  questions  of  the 
day,  he  now  took  a  more  decided  stand.  He  dissolved  his  con- 
nection with  the  Whigs,  broke  with  a  firm  hand  all  old  political 
ties  that  bound  him,  and  became  a  leader  in  the  new  Free  Soil 
party.  Mr.  Sumner's  public  life  has  been  so  prominent  that  it  is 
well  known.  Upon  the  Missouri  Compromise  and  Kansas  Bill 
he  was  particularly  earnest  and  enthusiastic,  determined  to  do  all 
in  his  power  to  hand  down  to  posterity  laws  that  should  not  dis- 
grace America.  His  speech  which  was  published  under  the  title 
of  "  The  Crime  Against  Kansas,"  occupied  two  entire  days  in  its 
delivery.  It  created  intense  excitement  and  indignation  amongst 
those  who  were  opposed  to  his  views,  and  arguments  which  could 
not  be  defeated  by  words  were  met  by  blows.  Preston  S.  Brooks, 
a  Representative  from  South  Carolina,  attacked  Mr.  Sumner  two 
days  afterwards,  while  he  sat  at  his  desk  unarmed,  engaged  in 
writing,  and  beat  him  over  his  head  with  a  heavy  cane  until  he 
fell  insensible.  In  the  following  January,  while  still  suffering 
from  his  injuries,  he  was  re-elected  to  Congress,  but  his  health  was 
so  poor,  and  his  suffering  so  great,  that  he  went  to  Europe  by  the 
advice  of  his  physician,  to  see  if  he  might  not  be  benefited  by 
change  of  air.  Still  very  feeble,  he  returned  in  the  fall,  but  the 
next  May  again  went  abroad  to  submit  to  a  course  of  medical 
treatment  which  had  the  desired  effect,  and  afte-r  an  absence  of 
eighteen  months  he  again  resumed  his  official  duties. 

Mr.  Sumner  took  an  active  part  in  the  election  of  Mr.  Lincoln 
to  the  presidential  chair,  and  considered  the  triumph  not  one  of 
party  but  of  principle.  In  1861,  he  was  made  Chairman  of  the 
Committee  on  Foreign  Relations,  and  at  that  time  the  position 
was  one  requiring  the  greatest  discretion  as  well  as  delicacy. 
He  entered  his  third  senatorial  term  in  March,  1863.  He  was 
deeply  pained  by  President  Johnson's  course ;  indeed,  so  widely 
different  were  their  views  it  was  impossible  to  reconcile  them,  and 
from  the  first  to  the  last  he  was  a  bitter  and  constant  opponent  of 
"  My  Policy."  Mr.  Sumner  is  one  of  the  finest  scholars  in  America, 
and  as  a  literary  worker  has  no  equal  in  public  life  ;  and  though 
his  many  theories  have  sometimes  been  urged  with  a  persistence 


41 8  MASTER    SPIRITS    OF    THE    WORLD,  AND 

which  subjected  them  to  the  epithet  of  "  hobbies,"  they  have  come 
in  more  than  one  instance  to  be  the  grand  principles  of  our  na- 
tional government,  and  the  source  of  our  strength. 


JOHN  W.  CHANLER. 


>OHN  WINTHROP  CHANLER  was  born  in  the  city  of 
New  York,  in  1826.  He  graduated  in  Columbia  College  in 
1847,  and,  like  most  of  our  political  men,  made  law  the 
profession  of  his  choice.  In  1859  he  was  a  member  of  the  New 
York  State  Assembly  and  gave  the  greatest  satisfaction,  as  well  as 
high  promise  for  the  future.  In  1860  he  declined  the  nomination 
which  was  tendered  him  for  the  State  Senate.  For  two  years  we 
hear  little  of  him,  but  that  he  practiced  his  profession  with  great 
success,  and  was  popular  as  a  lawyer  ;  but  evidently  the  desire  of 
the  people  was  toward  him,  for  he  was  elected  to  the  Thirty-eighth 
Congress,  and  again  to  the  Thirty-ninth  and  Fortieth.  Perhaps 
Mr.  Chanler  has  never  done  anything  in  all  his  public  life  by 
which  he  distinguished  himself  so  much  as  by  his  powerful  speech 
in  answer  to  Thaddeus  Stevens,  in  reply  to  his  Confiscation  Bill. 
We  wish  it  were  possible  to  give  it  here — eloquent,  impetuous,  strong 
and  overflowing  with  unmeasured  indignation  and  fiery  denuncia- 
tion of  a  measure  which  he  considered  and  characterized  as  the 
basest  robbery. We  pass  no  criticism  upon  the  principle  he  advo- 
cated ;  we  leave  that  to  each  reader,  supposing  him  competent  to 
form  his  own  opinion,  and  only  ask  him  to  remember  that  it  was 
at  a  time  when  party  strife  and  bitterness  ran  high,  and  when 
it  was  necessary  to  set  aside  the  courtesy  and  dainty  politeness  de- 
manded.and  tendered  on  ordinary  occasions  and  act  quickly  and 
decisively.  We  doubt  if  ever  a  senator  delivered  a  more  powerful 
speech  upon  any  subject.  His  speech  upon  the  rights  of  American 
citizens  abroad  is  also  spoken  of  as  one  of  his  best  efforts,  and  one 
in  which  are  some  fine  ideas  most  ably  expressed.  In  looking  at 
his  life,  and  at  his  abilities,  we  prophesy  for  him  a  greater  work 
than  he  has  yet  done. 


AMERICAN    CITIZEN'S    TREASURE    HOUSE.  419 


JOHN  A.  LOGAN. 


A.  LOGAN  was  born  in  Illinois  in  1826.  His  father,, 
one  of  the  first  settlers  of  the  Prairie  State,  was  born 
in  Ireland.  His  mother  was  from  the  State  of  Tennessee, 
and  is  spoken  of  as  a  lovely  woman  ;  and  it  is  from  this  daughter 
of  the  South  that  he  inherits  his  warm,  glowing  temperament 
and  his  impulsive  disposition.  His  father  was  a  man  of  fine  tal- 
ents, and  a  good  scholar.  In  those  days  school  houses  were  not 
by  any  means  as  plenty  as  now,  so  he  took  the  education  of  his 
boy  into  his  own  hands,  and  I  have  never  heard  but  that  he  did 
credit  to  his  teacher.  As  had  been  foreseen  and  prophesied  by 
prominent  statesmen  and  prophetic  lookers-on,  the  Mexican  war 
followed  the  annexation  of  Texas ;  the  call  for  volunteers  rang 
through  the  land,  and  bright  swords  leaped  from  the  scabbard 
at  the  touch  of  willing  hands,  as  from  the  North  and  the  South  her 
ruddy  sons  went  out  to  defend  the  dear  old  flag.  With  the  fore- 
most of  these  young  Logan  marched  to  the  fray,  and  on  those  dis- 
tant western  battle-fields  won  his  first  laurels.  From  that  day  to> 
this  no  year  has  passed  but  fresh  leaves  have  been  added,  of  deeper, 
more  fadeless  green. 

At  the  first  he  was  chosen  lieutenant  in  a  company  of  the  first 
Illinois  volunteers,  and  the  records  of  that  war  contain  evidence 
that  he  was  a  good  and  faithful  soldier.  In  the  fall  of  1848,  hav- 
ing returned  home,  he  commenced  the  study  of  law,  and  in  No- 
vember, 1841,  was  elected  clerk  of  Jackson  county.  He  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  in  1851,  and  commenced  practice  with  his 
uncle,  A.  M.  Jenkins,  Esq.,  who  had  once  been  Lieutenant-Gov- 
ernor  of  Illinois,  and  in  1852  he  was  elected  prosecuting  attorney 
of  the  third  judicial  district.  In  the  autumn  of  the  same  year 
he  was  elected  to  the  State  legislature,  and  was  three  times  re- 
elected.  In  1856  he  was  chosen  presidential  elector,  and  was  the 
successful  democratic  candidate  for  representative  in  Congress, 
being  re-elected  by  the  same  party  in  1860.  He  was  one  of  the 


JOHN  A.  LOGAN. 


AMERICAN    CITIZEN  S    TREASURE    HOUSE.  421 

strongest  supporters  of  Stephen  A.  Douglas  for  the  presidency ; 
yet  so  strong  was  his  love  for  peace  and  order,  and  so  far  did  his 
love  for  his  country  exceed  his  love  of  party,  that  he  proved  a 
stanch  friend  of  Mr.  Lincoln,  after  his  election. 

During  the  rebellion  Mr.  Logan's  record  was  one  of  which, 
either  as  an  honest  man,  an  officer,  or  a  patriot,  no  one  need  be 
ashamed. 

In  1862  he  was  urged  to  again  take  part  in  political  life,  by 
allowing  his  name  to  be  used  as  candidate  for  Congressman-at- 
large,  but  he  declined,  believing  that  he  had  higher  duties  to  ful- 
fil, and  that  there  were  many  who  could  fill  that  position  as  well 
as  he.  In  1868  he  was  offered  the  position  of  Minister  to  Mexico, 
but  declined  it,  and  was  then  elected  a  Representative  to  the  For- 
tieth Congress,  was  re-elected  to  the  Forty-first,  and  appointed 
chairman  of  the  Committee  on  Military  Affairs,  for  which  he  was 
eminently  qualified.  In  Congress,  as  on  the  battle-field,  he  is  im- 
petuous, fiery,  out-spoken,  frank — sometimes  rash.  He  was  styled 
the  "  Murat  of  the  Army,"  and  deserves,  better  than  any  living 
orator  and  statesman,  the  title  of  the  Calhoun  of  the  age. 


REVERDY  JOHNSON. 


are  the  links  that  are  left  to  bind  us  to  an  age  that 
seems  so  far  in  the  past,  and  one  of  that  few  is  Reverdy 
Johnson,  Senator  from  Maryland,  who  was  born  in  Annap- 
olis in  that  State,  May  26,  1796.  His  father  was  an  eminent  law- 
yer and  held  the  offices  of  Attorney  General,  Judge  of  Appeals, 
and  Chancellor  of  the  State  of  Maryland.  Reverdy  was  sent  to 
the  primary  department  of  St.  John's  College  when  but  six  years 
old,  and  remained  in  that  institution  until,  having  pursued  a 
thorough  classical  and  mathematical  course,  he  left  the  school 
without  graduating,  and  studied  law  in  his  father's  office.  One 
day,  as  the  boy  sat  delving  deep  in  the  musty  old  tomes,  it  was  told 
him  that  the  British  were  about  to  attack  Washington.  The  en- 


V 


EEVERDY  JOHNSON. 


AMERICAN    CITIZEN'S   TREASURE    HOUSE.  423 

thusiastic  young  student,  seeing  a  regiment  of  hastily  recruited 
volunteers  marching  past,  caught  his  cap  and  joined  them  in  such 
haste  that  his  slippers,  in  which  he  sat  to  study,  were  not  changed 
for  more  substantial  shoes,  and  before  half  the  distance  was  passed, 
he  was  barefooted ;  but  his  company  were  in  time  to  take  part  in 
the  battle  of  Bladensburg,  August  24,  1815.  Two  years  after  he 
removed  to  Baltimore,  where  he  had  an  extensive  practice  and 
held  the  position  of  Chief  Commissioner  of  Insolvent  Debtors.  In 
1812  he  was  elected  State  Senator  of  Maryland  for  a  term  of  five 
years,  and  re-elected  at  its  expiration,  but  resigned  his  seat  at  the 
end  of  the  second  year,  and  returned  to  his  profession,  to  which 
he  gave  his  undivided  attention. 

In  legal  learning  Mr.  Johnson  is  said  to  stand  at  the  head  of  the 
profession  in  America,  and  in  all  parts  of  the  United  States,  and  in 
Europe  his  services  have  been  sought.  In  California  he  has  seve- 
ral times  tried  cases  requiring  great  skill  and  nice  judgment,  and 
in  England  he  tried  successfully  a  case  involving  a  heavy  sum 
against  our  government. 

In  politics  Mr.  Johnson  has  been  a  whig,  and  was  a  warm  per- 
sonal friend  of  Clay  ;  yet  believing  that  the  interests  of  the  country 
would  be  advanced  thereby  he  used  all  his  influence  to  secure  the 
election  of  Jackson  over  Adams.  When  General  Taylor  was 
elected  President  Mr.  Johnson  was  appointed  Attorney  General, 
but  upon  the  death  of  his  friend  he  resigned  the  office.  When 
the  policy  of  southern  leaders  made  war  inevitable,  Mr.  Johnson 
threw  the  full  force  of  his  influence  against  it,  and  declared  that 
secession  was  heresy  and  madness  ;  and  in  1860,  before  the  Su- 
preme Court,  he  pronounced  one  of  the  most  glowing  and 
eloquent  eulogies  upon  union,  picturing  in  the  strongest  terms  the 
condition  of  the  several  States,  and  the'disgraceful  position  of  our 
republic  before  the  world,  should  secession  be  successful.  At  Balti- 
more, while  Maryland  wavered  between  loyalty  and  rebellion,  he 
labored  almost  frantically  for  the  Union.  A  speech  which  he 
made  before  thousands  of  her  citizens,  is  conceded  to  be  one  of 
the  most  powerful  ever  delivered  upon  the  subject,  and  gave  him 
a  most  honorable  reputation.  In  1862  he  was  elected  to  the 
United  States  Senate,  and  in  1864  gave  his  vote  for  the  uncondi- 
tional abolishment  of  slavery ;  also  in  the  Thirty-ninth  Congress  he 
favored  the  immediate  readmission  of  the  seceded  States.  When 


424  MASTER    SPIRITS    OF    THE    WORLD,  AND 

the  Military  Reconstruction  Bill  was  before  the  Senate  he  op- 
posed it,  but  when  even  this  seemed  likely  to  be  lost,  and  nothing 
gained  in  its  stead,  eager  that  any  measure  which  should  re-admit 
the  South  to  her  old  rights  under  the  government  should  be 
adopted,  he  urged  its  passage.  Mr.  Johnson  has  been  one  of  the 
most  industrious  men  of  the  Senate,  or  in  public  life,  and  his 
record  is  a  grand  one,  an  honor  to  himself  and  the  State  he  rep- 
resents. 


SIMON  CAMERON. 


'IMON  CAMERON,  better  known  as  Secretary  Cameron, 
was  born  in  Lancaster  county,  Pennsylvania,  March  8th, 
1799,  and  educated  himself  while  following  his  trade,  which 
was  that  of  a  printer.  He  edited  and  published  a  paper  called 
the  Pennsylvania  Intelligencer,  and  before  he  reached  the  age  of 
twenty-two  was  editor  of  a  paper  in  Harrisburg.  He  was  active 
in  promoting  the  welfare  of  the  State,  urging  forward  every  inter- 
nal improvement  which  could  add  to  her  wealth  and  prosperity. 
In  1832  he  established  the  Middleton  Bank,  and  was  president  of 
two  railroad  companies.  He  was  appointed  by  Governor  Shultze 
Adjutant-General  of  Pennsylvania,  and  in  1845  was  elected 
United  States  Senator  for  four  years.  His  term  of  office  expired, 
he  again  devoted  himself  to  internal  improvements  and  finances. 
1857  found  him  again  in  the  Senate,  for  six  years,  but  he  resigned 
to  become  Secretary  of  War  under  President  Lincoln.-  but  his 
views  were  so  widely  different  from  those  entertained  by  the  ad- 
ministration, that  he  withdrew  from  the  cabinet  and  was  appointed 
Minister  Plenipotentiary  to  Russia.  He  found  the  Czar  freeing 
the  serfs,  and  his  heart  went  out  in  rejoicing  that  this  nation 
had  so  soon  recognized  the  great  principles  of  right  and  justice, 


SIMON  CAMERON. 


426  .      MASTER    SPIRITS    OF    THE    WORLD,  AND 

and  he  congratulated  him  for  taking  a  position  demanded  of  him 
by  the  age.  He  had  been  eager,  from  the  first  outbreak  of  the  war 
between  the  North  and  South,  that  the  services  of  the  negroes 
should  be  accepted  by  the  government  for  soldiers,  and  now  he 
resigned  his  position  abroad  and  hastened  home  to  aid  his  coun- 
try in  her  struggle.  When  at  last  his  long  cherished  wish  was 
carried  out  and  the  negroes  armed,  he  offered  to  raise  a  regiment 
and  lead  them  into  the  field,  but  his  services  were  more  needed 
elsewhere.  He  continued  to  devote  himself  to  the  interests  of 
the  Union,  and  in  1866  was  again  elected  to  the  United  States 
Senate  for  the  term  ending  1873,  and  was  at  once  placed  on  the 
Committee  on  Foreign  Affairs.  He  was  bitterly  opposed  to  the 
administration  of  Johnson,  feeling  that  it  must  be  disastrous  to 
the  country,  hence  voted  for  his  impeachment.  In  1860  he  was 
a  candidate  for  the  nomination  for  the  presidency.  As  a  states- 
man, a  politician  and  a  financier,  he  is  shrewd,  but  ever  honest 
and  fair. 


JAMES  A.  GARFIELD. 


CRITIC  in  the  Northwestern  Review,  who  was  wise 
enough  to  withhold  his  name,  says  that  "  a  man's  success 
is  the  gage  of  his  ability."  I  admire  the  excellent  taste 
of  the  author  in  remaining  anonymous.  Every  living  being  is, 
more  or  less,  the  victim  of  circumstances.  He  may  be  the  favor- 
ite of  fortune,  or  the  target  of  misfortune,  and  a  vast  deal  of  en- 
ergy and  persistence  would  be  needed,  a  vast  deal  of  tact  and 
ingenuity,  too,  to  enable  one  to  turn  his  disadvantages  to  advan- 
tage, and  out-wit  even  fate  by  turning  her  weapons  against  herself. 
I  believe  a  man  can  be  almost  anything  he  will  dare  to  be,  but 
there  are  far  too  many  who  will  not  dare  to  be  anything.  There 
is  little  question  but  there  is  an  up-hill  path  for  every  man,  if  he 


JAMES  A.  GABFUfilD. 


428  MASTER    SPIRITS   OF    THE    WORLD,   AND 

will  not  waste  the  first  and  best  years  of  life  in  loitering  in  the 
pleasant  valleys — later,  it  is  hidden  by  weeds  and  tangled  vines 
that  have  sprung  up  and  covered  it  It  is  a  pleasant  task  to  trace 
with  mind  and  pen  the  career  of  the  strong,  brave  men,  who, 
struggling  with  poverty,  friendless  and  alone,  make  for  themselves 
a  place  on  the  pages  of  history.  Perhaps  there  are  few,  if  any,  of 
those  who  have  risen  by  their  own  efforts  who  deserve  more  credit 
than  James  A.  Garfield.  He  was  born  in  Cuyahoga  county,  Ohio, 
in  1831.  His  father  died  when  he  was  but  a  child — the  youngest 
of  four,  of  whom  all  were  so  young  as  to  be  entirely  dependent 
upon  their  widowed  mother.  James  attended  the  district  school 
a  few  months  in  winter,  and  aided  his  mother,  as  soon  as  he  was 
old  enough,  by  working  at  the  carpenter's  trade ;  but  not  liking 
the  employment,  he  went  as  teamster  or  boatman  on  the  canal. 
He  loved  the  water,  and  the  free  life  of  a  sailor  had  for  him  pecu- 
liar attractions,  and  he  looked  with  fond  longings  to  the  time 
when  he  should  be  able  to  go  upon  the  lakes  or  the  ocean,  and 
some  day  be  owner  of  a  gallant  boat  that  would  be  able  to  outride 
storm  and  gale.  A  severe  fit  of  sickness  prevented  him  from  im- 
mediately carrying  out  his  darling  project,  and  health  returning 
but  slowly,  he  began  to  attend  the  "  Geauga  Academy."  He  was 
too  poor  to  pay  his  board,  but  took  a  room  in  a  dreary  little  farm 
house  and  cooked  his  own  simple  meals.  Subsequently  he  taught 
school  and  attended  the  academy  alternately  until  his  twenty- 
second  year,  when  he  entered  Williams  College,  in  Massachusetts. 
Here,  after  two  years  of  study  he  graduated  with  high  honors, 
when  he  returned  to  his  home  in  Ohio,  where  he  was  made  teacher 
of  Latin  and  Greek  in  the  Eclectic  Institute,  and  soon  after  presi- 
dent of  the  institution.  While  he  held  this  position  he  studied 
law,  and  also  began  to  look  into  politics  with  something  of  the 
interest  natural  to  a  "rising  young  lawyer."  In  1859  he  repre- 
sented Portage  and  Summit  counties  in  the  Ohio  Legislature, 
where  he  soon  took  a  high  position,  both  as  a  well-read  politician, 
an  eloquent  and  witty  debater. 

When  the  war  broke  out,  Mr.  Garfield  at  once  identified  him- 
self with  the  interests  of  the  North,  and  held  almost  every  posi- 
tion in  the  army,  from  lieutenant  to  general.  While  still  on  the 
battle-field  he  was  elected  to  the  Thirty-eighth  Congress  from 
Ohio,  and  after  three  years  of  hard  service  the  brave  soldier 


AMERICAN    CITIZEN'S    TREASURE    HOUSE.  429 

resigned  his  commission  to  serve  his  country  in  another  capacity. 
His  sterling  good  sense  and  fine  abilities  made  him  justly  popular* 
and  he  was  re-elected  for  the  Thirty-ninth  Congress  by  a  major- 
ity of  twelve  thousand.  His  thorough  information  on  all  financial 
questions  and  matters,  recommended  him  for  the  position  of 
Chairman  on  the  Committee  of  Ways  and  Means,  in  which  capa- 
city he  gave  the  utmost  satisfaction,  being  considered  one  of  the 
best  of  financiers.  He  was  re-elected  to  the  Forty-first  Congress 
and  was  made  chairman  of  the  Committee  on  Military  Affairs. 
He  is  a  fine  looking  man,  still  young,  and  very  popular.  We  have 
few,  if  any,  better  specimens  of  the  "  self-made  man  "  than  Mr. 
Garfield. 


BENJAMIN  F.  WADE. 


XgD)ENJAMIN  F.  WADE,  of  Ohio,  is  a  character  well  worth 
studying,  and  a  man  who  will  not  suffer  in  public  opinion 
by  a  careful  analysis  of  his  history.  He  was  born  in 
Feeding  Hill  Parish,  Mass.,  on  the  2/th  of  October,  1800,  and 
was  the  youngest  of  ten  children.  His  father  was  a  soldier  in  the 
revolutionary  war,  and  fought  in  every  battle  from  Bunker  Hill 
to  Yorktown.  His  mother  was  a  woman  of  rare  worth  and 
intellect,  the  daughter  of  a  Presbyterian  minister.  The  family 
were  very  poor — indeed,  among  the  poorest  in  New  England, 
and  Beniamin  was  educated  by  his  mother,  never  having  attended 
school. 

The  boy  worked  on  a  farm  a  few  years,  but  his  labors  were  re- 
warded by  meagre  wages,  and  at  length  he  turned  to  the  broad 
west  for  a  field  where  wealth  and  honor  might  repay  his  efforts. 
When  eighteen  years  old  he  started  for  Illinois  on  foot,  with  his 
wardrobe  in  a  handkerchief  on  his  shoulder,  and  five  dollars  in 


BENJAMIN  F.  WADE 


AMERICAN    CITIZEN  S    TREASURE    HOUSE.  431 

money  in  his  pocket.  He  walked  as  far  as  Ohio,  when  the  deep 
snow  and  bitter  cold  rendered  it  difficult  for  him  to  proceed,  and 
he  remained  in  Ashtabula  county  and  chopped  wood  until  spring 
for  fifty  cents  per  cord.  His  evenings  and  all  spare  moments 
were  given  to  study ;  in  the  summer  he  cleared  land  and  worked 
with  his  might  at  anything  which  his  hands  found  to  do.  In  the 
winter  he  taught  a  district  school,  and  then  for  two  years  was 
engaged  in  buying  and  selling  cattle.  When  about  twenty-three 
years  old  he  began  to  study  law,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in 
two  years,  and  made  rapid  progress  in  his  profession,  though  he 
had  to  wait  twelve  weary  months  for  his  first  case ;  but  the  ability 
he  displayed  in  managing  it  procured  his  election  to  the  office  of 
Prosecuting  Attorney  of  Ashtabula  county.  He  was  soon  after 
sent  to  the  State  Senate  where  he  took  an  important  part  in 
securing  the  abolition  of  the  law  for  imprisonment  for  debt,  and 
also  against  the  admission  of  Texas  as  a  slave  State.  The  latter 
act  gave  offense  to  his  friends,  and  lost  him  his  office  for  the 
next  two  terms. 

In  1841  Mr.  Wade  was  elected  Judge  of  the  Third  Judicial 
Circuit,  and  retained  the  position  four  years,  when  he  was  elected 
United  States  Senator  from  Ohio.  He  was  not  an  aspirant  for 
the  office — had  never  asked  or  sought  it  in  any  way,  and  in  his 
first  speech  on  the  Senate  floor  declared  that,  since  he  must  act 
in  that  capacity,  he  should  act,  not  with  a  view  to  gaining  popu- 
larity, but  that  humanity  might  be  benefited  by  his  labors.  In 
those  days  republicans  were  few  in  Congress,  and  had  but  little 
influence  or  power,  but  Mr.  Wade  at  once  avowed  his  sentiments 
to  be  in  sympathy  with  that  party.  He  met  the  members  from 
the  southern  States  friendly  and  fearlessly.  Tombs,  of  Georgia, 
who  admired  him  much,  once  said  of  him  to  the  Senators  from 
the  northern  States,  "  He  is  always  honest,  outspoken  and  straight- 
forward— I  wish  to  God  the  rest  of  you  were  like  him." 

There  was  a  time  when  Mr.  Wade  came  so  near  being  our 
President  that,  as  one  historian  says,  "He  barely  missed  it." 
Near  the  close  of  the  Thirty-ninth  Congress,  when  it  seemed  likely 
that  the  impeachment  of  Mr.  Johnson  would  remove  him  from 
office,  Mr.  Wade  was  elected  President  of  the  Senate  for  the  bal- 
ance of  the  term,  and  the  same  author  adds,  "  The  narrowness  of 
'Mr.  Johnson's  escape  and  the  nearness  of  Mr.  Wade  to  being 


432  MASTER    SPIRITS    OF    THE    WORLD,    AND 

President,  are  among  the  curiosities  of  history."  The  oratorical 
powers  of  Senator  Wade  are  not  remarkable  or  brilliant,  but  he 
is  forcible  and  fiery,  and  has  a  way  of  presenting  a  subject  when 
he  has  worked  it  out  in  his  own  mind,  which  impresses  his  hearers 
deeply.  He  is  plain  and  unaffected  in  manners,  and  the  usual  stern 
look  on  his  face  softens  sometimes  into  sweetness  and  tenderness, 
or  grows  radiant  with  lofty  thoughts  and  noble  aspirations. 


FREDERICK  SAWYER. 


FREDERICK  SAWYER  was  born  in  Bolton,  Mass.,  and 
graduated  at  Harvard  in  1844.  He  made  teaching  a  pro- 
fession, and  in  1859  accepted  the  position  of  principal  in 
a  young  ladies'  normal  school  in  Charleston,  S.  C.,  and  remained 
there  until  1864,  when  he  yielded  to  the  persistent  entreaties  of 
his  friends  on  the  Board  of  Commissioners  of  the  normal  school, 
then  removed  north.  Mr.  Sawyer  possessed  those  qualities  that 
endeared  him  to  his  pupils  and  friends,  and  though  too  honest 
and  fearless  to  conceal  his  loyal  sentiments,  those  who  differed 
from  him  in  opinion  were  still  steadfast  friends  and  admirers. 
Beyond  the  fact  that  himself  and  family  were  in  the  center  of  the 
theater  of  war,  he  was  unmolested ;  and  when  hostilities  ceased  he 
returned  to  Charleston,  where  he  was  cordially  welcomed.  The 
first  civil  appointment  made  in  the  State  after  the  war,  was  that 
of  Mr.  Sawyer  as  collector  of  internal  revenue  for  the  second 
district  of  South  Carolina.  The  appointment  gave  satisfaction  to 
the  people,  and  he  was  elected  a  member  of  the  convention  that 
formed  the  new  constitution  for  the  State.  He  was  elected  to 
represent  the  State  in  the  national  Senate,  and  so  great  was  his 
popularity  that  all  political  parties  gave  him  their  support,  and  he 


AMERICAN    CITIZEN  S    TREASURE    HOUSE.  433 

received  a  large  majority  of  votes.  Mr.  Sawyer  was  as  much  a 
favorite  in  the  Senate  as  he  had  been  in  private  life,  and  as  a  de- 
bater, soon  took  high  rank.  He  is  easy  and  graceful  in  manners, 
a  fluent  and  pleasant  speaker,  witty,  and  even  brilliant ;  but  never 
bitter,  sarcastic,  or  regardless  of  the  feelings  of  any  one,  not  even 
his  political  opponents.  He  is  no  slight  antagonist,  yet  so  thor- 
oughly courteous  that  though  they  may  be  defeated  in  argument 
and  measures,  no  adversary  will  speak  unkindly  of  him  or  im- 
peach his  honor  or  integrity. 


WHITMAN  T.  WILLEY. 


WHITMAN  T.  WILLEY,  one  of  Virginia's  ablest  and 
noblest  representatives,  was  born  in  Mongalia,  in  the 
"Old  Dominion,"  October  i8th,  1811,  and  his  first 
home  was  a  log-cabin,  but  just  twenty  feet  square.  According  to 
the  custom  of  the  day,  the  child  was  early  taught  to  do  such  work 
as  he  was  able  to,  and  until  he  was  sixteen  years  old  worked 
upon  the  farm,  attending  the  country  school  occasionally  a  few 
weeks  at  a  time,  and  once,  for  two  months  was  sent  to  a  gram- 
mar school.  At  sixteen  he  was  sent  to  Madison  College,  where, 
after  four  years  study  he  graduated  with  the  highest  honors.  He 
studied  law  at  Weilsburg,  Virginia,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar 
in  1833,  and  soon  secured  a  good  practice.  In  1850  he  was 
elected  a  member  of  the  convention  for  reforming  the  Constitu- 
tion of  Virginia,  and  here  he  sustained  the  high  reputation  which 
he  bore,  and  took  a  prominent  part.  As  a  speaker,  he  was  highly 
complimented  ;  as  a  statesman  he  bid  fair  to  rise  high.  In  1865 
Mr.  Willey  was  nominated  as  candidate  for  Lieutenant-Governor. 
Commenting  on  the  nomination,  the  Richmond  Whig  pronounced 
him  one  of  the  ablest  and  most  eloquent  men  in  Virginia.  In  ad- 


434  MASTER    SPIRITS    OF    THE    WORLD,  AND 

dition  to  his  position  as  a  distinguished  lawyer,  his  private  and 
public  character  was  without  a  single  stain,  and  he  was  a  most 
consistent  Christian.  The  ticket  however,  was  not  popular,  and 
though  Mr.  Willey's  name  went  far  to  save  it,  was  not  carried  in 
the  election. 

In  1860  he  tooK  the  ground  he  might  naturally  have  been  ex- 
pected to  chose,  and  exerted  his  influence  to  the  utmost  for  the 
Union.  In  the  winter  of  1 860-61,  he  was  elected  to  a  seat  in  the 
Richmond  Convention.  The  works  of  that  body  are  well  known. 
The  act  of  secession  was  passed,  and  West  Virginia  refusing  to  be 
governed  by  it,  the  State  was  divided  against  itself,  and  a  new 
capital  was  located  at  Wheeling.  The  legislature  organized  there 
sent  Mr.  Willey  to  represent  it  in  the  Senate  of  the  United  States. 
His  position  was  most  trying  and  critical,  but  he  bore  the  trial 
nobly,  as  became  a  Christian  and  a  patriot.  Some  of  his  speeches 
of  that  date  have  few  if  any  equals.  His  great  heart  throbbed 
in  sympathy  with  his  country  as  if  the  suffering  were  inflicted 
upon  himself,  and  the  hot  blood  flushed  his  cheek  as  he  thought 
of  the  disgrace  which  disunion  of  the  States  must  bring  upon  the 
nation.  He  exclaimed,  "  Sir,  this  Union  can  not  be  dissolved. 
Nature  and  Providence  forbid  it.  Our  rivers,  lakes,  mountains, 
and  the  whole  geographical  conformation  of  the  country  rebuke 
the  hand  that  would  sever  them.  We  are  one  in  language,  in  law 
in  religion,  and  in  destiny.  '  Whom  God  hath  joined  together,  let 
not  man  put  asunder.'  The  past  has  been  glorious,  but  the  future 
shall  be  "sublime."  He  labored  earnestly  and  unwearily,  and  it 
was  mainly  through  his  exertions  that  West  Virginia  was  admitted 
at  once  into  the  Union  as  a  State.  He  was  elected  Senator  from 
the  new  State  for  two  years,  and  before  the  expiration  of  the  term 
was  re-elected  for  the  term  ending  1871. 

There  is  much  in  the  character  of  this  gentleman  which  it  would 
be  pleasant  to  dwell  upon,  but  no  pen  can  do  him  justice  which 
does  not  bring  before  the  world  as  brightly  as  possible  the  sterling 
worth  and  integrity — the  incorruptible  honor  of  the  man.  He  is 
comparatively  poor — has  at  some  periods  of  his  public  life  been 
in  straightened  circumstances,  and  has  in  a  great  measure  always 
sacrificed  his  prospects  financially  for  principle,  and  to  an  earnest 
desire  to  servejthe  country.  Referring  to  this  he  once  said,  "  Pov- 
erty is  more  desirable  than  ill-gotten  gains.  I  will  live  honest,  if 


AMERICAN    CITIZEN  S    TREASURE    HOUSE.  435 

I  die  poor.  I  will  live  an  honorable  man,  if  I  die  in  obscurity^ 
I  would  not  exchange  the  approbation  of  a  good  conscience  for 
the  hoards  of  Croesus,  and  the  crown  of  an  emperor  would  not 
tempt  me  to  barter  my  integrity." 

Mr.  Willey  is  a  member  of  the  Methodist  Church,  and  his 
simple,  unaffected  piety  impresses  one  with  its  sincerity  and  gen- 
uine truthfulness.  He  has  been  foremost  in  every  good  work_ 
The  Sabbath  School  and  the  temperance  cause  have  found  in  him 
a  steadfast  friend  and  an  able  and  eloquent  advocate. 


JUSTIN  S.  MORRILL. 


AUSTIN  S.  MORRILL  was  born  in  Stafford,  Vermont,  i8ro>, 
At  fifteen  years  of  age  he  was  taken  from  school,  to  whicru 
he  never  returned,  and  placed  in  a  country  store.  In  1848 
he  turned  his  attention  from  mercantile  to  agricultural  pursuits, 
in  1854  was  elected  a  representative  from  Vermont  to  the  Thirty- 
fourth  Congress,  and  was  re-elected  until  he  had  filled  the  office 
twelve  years.  During  the  Thirty-ninth  Congress  he  was  Chair- 
man of  the  House.  In  1856  he  opposed  the  admission  of  Kan- 
sas, also  the  Lecompton  Constitution.  February  6th,  1857,  he 
delivered  a  powerful  speech  on  tariff  in  opposition  to  the  bill  of 
Campbell,  of  Ohio.  He  also  opposed  making  paper  currency 
legal  tender  on  account  of  the  difficulty  which  would  be  expe- 
rienced by  the  government  in  resuming  specie  payment.  In  1866 
he  was  elected  Senator  in  Congress  from  Vermont  for  six  years- 
His  speeches  have  always  been  characterized  by  their  ability  and 
honesty.  The  labor  of  preparing  the  Internal  Revenue  Tax  Bill 
was  largely  borne  by  him,  and  has  been  pronounced  the  most 
perfect  system  ever  devised  by  any  nation. 


OLIVER  P.  MORTON. 


AMERICAN    CITIZEN  S    TREASURE    HOUSE.  437 


OLIVER  P.  MORTON. 


LIVER  P.  MORTON  was  born  in  Wayne  county,  Indi- 
ana, August  4th,  1823.  His  parents  died  while  he  was 
a  child,  and  he  was  committed  to  the  care  of  his  grand- 
mother, and  apprenticed  to  learn  the  trade  of  a  hatter.  This  was 
not,  however,  to  the  boy's  taste.  At  the  age  of  fourteen  he  entered 
the  Wayne  County  Seminary,  and  afterwards  graduated  at  the 
Miami  University.  He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1846.  Six 
years  later,  having  taken  rank  among  the  most  able  lawyers  of  the 
State,  he  was  elected  Judge  of  the  Circuit  Court.  In  1854 
Mr.  Morton  aided  in  forming  the  Republican  party.  Until  this 
time  he  had  been  a  stanch  democrat.  He  was  nominated,  in  1856, 
for  governor  of  Indiana,  but  lost  the  election  ;  but  his  campaign 
speeches  did  much  to  aid  the  party  of  which  he  was  a  member, 
and  in  1860  it  triumphantly  elected  Henry  S.  Lane  governor  and 
Oliver  P.  Morton  lieuteuant-governor.  On  the  i6th  January, 
1861,  Governor  Lane  was  sent  to  the  United  States  Senate,  and 
Mr.  Morton  thus  became  governor  of  the  State.  It  was  in  the 
midst  of  gathering  and  threatening  danger  to  the  Union  that  he 
was  inaugurated.  Indiana  stood  divided  on  the  great  questio* 
before  the  public,  and  the  seceding  States  were  given  to  under- 
stand that  they  would  have  more  than  the  sympathies  of  Indiana. 
To  see  that  she  remained  true  to  the  Union  was  the  work  of  the 
new  governor.  Soon  came  the  call  for  men,  and  the  startled  na- 
tion rose  to  answer.  To  the  earnest  appeal  of  Mr.  Morton,  the 
response  came  in  the  shape  of  forty  thousand  volunteers  for  the 
federal  army.  For  four  years  he  was  actively  engaged  in  study- 
ing and  promoting  the  welfare  and  comfort  of  the  soldiers.  In 
ferreting  out  and  defeating  the  secret  organization  known  as  the 
"  Knights  of  the  Golden  Circle,"  he  employed  secret  detectives, 
placed  agents  at  every  point  in  the  State,  and  thus  prevented  their 
triumph  in  well  laid  plans.  The  exposure  of  the  organization 


438  MASTER    SPIRITS   OF    THE    WORLD,   AND 

showed  that  it  numbered  eighty  thousand  men,  well-drilled,  well- 
armed  and  disciplined,  ready  at  any  time  to  obey  orders,  and 
bound  together  by  the  most  solemn  oaths.  The  discovery  of  their 
plans  alone  prevented  Indiana  from  being  the  scene  of  the  most 
terrible  outbreak.  When  the  war  was  ended,  there  came  a  day 
-when  the  great  strain  so  long  kept  upon  nerve  and  brain  might 
relax,  and  the  overtaxed  body  could  rest,  but  it  was  near  coming 
too  late  to  save  the  life  that  had  been  so  freely  and  unselfishly 
used  for  others.  In  the  summer  of  1865  he  suffered  a  stroke  of 
paralysis,  and  every  effort  to  bring  him  relief  proved  vain.  His 
physicians  recommended  change  of  air,  and  he  sailed  for  Europe. 
After  an  absence  of  a  year  he  returned,  only  partially  recovered, 
however,  and  resumed  his  official  labors. 

In  January,  1867,  he  was  elected  to  the  United  States  Senate 
and  resigned  the  governorship  for  this  office.  He  is  so  feeble  as 
often  to  sit  while  addressing  the  House,  but  his  mind  is  as  strong 
and  active  as  ever,  and  his  speeches  are  among  the  most  able  and 
eloquent ;  and  in  all  that  pertains  to  a  noble  and  unsullied  man- 
hood, patriotism  above  reproach,  and  honor  above  suspicion,  he 
.stands  high  among  American  statesmen. 


WILLARD    SAULSBURY. 


^ILLARD  SAULSBURY  was  born  in  Kent  county,  Del- 
aware, June  2,  1820.  He  was  educated  with  great 
care,  attending  both  Delaware  and  Dickinson  colleges) 
from  the  latter  of  which  he  graduated.  He  studied  law  and  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  in  1845  ;  rose  rapidly  in  his  profession,  and 
was  appointed  attorney  general  of  his  native  State,  holding  the 
office  five  years.  In  1859  he  was  elected  Senator  in  Congress 
from  Delaware,  and  was  re-elected  for  the  term  ending  1871.  He 


AMERICAN    CITIZEN'S    TREASURE    HOUSE.  439 

was  a  member  of  the  Chicago  Convention  in  1864,  and  has  been, 
during  his  entire  political  career,  a  consistent  democrat,  true  to 
his  party  whether  it  was  in  sunshine  or  clouds,  in  majority  or 
minority — in  triumph  or  defeat ;  true,  not  to  party,  but  to  party 
principles,  and  faithful  to  the  Union.  From  the  first  moment 
that  the  idea  of  secession  had  a  tangible  form,  he  opposed  it. 
When  the  message  of  Buchanan,  December,  1860,  gave  them  for 
the  first  time  something  to  grasp,  he  met  the  arguments  of  Wigfall 
and  Ivison  unflinchingly,  and  declared  that  Delaware  could  not 
fail  to  be  loyal  to  the  Union ;  and  when,  later,  Jefferson  Davis 
produced  his  celebrated  resolutions  in  favor  of  the  disunion  of  the 
States,  Mr.  Saulsbury  rose  and  moved  that  parts  of  Washington's 
farewell  address  be  substituted ;  and  was  the  only  democratic 
member  who  did  not  vote  for  them  when  passed.  He  voted  in 
favor  of  the  act  which  authorized  President  Lincoln  to  use  mili- 
tary force  for  the  collection  of  revenues  from  the  port  of  Charles- 
ton, and  giving  him  the  authority  of  commander-in-chief.  During 
the  war,  and  after,  he  steadily  opposed  the  republican  majority-  in 
the  Senate,  and  voted  against  the  civil  rights  bill  and  the  freed- 
men's  bureau.  His  opposition  was  fearless  and  honest — never 
shrinking  from  a  duty  because  unpleasant  or  unpopular,  never 
hesitating  to  denounce  what  he  believed  to  be  wrong  because  the 
majority  favored  it,  and  never  courting  popularity  at  the  expense 
of  his  honor. 


EDWIN  D.  MORGAN. 


[DWIN  D.  MORGAN  was  born  in  the  town  of  Washington, 
Massachusetts,  1811.  He  attended  the  common  schools 
until  he  was  twelve  years  old,  when  his  family  removed  to 
Windsor.  While  yet  a  young  man,  he  engaged  in  mercantile  busi- 
ness, and  by  honesty  and  industry  succeeded  in  establishing  a  fine 


EDWIN  D.  MORGAN. 


AMERICAN    CITIZENS     TREASURE    HOUSE.  44! 

wholesal^  business.     In   1836  he  removed  to  New  York  city  and 
entered  business  there. 

Mr.  Morgan  was  a  Whig,  and  when  the  party,  defeated  in  its 
attempts  to  elect  Henry  Clay,  who  was  its  idol,  rallied  and  reor- 
ganized, and  became  the  Republican  party,  he  was  one  of  its 
stanchest  friends  and  supporters.  In  1856  he  was  Vice-President 
of  the  Republican  National  Convention,  and  was  there  made 
Chairman  of  the  National  Committee.  In  1855  he  was  ap- 
pointed Commissioner  of  Emigration,  which  office  he  held  until 
he  was  made  governor  in  1838,  and  he  was  re-elected  to  the  same 
office  at  the  close  of  the  first  term  by  the  largest  majority  ever 
given  to  a  Governor  in  New  York.  He  entered  upon  his  duties 
at  a  time  when  it  required  calm  decision,  good  judgment,  freedom 
from  party  prejudice  and  great  firmness.  All  these  traits  of  char- 
acter he  possessed.  The  treasury  of  the  State  was  literally  empty, 
its  credit  overtaxed,  and  a  strong  party  were  craftily  working  to 
get  possession  of  her  canals,  while  her  harbor  defenses  were  so 
poor  as  actually  to  invite  invasion.  The  canal  finances  were  his 
first  care,  and  with  that  energy  and  perseverance  for  which  he  was 
marked,  he  took  grounds  against  their  sale,  urged  their  immediate 
completion,  and  before  the  close  of  his  last  term,  had  the  satis- 
faction of  seeing  this  carried  out,  and  knowing  that  they  were 
adding  materially  to  the  revenues  of  the  State.  Harbor  defenses 
did  not  progress  so  rapidly,  and  it  was  not  until  1863  that  the  de- 
fenseless condition  of  the  State  was  forced  upon  their  attention 
by  the  prospect  of  a  possible  war  with  England  and  France,  and 
danger  of  ravages  of  privateers,  that  the  legislature  made  an  appro- 
priation of  $1,000,000  for  the  necessary  improvements.  Every- 
thing was  done  that  was  necessary,  and  in  the  best  order,  but  the 
alarm,  magnified  by  the  imagination  of  the  people,  subsided,  the 
money  was  placed  in  the  treasury,  subject  to  the  order  of  the 
proper  authorities,  and  with  the  exception  of  $5000  consumed  in 
the  purchase  of  material,  wood,  iron  and  stone,  remains  untouched. 
In  1 86 1  when  the  first  shot  struck  the  flag  that  Washington  fol- 
lowed to  victory — the  stripes  and  stars  that  every  nation  on  earth 
paid  homage  to — the  ensign  of  freedom  that  had  been  many  a 
soldier-hero's  shroud  and  pall,  the  people  uprose  to  shield  it, — 
Mr.  Morgan  was  one  of  the  first  to  answer  the  call,  and  the  quota 
of  New  York  for  men  and  money  was  about  one-fifth  of  all  that 


442  MASTER    SPIRITS    OF    THE    WORLD,  AND 

was  asked.  The  legislature  appropriated  three  and  a  half  million 
dollars,  and  authorized  the  raising  of  30,000  men.-  When  the 
President's  call  came  for  25,000  men  from  New  York,  120,600 
were  waiting,  and  no  call  was  ever  made  on  that  State  that  was 
not  filled  at  once. 

In  February,  1862,  he  was  elected  to  the  United  States  Senate 
for  a  term  of  six  years,  and  he  served  on  committees  on  almost 
every  subject  that  comes  under  the  supervision  of  the  Senate.  On 
the  retirement  of  Mr.  Fessenden  from  the  position  of  Secretary  of 
the  'Treasury,  Mr.  Morgan  was  solicited  by  Mr.  Lincoln,  to 
accept  the  position,  but  declined.  Notwithstanding  this,  he  was 
nominated  without  his  knowledge,  and  only  upon  the  most  deter- 
mined refusal  on  his  part,  was  he  allowed  to  withdraw  his  name. 

In  1867  Williams  College,  Massachusetts,  conferred  on  him  the 
degree  of  Doctor  of  Laws. 


CHARLES  D.  DRAKE. 


CHARLES  D.  DRAKE  was  born  in  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  April 
nth,  1811;  received  his  education  in  the  common  schools 
of  the  West,  and  afterwards  was  sent  to  Partridge's  Mili- 
tary School  in  Connecticut,  where  he  became  a  midshipman  in  the 
navy,  in  which  he  served  until  January,  1830,  when  he  withdrew, 
studied  law,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1833,  and  settled  in 
St.  Louis,  then  a  town  of  only  a  few  thousand  inhabitants.  In 
1859  he  was  elected  to  fill  a  vacancy  in  the  House  of  Representa- 
tives in  Missouri,  but  took  no  part  in  public  life  until  1869,  labor- 
ing night  and  day  for  the  election  of  Stephen  A.  Douglas  to  the 
Presidency. 

During   the  rebellion  he  took  a  most   earnest    stand    for   the 
Union — the  "  Constitution  and  the   Union  unconditionally."     In 


AMERICAN    CITIZEN  S    TREASURE    HOUSE.  443 

1863  Mr.  Drake  was  elected  a  member  of  the  Missouri  State  Con- 
vention, which  was  called  by  the  governor  to  consult  upon  the 
slave  question,  and  there  he  took  the  ground  of  immediate  action, 
and  advocated  immediate  emancipation.  This  was  overruled, 
however,  and  the  convention  originated  and  adopted  a  scheme  of 
gradual  emancipation,  so  slow  in  its  working  as  to  scarcely  termi- 
nate slavery  by  the  year  1900.  Mr.  Drake  was  chairman  of  the 
committee  from  Missouri  who  waited  upon  President  Lincoln  to 
lay  before  him  the  statement  of  the  condition  of  the  State,  people, 
and  finances.  In  1867  he  was  elected  to  the  United  States  Senate, 
and  in  his  steadfast  adherence  to  radicalism  as  opposed  to  the 
conservatism  of  that  day,  no  one,  not  even  his  most  bitter  enemy, 
can  charge  him  with  a  sentiment  dishonorable  to  himself  or  his 
constituents. 


WILLIAM  P.  FESSENDEN. 


fORTY  years  of  political  life  and  faithful  service — of  devo- 
tion to  State  and  Union — on  which  lie  no  spot  or  blemish 
— years  of  unsullied  patriotism,  solicitude  and  care  pa- 
tiently and  unselfishly  borne  ;  years  of  unstained  political  honor — 
make  up  the  public  life  of  this  good  man.  He  was  born  in  Bos- 
cawen,  New  Hampshire,  in  1806,  graduated  at  Bowdoin  College 
in  1823,  and  was  admitted  to  the  Portland  bar  in  1827.  In  1831, 
when  but  twenty-five  years  of  age,  he  was  elected  to  the  State 
Legislature,  and  though  he  was  the  youngest  member  of  the  House 
— a  boy  in  years  and  experience  compared  with  his  associates,  he 
distinguished  himself  for  his  clear  judgment,  his  unbiased  opin- 
ions, his  independence  of  character,  and  his  spirit  and  ability  in 
debate.  As  a  lawyer  he  rose  rapidly  in  his  profession.  In  1839 
he  represented  the  city  of  Portland  in  the  State  Legislature.  At 
this  time  the  House  was  Democratic,  and  Mr.  Fessenden  was  a 


444  MASTER    SPIRITS    OF    THE    WORLD,  AND 

Whig,  remarkable  then,  as  always,  for  his  unswerving  constancy  to 
principle.  So  great  was  the  respect  he  commanded  for  his  hon- 
esty and  ability,  that  he  was  placed  on  the  Judiciary  Committee, 
and  made  chairman  of  the  committee  for  revising  the  statutes  of 
the  State.  In  1840  he  was  nominated  for  Congress  by  the  Whig 
party,  and  by  an  immense  majority.  In  1843  he  declined  re-elec- 
tion, and  in  1845  was  returned  to  the  State  Legislature.  On  being 
ren'ominated  the  following  year  he  declined  to  again  accept  the 
office,  and  confined  himself  to  the  practice  of  his  profession,  in 
which  he  now  stood  as  high  as  any  man  in  his  State.  He  was  a 
member  of  the  national  convention  which  elected  General  Har- 
rison President  in  1840,  again  of  the  convention  which  nomi- 
nated General  Taylor  in  1848,  and  also  of  the  convention  which 
nominated  General  Scott  in  1852.  In  1853  he  was  a  member  of 
the  legislature,  also  the  following  year  ;  and  although  a  stanch 
Whig,  and  both  branches,  Democratic,  he  was  elected  United 
States  Senator.  This  was  the  result  of  a  breach  caused  by  the 
Kansas-Nebraska  question  ;  and  may,  indeed,  be  said  to  have  been 
the  origin  of  the  Republican  party  in  Maine,  since  the  union  of 
the  Whigs  and  Free  Soil  Democrats  must  needs  result  in  the 
birth  of  a  new  party.  Mr.  Fessenden,  opposed  with  all  his  strength, 
the  Nebraska  bill,  and  upon  its  passage  delivered  one  of  the  most 
powerful  speeches  ever  made  in  the  halls  of  the  Maine  Legisla- 
ture, and  which  at  once  decided  his  position  as  one  of  the 
ablest  men  of  the  day ;  and  through  all  the  changes  of  time,  and  the 
ups  and  downs  of  party  life,  he  has  steadily  held  that  position. 
In  1839,  without  nomination,  so  decided  was  public  opinion  on 
the  point,  he  was  sent  to  the  United  States  Senate  for  six  years, 
and  appointed  by  President  Lincoln  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  to 
fill  the  vacancy  caused  by  Salmon  P.  Chase's  being  appointed  Judge 
of  the  Supreme  Court.  He  was  chairman  of  the  Committee  on 
Finance  in  the  Senate,  and  here  his  excellent  abilities  as  a  finan- 
cier were  invaluable  to  the  country ;  especially  as  it  required  the 
most  rigid  economy  and  the  finest  judgment  to  enable  the  govern- 
ment to  meet  the  heavy  expenses  of  the  war.  We  doubt  if  any 
man  in  the  Senate  was  better  calculated  to  do  the  work  which  he 
did ;  for  his  great  discretion  and  fine  powers  of  estimating  the 
practicability  of  a  measure  were  almost  perfect.  His  informa- 
tion is  general,  enabling  him  to  speak  without  preparation  upon  all 


AMERICAN    CITIZEN'S    TREASURE     I?USE.  445 

the  ordinary  topics  of  the  day ;  and  his  remarks,  though  brief, 
are  always  the  word  in  season.  He  is  polite  and  courteous  in 
debate,  never  forgetting  to  yield  to  his  opponent  as  much  as  he 
asks  for  himself ;  arid  though  his  principles  and  views  are  unchange- 
able, he  never  misrepresents  nor  wrongs  those  who  believe  differ- 
ently from  himself. 

When  President  Johnson  was  impeached  Mr.  Fessenden  voted 
for  his  acquittal,  not  for  the  sake  of  the  individual,  but  the  office 
he  held,  preferring  rather  that  he  go  unpunished,  if  guilty,  than 
have  a  precedent  of  this  kind,  weakening  as  it  must,  the  authority 
and  dignity  of  the  chief  executive,  and  placing  him,  as  the  repre- 
sentative of  our  national  honor,  in  a  disgraceful  position  before 
the  world.  Although  many  of  his  friends  regreted  this  step 
on  his  part,  and  others  censured  it,  there  remains  not  a  question 
of  the  purity  of  his  motive,  or  even  of  the  wisdom  of  his  decision. 


JAMES  HARLAN. 


?)AMES  HARLAN  was  born  in  Illinois,  and  like  a  large  ma- 
jority  of  those  who  have  risen  to  distinction,  was  a  farm 
boy,  who  literally  "  earned  his  bread  by  the  sweat  of  his 
brow."  Habits  of  industry,  economy  and  temperance  prepared 
him  for  the  great  work  which  lay  before  him.  Without  time  or 
money  to  give  to  his  education,  it  was  mostly  acquired  by  study 
during  evenings  and  stormy  days,  when  his  agricultural  labors 
were  temporarily  suspended,  and  in  1841  he  was  ready  to  enter 
the  preparatory  department  of  Asbury  College,  then  under  the 
presidency  of  Bishop  Simpson.  With  no  means  except  what  he 
earned  by  teaching  winters,  and  during  vacations,  he  struggled  o  i 
most  manfully,  and  graduated  with  honor  in  1845,  and  the  folio- v- 
ing  winter  was  elected  Professor  of  Languages  in  Iowa  College. 


446  MASTER    SPIRITS    OF    THE    WORLD,  AND 

Without  friends  or  influence,  a  stranger  and  unaided,  he  at- 
tained to  an  enviable  position,  and  when  he  had  been  there 
but  two  years  was  elected  Superintendent  of  Education  for  the 
State  of  Iowa.  In  1848  he  was  succeeded  by  the  Hon.  Thomas  H. 
Benton,  Jr.,  on  what  was  afterwards  proven  to  be  fraudulent 
election  returns. 

He  now  commenced  the  practice  of  law,  and  continued  it  until 
1853,  when,  by  the  Annual  Conference  of  the  Methodist  Church 
he  was  elected  President  of  the  Mt.  Pleasant  Collegiate  Institute. 
In  1850  he  had  been  nominated  by  the  people  for  Governor,  but 
as  he  was  not  at  that  time  old  enough  to  be  elected  constitution- 
ally, they  were  reluctantly  compelled  to  wait  for  time  to  remedy 
this  defect  in  their  favorite.  In  1855  he  was  elected  to  the  United 
States  Senate,  resigned  the  Presidency  of  the  University,  and 
was  elected  Professor  of  Political  Economy  and  International 
Law.  He  met,  in  the  Senate,  some  of  the  most  able  and  some  of 
the  most  unprincipled  of  our  politicians,  even  those  who  had 
been  for  many  years  familiar  with  chicanery  and  diplomacy, 
who  cared  far  more  to  carry  a  point,  be  it  by  right  or  wrong 
means,  than  they  did  for  the  honor  of  the  Constitution  and  the 
preservation  of  the  Union.  They  soon  learned  that,  though  young  in 
years,  it  would  be  no  light  work  to  corrupt  his  principles  or  to  win 
him  over  to  be  a  party  tool  for  their  own  or  his  advancement.  For 
two  years  he  held  his  seat  unquestioned,  when  the  Democratic 
members  of  the  House  finding  him  in  the  way  of  the  prosecution 
of  some  of  their  schemes,  knowing  that  the  resolute  will  and  un- 
bending spirit  of  the  man  threatened  exposure  and  defeat  for 
them,  declared  that  he  was  not  entitled  to  his  seat — that  he  had 
not  been  fairly  elected,  and  he  was  no  longer  a  member  of  the 
Senate.  Mr.  Harlan  was  not  prepared  to  accept  the  situation,  to 
quietly  permit  what  he  believed  to  be  wrong  to  triumph  in  that 
manner;  neither  were  the  people  disposed  to  have  their  voice 
stifled,  and  their  choice  set  aside  in  this  manner.  The  legislature 
was  in  session,  and  he  hastened  to  Iowa  City,  was  immediately 
re-elected,  returned  to  Washington,  was  resworn,  and  at  once  pro- 
ceeded with  his  duties  as  if  no  Democratic  party  had  been  in 
existence.  In  1861  he  was  elected  for  his  second  term,  and  com- 
manded the  respect  of  his  opponents  by  his  fearless  defense  of 
whatever  he  believed  was  right  and  demanded  by  the  best  inter- 


AMERICAN    CITIZEN  S   TREASURE    HOUSE.  447 

ests  of  the  people,  and  his  honesty  and  truthfulness  secured  the 
friendship  of  political  opponents.  He  .long  and  ably  opposed 
secession,  assuring  the  southern  members  that  though  the  people 
of  the  South  were  earnest,  and  many  of  them  conscientious,  yet 
any  effort  on  their  part  to  sever  the  Union  must  result  in  disas- 
trous failure,  since  the  will  of  the  majority  would  be,  "  preserve  the 
Union  at  any  cost." 

He  was  a  member  of  the  Senate  Committee  on  Indian  Affairs, 
on  which  he  was  thoroughly  informed,  and  was  also  a  member  of 
the  Committee  on  Agriculture  and  a  member  of  the  Peace  Congress. 
He  was  also  a  member  of  the  Union  Congressional  Committee  for 
the  presidential  campaign  for  1864,  having  been  chosen  by  the 
union  members  for  the  office,  and  on  the  isth  May  he  became  a 
member  of  President  Johnson's  cabinet,  but  the  course  of  the 
President  was  so  at  variance  with  his  views  that  he  resigned  his 
position  and  left  the  office,  with  the  approval  of  his  friends  and  the 
regret  of  the  President. 

His  speech,  as  Senator  from  Iowa,  on  the  impeachment  trial  of 
President  Johnson,  is  said  to  be  the  most  powerful  effort  of  his 
life.  He  has  always  been  identified  with  the  anti-slavery  party, 
and  his  strongest  labors  in  that  direction  have  been  so  tempered 
with  love,  good  will  and  the  charity  which  "  thinketh  no  evil, "that 
even  those  whom  he  met  in  that  bitterly  waged  war  gave  him  their 
respect  and  confidence.  He  is  still  in  the  prime  of  life,  a  noble 
Christian  gentleman  and  a  patriot  of  unquestioned  honor. 


JOHN  C.  BRECKINRIDGE. 


»OHN  C.  BRECKINRIDGE  was  born  at  Lexington,  Ken- 
tucky,  January  2ist,  1821.  He  was  educated  at  Center 
College,  and  studied  law  at  Transylvania  Institute  and 
removed  to  Iowa,  designing  in  the  new  far  west  to  build  up  a  rep- 
utation as  enduring  as  the  institutions  of  the  State  whose  interests 
and  advancement  should  be  identical  with  his  own.  But  his  love 


448  MASTER    SPIRITS    OF    THE    WORLD,    AND 

for  the  South,  and  especially  for  Kentucky,  was  so  strong  that  his 
heart  longed  for  a  resting-place  in  his  native  State,  and  he  returned 
to  Lexington,  which  he  ever  after  made  his  home. 

During  the  Mexican  war  he  entered  the  military  service  and 
was  elected  Major  of  the  Third  Kentucky  Regiment  Volunteers, 
but  was  so  late  in  the  field  he  saw  little  actual  service.  Returning 
home  at  the  close  of  the  war  he  was  elected  to  the  House  of  Rep- 
resentatives in  Kentucky,  and  all  the  brilliant  qualities  of  the  man 
were  called  out  in  debate.  In  1851  he  was  elected  to  the  Federal 
House  of  Representatives  after  a  rather  exciting  contest,  over 
General  Leslie  Coombs.  In  1853  he  was  renominated  and  ran 
against  Governor  Robert  Letcher,  and  met  in  him  the  strongest 
opposition  he  ever  faced  ;  for  at  that  time  party  spirit  ran  high 
and  fierce.  After  the  death  of  Henry  Clay  he  was  chosen  to  de- 
liver an  eulogy  upon  his  character,  and ,  though  widely  differing 
from  him  in  views  of  national  polity,  his  admiration  of  the  fine 
qualities  of  the  man,  his  talents  and  his  patriotism,  made  the  task 
a  pleasant  one,  and  he  united  with  the  nation  in  its  grief  for  its 
loss  of  the  great  statesman.  The  tribute  which  he  paid  to  the 
memory  of  the  departed  was  touchingly  eloquent  and  beautiful. 
When  Franklin  Pierce  was  elected  to  the  Presidency,  Mr.  Breck- 
inridge  was  offered  the  appointment  of  Minister  to  Spain,  but 
declined  it,  when  it  was  accepted  by  Mr.  Soule.  In  1856  he  was 
elected  Vice-President  under  Buchanan,  and  though  the  youngest 
man  who  had  ever  held  the  office,  his  native  dignity,  good  sense 
and  impartial  judgment  enabled  him  to  discharge  all  his  duties  to 
the  satisfaction  of  the  country. 


FREDERICK  T.  FRELINGHUYSEN. 

f 

FRELINGHUYSEN  was  born  at  Mill- 
county,   New  Jersey,  August  4th,    1817. 

& w,  Frederick    Frelinghuysen,  was  a  member 

of  the  Continental  Congress,   and  resigned   his  commission  to  go 
out  and  bear  arms  in  defense  of  his  country,  and  during  the  Revo- 


FREDERICK  T.  FRELINGHUYSEN. 


45°  MASTER    SPIRITS    OF    THE    WORLD,  AND 

lutionary  war  served  as  captain.  In  1793  he  was  a  Senator  in 
Congress.  The  subject  of  this  sketch  is  nephew  and  adopted 
son  of  Honorable  Theodore  Frelinghuysen,  who  was  United 
States  Senator  from  1829  to  1835,  and  was  also  the  candidate  of 
the  Whig  party  for  the  Presidency  in  1844.  Frederick  T.  Freling- 
huysen graduated  at  Rutger  College,  where  he  had  distinguished 
himself  for  brilliant  scholarship  and  indefatigable  industry.  Upon 
leaving  school  he  studied  law  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1839. 
In  1 86 1  he  was  appointed  Attorney  General  of  his  native  State, 
and  upon  the  expiration  of  his  term  was  reappointed.  The 
death  of  the  well  known  and  lamented  Hon.  William  Wright 
occasioned  a  vacancy  in  Congress  which  Mr.  Frelinghuysen  was 
appointed  by  the  governor  to  fill.  Giving  universal  satisfaction 
by  his  honorable  course,  he  was  re-elected  by  the  people.  He 
served  on  the  Committee  on  Judiciary,  and  also  on  the  Committees 
on  Naval  Affairs  and  Claims,  in  all  of  which  he  was  one  of  the 
leading  spirits.  He  denounced  the  course  of  President  Johnson 
in  the  most  unqualified  manner,  and  in  the  impeachment  trial 
declared  him  guilty  of  high  misdemeanor  in  "  willful  and  defiant 
disregard  of  law,"  and  in  a  long  and  powerful  speech  asserted 
that  to  permit  such  a  proceeding  on  the  part  of  the  Executive 
was  to  suffer  the  destruction  of  the  government.  In  reconstruc- 
tion, his  generous  and  patriotic  heart  seconded  every  effort  which 
could  be  honorably  made  to  restore  peace  to  the  war-stricken 
country ;  and  his  sympathies  for  the  South  were  keen  and  active. 
His  term  in  the  Senate  ended  March  4th,  1869,  and  though  short, 
was  productive  of  good,  alike  creditable  to  himself  and  the  State 
lie  represented  so  ably  and  honorably. 


WILLIAM  H.  SEWARD. 


ILLIAM  H.  SEWARD  was  born  in  Florida,   Orange 
county,  New  York,  in  1820.     His  ancestors  were  Welch 
on  his  father's,  and  Irish  on  his  mother's  side,  and  set- 
tled in  the  New  World  at  an  early  date  in  its  history.     At  nine 


AMERICAN    CITIZENS     TREASURE    HOUSE.  451 

years  of  age  he  was  sent  to  the  academy  at  Goshen,  and  at  fifteen 
to  the  Union  College,  from  which  he  graduated ;  afterwards  he 
studied  law,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1822,  and  the  next 
year  he  entered  into  partnership  with  Judge  Miller,  of  Auburn. 
In  1828  he  was  tendered  the  nomination  to  Congress  but  declined 
it,  and  two  years  later  he  was  sent  to  the  State  Senate.  In  1834 
he  was  nominated  for  Governor  of  the  State  but  lost  the  election, 
and  in  1838  was  renominated  and  elected  by  a  very  large  major- 
ity. In  1849  Mr.  Seward  was  sent  to  the  United  States  Senate 
and  remained  in  that  body  until  Mr.  Lincoln's  election,  when  he 
was  offered  the  position  of  Secretary  of  State  in  the  cabinet, 
which  he  accepted  and  held  during  Mr.  Lincoln's  administration. 
Mr.  Seward  was  looked  upon  as  one  of  the  most  able  men  in  Con- 
gress, though  no  orator,  and  not  a  man  who  wins  friends  as  did  a 
host  of  our  statesmen — indeed,  pure,  personal  friends  he  had  few, 
but  admirers  and  supporters  he  had  many,  He  lacked  utterly 
that  magnetic  power  which  controlled  the  feelings  and  sympathies 
of  the  masses,  yet  he  was  for  many  years  the  representative  man 
of  his  party. 


JOHN  JAY  CRITTENDEN. 


)R.  CRITTENDEN  was  born  in  Woodford  county, 
Kentucky.  His  mother  was  left  a  widow  while  he  was 
a  child,  and  with  but  scanty  means  for  their  support. 
He  was,  in  a  great  measure,  self-educated,  and  early  chose  the 
profession  of  law,  which  he  commenced  at  Hopkinville,  from 
whence  he  removed  to  Frankfort,  where  he  soon  won  a  reputation 
and  a  fine  practice. 

In  1816  he  was  chosen  representative  in  the  State  legislature, 
and  was  nominated  Judge  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United 


/r  MASTER    SPIRITS    OF    THE    WORLD,  AND 

States  by  J.  Q.  Adams,  then  President.  In  1835  he  was  chosen 
United  States  Senator,  served  a  full  term,  was  re-elected,  but 
resigned  in  1841  the  post  of  Attorney-General  under  President 
Harrison.  In  the  fall  of  the  same  year,  with  every  member  of  the 
cabinet,  except  Webster,  he  withdrew,  sending  a  kind,  courteous, 
and  respectful  letter  of  resignation  to  President  Tyler,  and  was 
at  once  chosen  Senator  in  Mr.  Clay's  place,  that  gentleman  hav- 
ing resigned  after  the  passage  of  the  tariff  bill,  and  was  re-elected 
in  1843  for  another  full  term.  In  1818  he  was  elected  Governor 
of  Kentucky,  a  measure  which  gave  great  satisfaction.  He  was  in 
Mr.  Fillmore's  cabinet  during  his  term  of  office,  and  was  again 
nominated  for  the  Senate  for  the  term  ending  1861. 

He  has  always  favored  the  protective  policy,  voting  for  the  tariff 
of  1842,  and  against  that  of  1846.  In  1835  he  opposed  Mr.  Cal- 
houn's  bill  empowering  postmasters  to  take  from  the  mails  docu- 
ments hostile  to  slavery.  He  opposed  the  annexation  of  Texas 
as  unwise,  unnecessary  and  unconstitutional,  and  strove  to  bring 
our  difficulties  with  Mexico  to  a  peaceful  termination.  He  also 
opposed  the  admission  of  Kansas  under  the  Topeka  Constitution, 
and  in  favor  of  it  under  Mr.  Toombs'  bill,  and  again  against  it 
under  the  Lecompton  Constitution,  which  he  pronounced  a  fraud 
and  contrary  to  the  wishes  of  a  majority  of  the  people.  His 
speech  on  this  subject  carried  great  weight  with  it,  not  only  from 
the  high  position  he  held,  but  from  his  age,  and  as  being  the  rep- 
resentative of  Kentucky.  Throughout  all  the  bitter  debates,  and 
the  daily  wrangles  over  Kansas,  Mr.  Crittenden  never  forgot  his 
dignity  as  a  Senator,  or  indulged,  even  in  the  hight  of  debate,  in 
language  unbecoming  either  his  position  or  himself.  He  was 
highly  esteemed,  both  in  the  councils  of  State  and  Senate,  and  was 
a  fine  extemporaneous  debater. 

It  is  peculiarly  pleasant  to  us  now  to  refer  to  Mr.  Crittenden 's 
course  during  the  war  of  1861.  Having  exhausted  his  ingenuity 
to  propose  or  suggest  some  pacific  measure  which  might  heal  the 
wounds  and  prevent  the  outbreak,  the  very  thought  of  which 
brought  pain  to  his  loyal  heart,  he  took  his  seat  in  the  United 
States  House  of  Representatives  as  a  member  from  Kentucky,  in 
the  extra  session  of  July,  1861,  took  part  in  the  debates  and  work 
which  came  up,  not  as  an  avowed  partisan  of  the  administration, 
but  as  something  more  honorable — as  a  firm  adherent  to  the  gov- 


AMERICAN    CITIZEN  S    TREASURE    HOUSE.  453 

eminent,  as  one  whose  nobility  of  soul,  strength  and  honesty  of 
purpose,  and  unquestionable  patriotism  made  him  superior  to 
party  and  above  prejudice,  a  man  who  was  so  true  to  the  consti- 
tution— so  true  to  the  Union — as  to  be  ready  to  sacrifice  personal 
feeling  for  their  preservation.  It  was  during  this  session  that  in 
one  of  his  most  eloquent  speeches  he  exclaimed,  "  Party  !  party  !  ! 
PARTY  ! ! !  in  an  hour  like  this.  Party!  when  the  government  is  being 
tossed  at  the  mercy  of  the  storm,  and  any  moment  may  see  the 
Union  a  wreck.  Perish  party  forever  from  the  green  footstool  of 
God,  if  for  it  a  government  like  ours  must  be  sacrificed,  or  for 
one  moment  its  safety  be  jeopardized ! "  And  a  few  weeks  before  his 
death  he  reiterated  his  firm  purpose  in  these  words  :  "  In  defeat 
or  victory,  my  intention  is  to  stand  by  and  maintain  the  govern- 
ment." He  died  at  his  home  in  Frankfort,  Kentucky,  July  26, 
1863. 


ALEXANDER  H.  STEPHENS. 


LEXANDER  H.  STEPHENS  was  born  February  u, 
1812,  in  Crawfordville,  Ga.,  and  losing  both  parents,  one 
in  his  infancy,  the  other  when  ten  years  old,  was  reared 
and  educated  mostly  by  his  uncle,  Aaron  Grier.  At  one  time 
he  was  strongly  inclined  to  study  for  the  ministry,  but  later  he 
chose  law,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1834,  when  twenty-two 
years  of  age.  He  rapidly  acquired  a  fine  reputation;  indeed,  his 
first  case,  which  he  gained  against  the  celebrated  Mr.  Jeffreys, 
gave  him  at  once  a  firm  position.  His  orphan  boyhood,  his  pov- 
erty, his  struggle  for  his  education  and  profession,  when  want  and 
physical  suffering  battled  mightily  with  the  strong  will  that  was, 
as  he  said  with  a.  grim  bitterness,  "  about  all  there  was  of  him," 


454  MASTER    SPIRITS    OF    THE    WORLD,  AND 

have  marked  both  the  face  and  character  of  the  man.  You  read 
the  story  in  the  wistful  look  of  his  large,  sad  eyes,  in  the  sweet  and 
patient  mouth — even  in  the  listless,  weary  droop  of  the  slender 
shoulders.  His  birthplace  was  sold,  at  his  father's  death,  but  he 
had  a  love  for  that  spot  of  earth  that  has  been  well  nigh  the  ruling 
passion  of  his  life,  and  he  set  apart  the  first  fruits  of  his  profes- 
sional labor  to  redeem  it  from  the  hands  of  strangers.  The  young 
neophite  had  no  paltry  pettifoggers  to  oppose  him,  but  those  who 
had  tempered  their  steel  with  practice,  and  whose  talents,  no  less 
than  their  legal  lore,  made  them  able  antagonists.  At  the  very 
beginning  of  his  career  he  came  in  contact  with  men  whose  social, 
political,  financial  and  professional  positions  were  already  defined 
and  secured ;  men  who  are  all  gone  now — men  of  yesterday,  but 
who  made  for  their  names  a  place  in  our  memory.  There  were 
Sayre,  and  Thomas,  and  Dawson,  and  Tombs;  these  were  the 
men  amongst  whom  the  friendless  and  penniless  boy  had  to  make 
his  way — the  men  amongst  whom  he  did  make  his  way  right  gal- 
lantly. In  1836  he  was  nominated  for  the  General  Assembly  of 
his  State,  and  had  a  most  gratifying  majority  of  votes  against  a 
bitter  and  vigorous  opposition,  arising  from  the  fact  of  his  well- 
known,  openly  expressed  objection  to  the  doctrine  of  nullifica- 
tion, then  popular  with  the  people,  and  his  objection  to  the  Vigil- 
ance Committees  which  had  been  appointed  in  many  counties  in 
the  State,  and  proposed  in  his  district,  and  which  were  clothed 
with  unlimited  and  despotic  power  to  arrest  and  punish,  without 
trial,  any  persons  who  might  be  suspected  of  tampering  with 
slaves,  or  circulating  amongst  them  incendiary  sentiments.  He 
appealed  to  the  people  with  an  earnestness  which  he  rarely  sur- 
passed, "  as  they  valued,  prized,  and  cherished  liberty,  to  stand 
by  the  supremacy  of  the  law"  The  measure  was  defeated,  but 
at  a  cost,  for  at  once  he  was  charged  with  being  unsound  upon 
the  slavery  question,  and  some  of  his  most  masterly  speeches 
were  made  in  self-defence.  , 

The  life  and  labors  of  Mr.  Stephens  have  been  presented  to 
the  public  so  often,  and  are  so  well  known,  so  thoroughly  appre- 
ciated and  admired,  it  seems  unnecessary  to  enter  into  details. 

In  1837,  Mr.  Stephens'  health,  always  delicate,  gave  way  com- 
pletely, and  for  the  next  ten  years  he  was  so  feeble  most  of  the 
time  as  to  be  unable  to  walk  without  support;  yet  he  gave  up 


AMERICAN    CITIZEN  S    TREASURE    HOUSE.  455 

his  work  for  but  one  year,  when  he  was  compelled  to  seek  relief 
in  travel.  In  1839  he  was  sent  to  Charleston  as  delegate  to  the 
National  Convention,  and  there  met  the  most  distinguished  men 
of  the  nation.  The  subject  under  discussion  when  Mr.  Stephens 
made  his  debut  in  the  capitol  of  South  Carolina  was,  the  impor- 
tance to  the  South  of  direct  communication  and  trade  with  Great 
Britain,  and  the  best  mode  of  calling  public  attention  to  it.  It 
-may  not  be  generally  known  that  South  Carolina  and  Georgia  were 
always  opposed  to  each  other  in  everything,  as  much  so  as  if  it  had 
been  a  settPed  principle  and  policy  for  them  to  differ,  and  this  point 
was  no  exception.  They  passed  the  first  clause  of  the  subject 
readily,  but  upon  the  second  they  failed  most  signally  to 
agree.  Mr.  Stephens,  then  comparatively  unknown  in  his  own 
State,  was  a  stranger  here,  and  when  the  most  eminent  men  of 
South  Carolina  had  spoken  upon  the  question,  and  the  opposing 
party  was  requested  to  meet  their  arguments,  the  request  was 
made  in  a  manner  which  clearly  denoted  that  they  felt  there 
was  not  a  David  on  the  floor  who  dare  meet  their  Goliath.  A  mo- 
ment of  silence  followed  the  call,  and  then  it  was  repeated,  while 
the  glow  of  triumph  brightened  on  the  faces  of  the  prematurely 
complacent  Carolinians.  At  length  a  stranger  arose  in  one  of  the 
boxes,  a  man  with  a  beardless,  boyish  face,  with  mournful,  deep 
set  eyes,  around  which  pain  had  traced  deep  lines — a  man  who 
was  slender  and  stooping,  who  clung  to  the  box  as  if  for  support, 
and  whose  general  appearance,  as  he  glanced  over  the  assembly,, 
brought  forth  a  smile  of  pitying  contempt.  But,  says  that  mag- 
nificent writer,  John  Savage,  "  The  hour  and  the  man  had  come, 
and  no  one  who  heard  that  speech  delivered,  ever  forgot  it.  His 
voice  was  soft  and  rich  and  penetrating,  and  scarcely  had  he 
commenced  when  every  head  was  raised,  and  every  eye  was  fixed 
in  wonder.  The  contrast  between  his  physical  delicacy  and  his 
intellectual  strength,  between  his  masculine  thoughts  and  melo- 
dious intonations,  produced  the  greatest  astonishment,  and  this 
in  turn  changed  into  intense  admiration  of  his  quick  wit,  his  keen 
powers  of  analyzation,  and  his  overwhelming  replies.  It  was  a 
bold  proceeding  in  a  stranger,  to  measure  swords  with  such  antag- 
onists as  he  met  there,  but  it  was  a  still  more  memorable  exploit  to 
obtain,  as  he  did,  the  victory  over  them  in  argument.  The  speech, 
in  which  he  snatched  their  laurels  from  the  most  brilliant  states- 


456  MASTER    SPIRITS    OF    THE    WORLD,   AND 

men  present,  was  the  wonder  of  the  day,  and  the  topic  of  eulogy ; 
and  he,  modest  and  quiet,  was  the  observed  of  all  observers." 

In  1843  he  was  nominated  for  Congress,  and  it  was  in  this  cam- 
paign that'he  met  and  spoke  in  opposition  to  Judge  Colquitt,  the 
eminent  candidate  of  the  Whig  party.  He  was  elected,  and  then 
was  compelled  to  contest  for  his  seat  in  the  Senate,  on  some  tri- 
fling quibble,  persistently  brought  forward  by  his  opponent,  and 
stoutly  maintained  for  some  time.  Mr.  Stephens  opposed  the 
Mexican  war,  believing  it  unwise,  unconstitutional,  and  that  it 
had  been  brought  forward  by  President  Polk  to  advance  personal 
interests.  In  1850  he  threw  all  his  strength  against  the  secession 
movement  made  in  the  South  on  account  of  the  admission  of 
California.  In  the  fall  of  that  year  he  traveled  over  the  land, 
everywhere  making  the  most  eloquent  appeals — successful  ones, 
too — to  the  people,  to  stand  firm  for  the  Union.  In  1848  he  gave 
the  nomination  of  General  Taylor  his  cordial  support,  but  when 
the  General's  policy  met  his  disapproval,  he  stated  it  frankly,  as  his 
country's  friend  should  do.  Mr.  Buchanan's  turn  came,  and  though 
not  his  choice,  and  his  heart  misgave  him,  he  voted  for  him.  The 
quarrel  of  the  President  with  Judge  Douglas  he  considered  most 
unwise, — not  only  impolitic  and  unjust,  but  dangerous.  He 
foresaw  that  if  Mr.  Buchanan  persisted  in  his  course,  a  disruption 
of  the  party  at  the  Charleston  Convention  was  almost  certain,  and 
that  a  national  convulsion  must  follow.  Mr.  Stephens  again  re- 
tired from  political  life,  for  the  reason,  as  he  dryly  remarked,  that 
"  if  he  sees  that  the  engineer  is  reckless,  and  a  smash  up  ahead,  he 
gets  off  at  the  first  station." 

In  1855  Mr.  Stephens  again  stood  before  the  public  in  the  po- 
sition of  antagonist  to  the  most  gigantic  and  unconstitutional 
piece  of  injustice  ever  attempted  by  Americans — the  Know- 
Nothing  movement — which  seemed,  so  silent  had  been  its  opera- 
tions, to  spring  into  life  like  Venus  from  the  wave,  full  grown  at 
birth.  Henry  A.  Wise,  of  Virginia,  and  Alexander  H.  Stephens, 
of  Georgia,  rallying  to  the  defence,  flung  out  the  stripes  above 
the  heads  of  the  adopted  children  of  our  land,  and  pointed  to  the 
Constitution,  which  gives  all  our  citizens  equal  rights. 

When  the  campaign  of  1860  called  the  people  again  to  choose 
a  President,  Mr.  Stephens  was  very  ill — as  himself  and  every  one 
believed,  ready  to  die — but  the  great  pulsation  of  the  nation's 


AMERICAN    CITIZEN  S    TREASURE    HOUSE.  457 

heart  throbbed  against  his  own,  and  the  "  impending  crisis " 
roused  him  into  new  life,  and  he  went  out  once  more  at  the  call  of 
his  country  to  battle  for  the  Union.  His  speech  in  Columbus, 
Ga.,  was  one  of  the  grandest  efforts  of  his  life,  and  so  far  was  his 
audience  carried  by  the  force  of  eloquence,  that  when  he  called 
upon  them  to  stand  by  the  Constitution  in  any  or  every  event,  the 
audience  rose  in  a  mass  to  their  feet,  and  their  enthusiasm  was 
uncontrollable.  He  voted  and  labored  for  Stephen  A.  Douglas, 
and  worked  for  him  with  a  will  and  an  energy  worthy  of  the  ob- 
ject, and  when  the  final  and  dreadful  ending  came,  he  wrought, 
with  an  almost  frantic  desperation,  for  the  cause  so  dear  to  him ; 
and  through  the  terrible  storm  that  swept  over  our  land  he  was 
as  loyal  to  the  Union  as  ever  was  needle  to  the  magnet ;  through 
the  darkness  of  the  night,  when  the  clouds  hid  the  future  from 
less  discerning  eyes  than  his  own,  he  saw  the  rock  where  dimly 
burned,  like  evening  vesper  star,  the  light  that  would  guide  us 
safely  through  the  storm,  and  by  that  light, — 

"  Aye,  thrill, 
Ye  pulses,  standing  still  with  shame," 

he  read  the  words  of  the  Constitution,  on  whose  soundless  depths, 
as  on  some  land-locked  harbor,  rode  safely  our  noble  Union,  late 
washed  by  waves  of  blood,  torn  by  contending  principles,  wept 
over  by  Justice  and  Mercy,  but  now  saved  to  her  worshiping 
sons ;  and  turning  from  the  vision  which  to  his  prophetic  and 
longing  soul  was  the  very  gate  of  Heaven,  he  waited  till  the  whirl- 
wind passed  by,  then,  like  the  Samaritan  of  old,  gave  himself 
to  the  work  of  healing  the  wounds  that  came  of  strife. 

It  is  not  strange  that  Mr.  Stephens  accepted  the  position  of 
Vice-President  of  the  Southern  Confederacy,  for,  though  he  long 
opposed  secession,  pronounced  it  a  "wrong  and  an  actual  crime," 
he  yielded  at  last  to  the  demand  of  Georgia,  and  became  the 
second  officer  of  the  new  government,  but  was  a  most  convincing 
proof  of  the  truth  of  the  old  proverb,  that 

"  A  man  convinced  against  his  will, 
Is  of  the  same  opinion  still,"- 

and  he  declared,  both  then  and  after,  that  he  filled  the  position 
only  in  the  hope  that  he  might  be  of  use  to  the  country,  and  that 
sometime  his  counsels  might  prevail. 


458  MASTER    SPIRITS    OF    THE    WORLD,  AND 

His  faith  in  the  restoration  policy  of  Mr.  Lincoln  he  expressed 
in  no  equivocal  terms,  and  he  declared  in  all  his  speeches  that 
"  the  whole  United  States  is  our  country,  to  be  cherished  and 
defended  as  such  by  all  our  hearts  and  all  our  arms." 

Mr.  Stephens'  letters  and  speeches,  so  far  as  made  public,  are 
well  worthy  of  perusal,  and  whether  read  for  their  literary  or  po- 
litical merits,  are  equally  interesting  to  scholar  or  politician.  His 
character  is  symmetrical,  polished,  beautiful,  either  as  that  of 
a  statesman,  a  patriot,  or  a  Christian  gentleman.  His  biographer 
says  of  him, — 

"  At  the  first,  he  was  a  poor  orphan ;  then,  successful  lawyer ; 
champion  of  education ;  advocate  of  a  great  railroad ;  protector 
of  the  weak  against  the  strong,  righting  wrong  and  securing  jus- 
tice ;  benefactor  of  the  poor ;  faithful  ever  to  the  home  and  graves 
of  his  sires ;  laying  aside  the  robes  of  office  from  choice,  while  in 
the  noon  of  power ;  an  ardent  defender  of  the  Union,  as  well  as 
(Jevotee  of  the  doctrines  of  State  rights  of  the  school  of  Jefferson 
and  Madison;  ministering  spirit  at  the  hospitals  and  caring  for 
captive  enemies  as  for  brethren.  Then,  a  State  prisoner,  and  af- 
terward a  Senator  elect,  dedicating  his  matchless  eloquence  again 
to  harmony,  wisdom,  peace,  and  Union ;  hero  of  civil  triumphs 
and  bloodless  battles;  Christian  gentleman  and  patriot  states- 
man ;  in  a  word — Alexander  Hamilton  Stephens." 


HENRY  CLAY. 


NB  of  the  most  distinguished  of  QUI  southern  statesmen 
was  Henry  Clay,  who  bore  in  youth  the  soubriquet  of  the 
"Mill  Boy  of  the  Slashes.**  His  father  was  a  clergyman, 
but  in  so  poor  circumstances  as  only  to  allow  a  very  meager  edu- 
cation to  his  son,  who,  as  soon  as  his  attainments  would  permit^ 


AMERICAN    CITIZEN  S    TREASURE    HOUSE.  459 

was  put  as  a  copyist  in  the  office  of  the  Court  of  Chancery  in 
Richmond.  With  a  strong  desire  for  a  better  education,  and  with 
a  dim,  undefined  consciousness  of  the  power  that  would  one  day 
be  developed  in  him,  he  commenced  the  study  of  law  at  the  age 
of  nineteen,  and  so  rapidly  did  he  progress  that  he  was  admitted 
to  the  bar  in  the  course  of  the  year.  In  1797  he  commenced  the 
practice  of  law  in  Lexington,  Kentucky,  which  was  henceforth  to 
be  his  home.  He  took  a  lively  interest  in  politics,  and  when  a 
convention  was  called  for  a  revision  of  the  Constitution  of  Ken- 
tucky, the  youthful  politician  rendered  himself  remarkable  for  his 
efforts  towards  the  election  of  such  delegates  as  were  in  favor  of 
emancipation  of  the  slaves.  Of  course  this  could  but  be  unpopu- 
lar, and  he  fearfully  hazarded  his  position  by  it,  but  his  after  course, 
especially  in  regard  to  the  alien  laws,  gave  great  satisfaction  and 
soon  made  him  a  general  political  favorite.  In  1803  he  was  elected 
a  member  of  the  legislature  by  a  large  majority,  where  his  natural 
powers  of  eloquence  and  argumentative  ability  won  him  the  high- 
est rank.  He  was  chosen,  in  1806,  to  fill  the  vacancy  in  the  Senate 
•caused  by  the  resignation  of  General  Adair.  He  was  again  ap- 
pointed to  the  Senate  in  1839,  when  the  character  of  the  nation 
was  undergoing  a  formative  process.  The  problem,  whether  Fed- 
eral or  Democratic  principles  should  obtain  the  predominance, 
was  hastening  to  a  solution.  The  country  was  ready  and  waiting 
for  the  coming  of  the  man  who  had  the  self-centered  strength  to 
mark  out  and  fix  its  subsequent  policy.  Mr.  Clay's  term  in  the 
Senate  lasted  but  two  years,  when  he  returned  to  Lexington,  but 
already  he  had  established  himself  in  the  hearts  of  the  people, 
and  Kentucky  could  not  dispense  with  services  so  fitted  for  public 
life  and  legislation,  and  he  was  immediately  elected  to  a  seat  in  the 
House  of  Representatives;  and  so  conspicuous  had  his  talents 
already  made  him,  SQ  great  was  his  popularity,  that  he  was  at  once 
made  Speaker  of  the  House.  This  could  b,ut  have  been  a  proud 
moment  in  the  life  of  Clay.  Owing  nothing  tp  birth,  nothing  to 
education,  nothing  to,  outward  circumstances,  or  to  the  influence  of 
friends,  he  was  in  a  position  to  receive  the  willing  homage  of  those 
•who  could  boast  of  all,  and  the  torrent  of  applause  which  greeted 
the  announcement  of  his  election  revealed  how  strong  was  the 
love  of  the  enthusiastic  crowd  of  friends  who  would  rally  to  his 
support,  even  as  notf  they  had  rallied  to  make  his  entrance 


460  MASTER    SPIRITS    OF    THE    WORLD,   ANtf 

amongst  them  a  triumph.  Meantime  arose  the  difficulty  between 
the  United  States  and  England,  in  1812,  in  which  Clay  took  so 
active  a  part  as  to  be  charged  by  some  historians  with  having  been 
the  principal  instigator  of  it.  The  gloom  which  overspread  the 
nation,  however,  soon  passed  away,  and  England,  who  had  been 
so  exultant,  was  made  to  lower  her  tone  of  insolent  superiority, 
and  Clay  was  chosen  one  of  the  negotiators  of  peace.  He  returned 
from  Europe  with  his  laurels  undimmed,  having  proven  himself  as 
skillful  a  diplomatist  as  he  was  eloquent  as  an  orator,  or  able 
as  a  debater. 

Upon  his  return  he  was  elected  to  Congress,  and  took  his 
seat  in  1815,  and  was  again  chosen  speaker.  President  Madison 
offered  him  the  position  of  Minister  to  Russia ;  again,  upon  a  va- 
cancy in  his  cabinet,  the  Secretaryship  of  War.  Honors  poured 
in  upon  the  rising  statesman  from  every  quarter,  but  believing  he 
could  serve  his  country  best  in  her  halls  of  legislation,  he  declined 
every  offer.  He  identified  himself  with  the  tariff  question  in 
1819-20,  and  became  the  acknowledged  champion  of  domestic 
industry  by  his  resolute  advocacy  of  protective  duties.  He  was 
also  an  active  agent  in  the  adjustment  of  the  Missouri  Compro- 
mise, and  in  other  subjects  of  national  interest. 

In  1834  President  Jackson's  characteristic  rashness  would  have 
plunged  us  into  a  war  with  France.  In  the  treaty  of  1831  France 
had  pledged  herself  to  pay  the  United  States  twenty-five  million 
of  francs  for  aggressions  made  by  that  power  upon  our  commerce 
during  the  wars  in  which  she  was  engaged  from  1800  to  1817. 
The  money  was  not  promptly  paid,  and  Jackson  recommended 
reprisals  upon  French  property.  A  war  would,  of  course,  have 
been  the  result  of  so  desperate  a  step,  and  in  this  extremity  Mr. 
Clay  stepped  in  to  avert  so  great  a  calamity,  for  at  that  time 
we  could  ill  afford  it.  As  Chairman  of  the  Committee  on  For- 
eign Relations,  he  reported  a  resolution  to  the  effect  that  it  was 
inexpedient,  at  that  time,  to  pass  any  law  vesting  in  the  President 
authority  for  making  reprisals  upon  French  property,  or  upon  the 
property  of  any  foreign  power,  in  the  emergency  of  provision  not 
being  made  for  the  payment  to  the  United  States  of  the  indem- 
nity stipulated  by  the  treaty  of  1813.  At  that  time,  one  like  Clay, 
of  indomitable  courage  and  Roman  firmness,  was  needed  in  the 
Senate  to  curb  the  headstrong  rashness  of  the  executive.  Per- 


AMERICAN    CITIZEN'S    TREASURE    HOUSE.  461 

haps  the  times  demanded  a  President  with  the  boldness  and 
inflexible  will  of  Jackson,  at  the  same  time  that  it  brought  upon 
us  danger  which  we  desired  to  avert,  not  by  compromise  of  our 
nation's  honor,  but  by  diplomacy,  not  even  by  willful  or  feigned 
blindness  to  that  which  we  could  afford  to  see  at  another  time. 

Mr.  Clay  was  no  less  distinguished  for  his  generosity  and  phi- 
lanthropy than  for  other  noble  qualities.  The  oppressed  instinct- 
ively looked  to  him  for  redress,  and  he  was  the  eloquent  and 
impassioned  advocate  of  the  wronged  and  the  down-trodden.  His 
position  for  years  was  one  of  conflict,  when  identifying  himself 
often  with  the  weakest  party,  he  was  obliged  to  stand  forever  on 
the  defensive.  In  1834  the  Senate  had  adopted  measures  of  cen- 
sure against  President  Jackson,  and  in  the  following  year  Mr. 
Benton  sought  to  have  them  expunged.  The  Senate  refused,  by 
an  immense  majority ;  but  two  or  three  years  after  it  was  brought 
up,  and  time  had  made  such  changes  that  now  there  seemed  to  be 
a  prospect  of  success ;  but  Mr.  Clay  came  forward  to  battle  against 
odds  as  bravely,  and  with  the  same  undaunted  spirit  with  which 
three  years  before  he  had  hailed  the  assurance  of  victory.  His 
speeches  before  the  Senate  at  that  time  were  full  of  the  bitter- 
est sarcasm  and  most  scathing  irony,  and  the  hot  indignation 
of  the  man  was  poured  out  in  a  burning  but  eloquent  and  irre- 
sistible tide  of  invectives  against  what  he  denounced  as  the  mean 
condescension,  the  groveling  sycophancy,  the  self-degradation,  and 
self-abasement  of  those  who  sought  to  expunge  from  the  nation's 
archives  by  a  few  black  lines  that  which  he  (the  President)  had 
not  thought  it  worth  his  while  to  expunge  from  the  nation's  hearts 
by  later  acts.  One  paragraph,  or  portion  of  a  speech  will  be  a 
sample  of  the  burning,  impetuous,  eloquent  indignation  which  he 
felt  and  expressed  so  ably.  It  was  after  the  wily  stratagems  of 
the  other  party  had  brought  them  the  victory  which  he  considered 
disgraceful  to  the  Senate,  that  the  defeated  lion  of  the  Whig 
party  stood  at  bay  and  exclaimed,  while  his  eyes  flashed  and  his 
lips  whitened  with  anger  :  "  But  why  should  I  detain  the  Senate, 
or  needlessly  waste  my  breath  in  fruitless  exertions  ?  The  decree 
has  gone  forth,  and  it  is  one  of  urgency,  too.  The  deed  is  to  be 
done — that  foul  deed,  like  the  blood-stained  hands  of  the  guilty 
Macbeth,  all  ocean's  waters  will  never  wash  out.  Proceed  then  to 
the  noble  work  that  is  before  you,  and  like  other  executioners,  do 


462  MASTER    SPIRITS    OF    THE    WORLD,    AND 

it  quickly ;  and  when  you  have  perpetrated  it,  go  home  to  the 
people  and  tell  them  what  honors  you  have  achieved  for  our  com- 
mon country.  Tell  them  you  have  extinguished  one  of  the  bright- 
est and  purest  lights  that  ever  burned  on  the  altar  of  civil 
liberty.  Tell  them  that  you  have  silenced  one  of  the  noblest  bat- 
teries that  ever  thundered  in  defense  of  the  constitution,  and 
bravely  spiked  the  guns.  Tell  them  that,  henceforth,  no  matter 
what  daring  or  outrageous  act  any  president  may  perform,  you 
have  forever  hermetically  sealed  the  mouth  of  the  Senate.  Tell 
them  that  he  may  fearlessly  assume  any  power  he  chooses — snatch 
from  its  custody  the  public  purse,  command  a  military  detachment 
to  enter  the  halls  of  the  capitol,  overawe  Congress,  trample  down 
the  constitution  and  raze  every  bulwark  of  freedom,  and  the  Sen- 
ate must  stand  mute  in  silent  submission — and  never,  now  or 
hereafter,  dare  to  raise  its  opposing  voice.  That  it  must  wait 
until  a  House  of  Representatives,  humbled  and  saddened  like 
itself,  and  a  majority  of  it  composed  of  partisans  of  the  president,, 
shall  prefer  articles  of  impeachment — then,  not  till  then,  may  it 
dare  to  think,  or  act.  Tell  them,  finally,  that  you  have  restored 
the  glorious  doctrine  of  passive  obedience,  and  non-resistance, 
and  if  the  people  do  not  pour  out  their  indignation  and  impreca- 
tions, I  have  yet  to  learn  the  character  of  the  American  freemen." 
Seldom  has  our  country  been  the  scene  of  such  enthusiasm  as 
that  which  characterized  the  presidential  campaign  of  1840.  The: 
interests  of  the  country,  owing  to  the  success  of  the  banking  and 
sub-treasury  scheme,  were  at  the  lowest  stage  of  depression,  and 
in  a  change  of  policy  the  people  fondly  hoped  to  see  business  inter- 
ests revive.  The  twelve  years  of  worship  which  they  had  given 
to  the  hero  of  New  Orleans  had  not  been  productive  of  the  desired 
effects,  and  the  expected  blessings  had  not  come  at  the  call  of  the 
anxiously  awaiting  people  ;  and  now,  weary  with  this  state  of 
affairs,  they  rose  with  a  unanimous  movement  and  demanded 
other  laws  and  another  policy.  It  was  expected,  when  the  con- 
vention met  at  Harrisburg,  that  Henry  Clay  would  be  their  choice, 
but  with  a  blind  fanaticism  they  still  desired  to  be  ruled  by  a  mili- 
tary chieftain,  and  General  Harrison  received  the  nomination.  All 
that  was  noblest  in  the  character  of  Henry  Clay  shone  bright  in 
this  defeat,  as,  nobly  putting  aside  every  personal  consideration, 
he  hid,  even  from  himself,  his  bitter  disappointment,  and  devoted 


AMERICAN    CITIZENS'    TREASURE    HOUSE.  463 

all  his  strength  and  influence  to  the  success  of  the  rival  candi- 
date. Harrison  was  borne  into  power  with  an  overwhelming 
majority,  but  he  did  not  live  long  to  enjoy  this  crowning  honor ; 
he  died  in  one  month  from  the  time  of  his  inauguration,  and  Vice 
President  Tyler  took  his  place  at  the  head  of  the  nation. 

In  1844  he  was  nominated  for  the  Presidency  in  opposition  to 
James  K.  Polk,  the  Democratic  candidate,  and  again  defeated, 
even  when  his  party  had  not  thought  such  a  thing  possible.  The 
Kentucky  electors,  who  not  only  with  justifiable  pride  as  a  states- 
man and  legislator,  but  with  affection  as  a  public  benefactor  and 
friend,  immediately  waited  upon  him  to  tender  him  their  heartfelt 
regrets  for  his  defeat.  Mr.  Clay  was  evidently  deeply  disap- 
pointed, but  he  bore  his  disappointment  nobly.  Again  he  put 
aside  all  thoughts  of  self,  and  in  his  anxiety  for  the  welfare  of  the 
country  he  loved,  as  a  mother  loves  her  wayward  child  even 
more  tenderly  and  with  deeper  solicitude  for  every  pain  he  costs 
her,  so  he  waited  and  worked,  and  prayed  that  all  might  be  well. 

The  annexation  of  Texas  was  followed,  as  he  had  predicted,  by 
war  with  Mexico,  which  was  soon  subdued  by  American  arms,  and 
once  more  the  people  desired  him  for  their  ruler,  and  once  more 
the  eyes  of  the  masses  were  dazzled  by  the  epaulets  and  laurels 
of  Taylor.  Fresh  from  the  fields  which  he  had  won,  and  with 
all  the  glory,  half  fictitious  though  it  was,  of  having  trod,  as  a  con- 
queror, the  "  Halls  of  the  Montezumas,"  he  was  chosen  Chief 
Executive.  Twenty  years  of  reverses  had  not  soured  or  embit- 
tered his  disposition,  neither  had  injustice,  detraction,  or  blasted 
hopes  made  him  a  hater  of  his  kind.  He  was  the  same  ardent 
and  unselfish  patriot  that  he  had  ever  been ;  and  when  Kentucky,, 
believing  that  he  was  needed  now,  if  ever,  in  the  legislative  coun- 
cils, offered  him  a  seat  in  the  United  States  Senate,  though  aged 
and  toil-worn,  he  accepted  the  responsibility  without  one  mo- 
ment's hesitation.  It  was  indeed  a  time  when  the  country  had 
need  of  its  truest  son,  for  the  question  of  slavery,  always  a  dan- 
gerous and  fearful  one,  presented  itself  with  more  than  its  usual 
terrors.  Mr.  Clay  offered  measures  of  compromise  between  the 
North  and  South,  and  as  he  appeared  upon  the  Senate  floor,  he 
seemed  to  regain  something  of  his  youthful  vigor.  His  wan  cheek 
glowed  again  with  the  flush  of  excitement,  and  his  eye  flashed 
with  the  old  light  before  which  his  adversaries  had  so  often 


464  MASTER    SPIRITS    OF    THE    WORLD,  AND 

quailed ;  while  his  voice  grew  soft  and  mellow— the  same  seduct- 
ive tones  that  had  the  power  to  disarm  anger.  To  those  who 
spurned  the  idea  of  compromise  he  exclaimed,  "There  are  those 
who  are  very  wise  in  their  own  esteem,  and  who  will  reject  the 
idea  of  compromise,  but  that  is  no  reason  why  compromise  should 
not  be  attempted.  I  go  for  honorable  compromise  when  occasion 
demands  it.  Life  itself  is  but  a  compromise,  until  the  great  de- 
stroyer finally  triumphs.  All  legislation — all  government — all 
society  is  formed  upon  the  principle  of  mutual  compromise — con- 
cession, politeness,  courtesy — upon  these  everything  is  based. 
Compromise  is  particularly  appropriate  between  members  of  a 
republic,  as  of  a  common  family.  Compromises  have  this  recom- 
mendation— that  if  you  concede  anything,  you  have  something 
conceded  to  you  in  return.  Treaties  are  but  compromises  made 
with  foreign  powers,  which  is  not  a  case  like  this.  Here,  if  you 
concede  anything,  it  is  to  your  own  family — your  own  brethren. 
Let  him  who  elevates  himself  above  humanity,  with  its  weaknesses, 
its  wants,  its  necessities,  say,  if  he  will,  that  he  never  will  compro- 
mise ;  but  let  no  one  who  is  not  above  the  frailties  of  our  common 
nature,  disdain  compromises." 

The  debate  was  continued  through  many  months,  and  the  ex- 
citement became  intense,  both  in  Congress  and  amongst  the 
people,  and  Mr.  Clay,  disregarding  the  weakness  of  age,  and  the 
pains  of  disease,  battered  on  to  effect  a  reconciliation  of  the  oppo- 
site principles  of  the  North  and  the  South.  Mr.  Foot,  of  Mis- 
sissippi, and  Mr.  Bell,  of  Tennessee,  had  aided  him,  presenting  each 
a  set  of  compromise  resolutions,  which  were  not  favored  by  the 
executive,  but  during  the  continuance  of  the  agitation,  Mr.  Taylor 
died,  and  Mr.  Fillmore  was  understood  to  look  upon  the  measure 
with  more  leniency,  and  when,  on  the  thirty-first  of  July  a  bill 
passed  entering  Utah  as  a  free  territory,  ignoring  the  existence, 
for  a  time,  of  any  other  bills,  he  felt  that  the  day  of  his  triumph 
was  at  hand — for  his  far-seeing  eye  told  him  that  the  Senate  did 
not  come  to  this  work  without  having  made  up  their  minds  to 
carry  out,  separately,  every  one  of  the  three  bills.  The  irresisti- 
ble influence  of  Mr.  Clay,  so  long  and  so  well  sustained,  had  suc- 
cessfully combatted  faction  in  all  its  forms,  and  converted 
opposition  into  reluctant  auxiliary.  But  the  eloquent  statesman 
had  combatted  error  for  the  last  time — the  great  chieftain  had 


AMERICAN    CITIZEN'S   TREASURE    HOUSE.  465 

fought  his  last  battle.  He  had  passed  the  three-score  and  ten 
allotted  to  human  life,  and  as  spring  advanced  he  sank  rapidly. 
Yet  even  now,  his  sympathies  were  warm  and  quick.  The  people 
were  running  wild  over  Kossuth,  and  the  greatest  interest  was  felt 
in  that  oppressed  country.  The  eloquent  and  fascinating  Hunga- 
rian had  nearly  upset  the  neutrality  policy  of  our  government. 
The  voice  which  had  been  lifted  so  often  in  behalf  of  South  Ameri- 
can independence  and  the  struggling  Greeks,  was  now  heard  in 
friendly  remonstrance.  The  dying  statesman  admitted  the  en- 
thusiastic Hungarian  to  an  interview.  He  addressed  him  with 
his  usual  courtesy,  and  in  terms  of  the  highest  compliment,  but 
protested  against  the  policy  which  had  been  recommended  to  our 
people,  and  demonstrated  its  impracticability.  This  was  his  last 
service  to  his  country.  After  this  he  sank  speedily,  and  intelli- 
gence was  received  daily  with  mournful  interest.  The  calamity 
came  at  last.  On  the  twenty-ninth  of  June,  185  2,  it  was  announced 
in  the  Senate  Chamber  that  Henry  Clay  was  no  more. 


ROBERT  TOOMBS. 


OBERT  TOOMBS  was  born  in  Washington  county,  Ga., 
Ju^  2'  I^I°-  received  a  partial  education  in  Georgia,  but 
completed  his  studies  in  Schenectady,  N.  Y.,  graduating 
there  in  1828.  His  law  course  was  taken  at  the  University  of 
Virginia,  and  he  began  his  professional  life  in  his  native  town. 
He  served  under  General  Scott  as  captain  of  a  volunteer  company 
in  the  Creek  war,  and  was  a  dashing  and  gallant  soldier,  who 
feared  nothing  on  earth — always  ready  for  a  skirmish  or  a  frolic. 
In  1837  he  was  elected  to  the  State  Legislature,  and  continued  a 
member  of  the  lower  house  until  1845.  In  that  year  he  was 
elected  to  the  Federal  House  of  Representatives,  remaining  in 


AMERICAN    CITIZEN'S    TREASURE    HOUSE.  467 

that  body  until  1853,  and  was  then  sent  to  the  United  States 
Senate  and  served  his  term,  giving  such  satisfaction  to  his  con- 
stituents, that  he  was  renominated  and  returned.  He  served  on  a 
number  of  prominent  committees,  where  his  fine  executive  abili- 
ties won  him  the  respect  and  admiration  of  his  associates.  He 
was  from  the  first  a  member  of  the  extreme  Southern  party,  and 
strong  in  his  political  convictions.  After  Mr.  Lincoln's  election, 
he  threw  all  his  strength  and  influence  with  the  party  of  his 
choice.  He  opposed  Alexander  Stephens,  and  at  Milledgeville 
made,  in  answer  to  him,  November  15,  1860,  one  of  the  most 
brilliant  campaign  speeches  ever  listened  to. 

On  January  ipth,  1861,  Georgia  passed  the  secession  ordinance, 
and  Mr.  Toombs  withdrew  from  the  United  States  Senate,  and 
became  a  member  of  the  Confederate  Congress.  When  Jefferson 
Davis  was  elected  President  of  the  Southern  Confederacy,  he  ap- 
pointed Mr.  Toombs  his  Secretary  of  State,  and  in  September  of 
the  same  year  he  resigned  his  office,  and  it  was  filled  by  Robert 
Hunter,  of  Virginia.  He  was  better  known  than  many  of  our 
Soiithern  statesmen,  partly  by  his  brilliant  oratory,  his  impulsive, 
impetuous  eloquence  that  flashed  and  blazed  out  like  the  swift 
lightning  from  the  heaped  up  banks  of  inky  clouds  that  lie  against 
the  horizon  of  the  tropical  skies ;  and  by  the  burning,  scathing; 
words  that  rushed  in  resistless  torrents,  like  molten  lava  from  the 
bosom  of  Vesuvius,  and  won  for  this  fervid  son  of  the  South  the 
soubriquet  of  the  "  Georgia  Fire  Eater."  Mr.  Toombs  belonged 
to  the  Whig  party  when  first  he  entered  political  life,  but  after- 
wards became  a  Democrat. 


THOMAS  A.  HENDRICKS. 


AMERICAN    CITIZENS'    TREASURE    HOUSE.  469 


THOMAS  A.  HENDRICKS. 


^HOMAS  A.  HENDRICKS  was  born  in  Muskingum  county, 
Ohio,  September  yth,  1819.  He  studied  law  in  PennsyL 
vania  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  Chambersburg,"  after 
which  he  settled  and  practiced  his  profession  in  Indiana.  In  1850- 
he  was  a  member  of  the  convention  to  amend  the  State  Constitution, 
and  in  1851  he  was  Representative  from  Indiana  and  served  in 
Congress  two  years  with  marked  ability.  Mr.  Hendricks  was  ap- 
pointed by  President  Pierce  Commissioner  of  the  General  Land 
Office,  and  during  the  four  years  he  held  the  position,  eighty  mil- 
lion acres  were  sold.  In  1860  Mr.  Hendricks  was  the  Democratic 
candidate  for  Governor  of  Indiana,  but  was  defeated,  and  two 
years  later  was  elected  by  his  party  to  the  United  States  Senate. 
In  1868  his  was  prominent  among  the  names  in  the  New  York 
Convention  for  the  Presidency,  and  had  the  party  decided  upon 
him  to  lead  in  the  ensuing  campaign  he  would  have  been  a  leader 
worthy  of  them.  His  name  was  upon  the  ticket  of  this  cam- 
paign for  Governor  of  Indiana,  and  a  second  time  he  was  defeated 
for  the  position.  Mr.  Hendricks  is  one  of  the  most  able  and  pop- 
ular men  in  the  Democratic  party.  He  is  as  much  marked  for  the 
gracefulness  of  his  oratory  as  for  his  eloquence,  and  his  audience 
never  weary  of  listening,  while  his  politeness  and  good  humor  in 
debate  make  him  a  general  favorite.  His  speech  on  the  Supple- 
mentary Reconstruction  Bill  was  one  of  his  most  masterly  efforts. 
Said  he,  "  What  objection  have  you  to  the  Constitutions  of  the. 
Southern  States  as  amended  by  the  people  ?  For  two  years  you 
have  kept  those  States  out  of  the  Union,  so  far  as  representation 
was  concerned  ;  for  two  years  trade,  commerce,  or  business  have 
been  afraid  to  put  out  their  hand,  or  capital  to  trust  to  any  enter- 
prise, and  the  spirit  of  confidence  and  harmony  have  been  passing 
away  from  both  sections  of  the  country  because  of  the  strife  thus 
kept  up.  For  what  have  you  done  it,  and  what  end  have  you 
attained?"  *  *  A  republican  form  of  government  is  one  in 


47°  MASTER    SPIRITS   OF    THE    WORLD,   AND 

which  the  people  make  their  own  laws  through  legislators  selected 
by  themselves — execute  their  laws  through  legislators  chosen  by 
themselves — and  administer  law  through  their  own  courts. 
*     *     Yet  what  have  you  done  under  a  constitution  that  guaran- 
tees to  the  State  a  republican  form  of  government  ?" 

There  is  no  question  but  that  his  enthusiasm,  beautiful  as  it 
was,  and  seductive  as  was  the  eloquence  with  which  he  urged 
the  claims  of  the  South,  was  the  honest  sentiment  of  a  heart  that 
bled  over  the  misery  that  war  had  occasioned,  and  his  ready  sym- 
pathy had  a  counterpart  in  many  a  noble  heart  that  put  aside 
every  consideration  but  loyalty  to  the  Union  and  the  future  wel- 
fare of  our  beloved  country. 


THIERS. 


^RESIDENT  THIERS  was  born  at  Marseilles  on  the  i6tk 
of  April,  1797,  his  father,  who  was  a  dealer  in  clothes, 
having  been  mined  by  the  Revolution.  From  1806  to  1814 
he  studied  at  the  Seminary  in  that  city,  thanks  to  the  aid  of  the 
Chenier  family,  relatives  of  his  mother.  From  1815  to  i&ao  he 
studied  la\y  at  Aix,  and  went  to  Paris  in  1821.  Between  1822  and 
1829  he  wrote  suecessivelyj  Articles  for  the  Constitutionnel^  an  op- 
position paper  then  very  sraccessful ;  a  volume  of  art-criticisms 
called  "The  Exhibition  of  1822;**  "Historical  Tablets,"  written 
jointly  with  Jouffroy,  Mignet,  and  Remusat,  and  his  "  History  of 
the  Revolution.? 

After  the  revolution  of  1830  he  became  Counsellor  of  State, 
and  Secretary  General  of  the  Department  of  Finances,  under  the 
celebrated  Baron  Louis,  of  whom  Mr.  Thiers  always  speaks  as  his 
teacher  in  financial  matter*.  In  1831  he  defended  the  hereditary 
Peership,  in.  the  Chamber  of  Peers;  and,  in  1832,  having  become 


AMERICAN    CITIZEN'S    TREASURE    HOUSE.  471 

Minister  of  the  Interior,  he  caused  the  arrest  of  the  Duchess  de 
Berry,  during  her  famous  insurrection  in  la  Venaee.  From  1832 
to  1834,  having  left  the  Interior  Department,  he  took  charge  of 
that  of.  Commerce  and  Public  Works ;  returning  to  the  former  in 
1834,  and  marching  personally  against  the  barricades  and  rioters 
who  appeared  in  Paris  at  that  time.  In  1836,  he  resigned  ;  but,  a 
month  later,  he  was  President  of  the  Council  of  Ministers  and  in 
charge  of  the  Foreign  Affairs  Office,  where  he  was  succeeded  by 
Count  Mole  in  August,  1836.  In  1837,  he  made  a  trip  to  Italy, 
where  he  created  quite  a  sensation  as  a  liberal  patron  of  art  and  a 
liberal  Minister.  In  1840,  as  a  result  of  the  famous  Thiers  Guizot 
coalition,  he  became  Minister  of  Foreign  Affairs  and  President  of 
the  Council,  and  caused  the  construction  of  the  fortifications  of 
Paris.  At  the  close  of  the  year  he  resigned,  and  traveled  in 
Italy,  Spain,  Germany  and  England,  until  1845.  In  1848,  he  was 
Minister  for  one  day,  on  the  eve  of  the  Revolution ;  and,  at  the 
close  of  the  year  was  elected  to  the  Constitutional  Assembly  by 
four  Departments.  At  the  coup  d'etat  of  1851  he  was  arrested 
-and  sent  to  the  frontier.  In  1852  he  returned  to  France.  In  1863 
he  was  elected  by  Paris  to  the  Corps  Legislatif,  and  was  re-elected 
in  1869.  He  was  chosen  a  member  of  the  French  Academy  in 
1833,  in  the  place  of  Andrieux.  In  1847  ne  published  his  History 
of  the  Consulship  and  the  Empire,  which  he  finished  during  the 
reign  of  Napoleon  th,e  Third.  His  life  from  1870  till  now  is  well 


472 


MASTER    SPIRITS   OF    THE    WORLD,  AND 


GEORGE  S.  BOUTWELL. 


EORGE  S.  BOUTWELL  was  born  in  Brookline,  Massa- 
chusetts,  January  28th,  1818.  When  seventeen  years  or 
age  he  went  to  Groton  and  commenced  business  as  clerk 
in  a  store.  At  nineteen  he  appeared  first  as  a  lecturer  before  the 
public  in  the  Groton  Lyceum.  At  the  age  of  twenty-one  he  was 
nominated  by  the  Democratic  party  for  the  legislature,  but.  lost 
the  election.  Three  years  later  he  was  again  candidate,  and  being 
elected,  was  continued  in  the  office  seven  successive  years.  In 
1851  he  was  elected  Governor  of  Massachusetts  and  held  the  office 
two  terms.  In  1853  he  separated  from  the  Democratic  party  and 
became  a  leader  of  the  Republicans  in  Massachusetts.  In  1861 
he  was  a  member  of  the  Peace  Congress,  was  the  first  Com- 
missioner of  Internal  Revenue  and  organized  the  revenue  system 
of  the  United  States. 

He  was  elected  a  Representative  in  Congress  and  took  his  seat 
in  March,  1863.  He  was  appointed  a  member  of  the  Judiciary 
Committee,  and  continued  on  it,  and  also  on  the  Joint  Committee 
on  Reconstruction.  At  the  close  of  the  war  he  was  one  of  the 
first  advocates  of  negro  suffrage.  As  a  manager  of  the  Impeach- 
ment Trial  before  the  Senate,  his  honest  sincerity  and  eloquence 
attracted  the  attention  and  admiration  of  the  whole  country.  Mr. 


AMERICAN    CITIZEN  S    TREASURE    HOUSE. 


473 


Boutwell  had  just  taken  his  seat  in  the  Forty-first  Congress  when 
he  was  called  by  President  Grant  to  take  a  seat  in  his  cabinet  as 
Secretary  of  the  Treasury.  Mr.  Boutwell  entered  upon  his  duties 
under  many  difficulties,  and  though  he  pursued  a  new  policy, 
the  practical  results  of  which  was  doubted  by  some,  the  na- 
tional debt  was  reduced  more  than  twenty  million  dollars  during 
his  first  three  months  in  office.  There  is  no  question  of  Mr.  Bout- 
well's  honesty,  or  of  his  integrity,  while  his  ability,  force  of  char- 
acter, vigorous  powers  and  habits  of  thought,  together  with  an 
attractive,  kindly  manner,  make  him  a  general  favorite  and  a 
trusted  statesman. 


ZACHARIAH  CHANDLER. 


AMERICAN    CITIZEN'S    TREASURE    HOUSE.  475 


ZACHARIAH  CHANDLER. 


^ACHARIAH  CHANDLER  was  born  in  Bedford,  N.  H., 
December  10,  1813.  He  received  a  good  education,  and 
at  the  age  of  twenty-two  went  to  Detroit,  Mich.,  engaged 
in  mercantile  business,  and  as  the  town,  then  small,  increased  in 
size,  so  also  did  his  business,  until  he  was  one  of  the  heaviest 
wholesale  dry  goods  merchants  in  the  State.  He  was  a  whig  in 
politics,  so  far  at  least  as  he  was  a  politician,  which  was  not  to  any 
great  extent,  and  he  never  sought  political  honors.  He  was  elected 
Mayor  of  Detroit  in  185 1,  and  in  the  following  year  was  nominated 
for  Governor  of  the  State,  but  his  fine  sense  of  honor  forbade  his 
silence  upon  what  seemed  to  him  vital  points  of  interest  to  the 
nation,  and  he  gave  his  views  so  plainly  and  independently  as 
to  offend  the  party  in  power,  and  lost  the  election.  In  1856 
he  was  elected  to  the  United  States  Senate  for  six  years,  and 
during  that  term  was  identified  with  all  the  leading  movements  of 
the  day  :  for  a  general  system  of  internal  improvements,  for  pre- 
venting the  further  increase  of  slave  territory,  and  for  the  sup- 
pression of  the  vices  and  corruption  which  disgraced  the  nation. 

One  of  our  finest  critics  writes  of  him  :  "  The  country  does  not 
know  how  much  it  owes  to  his  Roman  firmness.  The  people 
have  become  too  much  accustomed  to  regard  him  as  one  of  the 
fortresses  of  their  liberties,  which  no  artillery  could  breach, 
and  whose  parapet  no  storming  column  could  ever  reach,  that 
they  have  never  given  themselves  a  thought  as  to  the  disastrous 
consequences  which  might  have  followed  had  he  spoken  or 
voted  differently  from  what  he  did.  When  did  he  ever  pander 
to  position,  or  complain  of  being  unappreciated  by  his  party  ? 
Yet  no  man  ever  did  braver  work  for  a  party,  and  got  less  con- 
sideration than  he." 

In  the  rebellion  he  advocated  prompt  and  energetic  measures, 
not  half-way  action.  He  was  prompt  and  efficient  in  promoting 
the  welfare  of  the  soldiers,  and  in  bringing  about  an  honorable 
peace. 


JOHN  C.  CALHOUN. 


AMERICAN    CITIZEN  S    TREASURE    HOUSE.  477 


JOHN  C.  CALHOUN. 


subject  of  this  sketch  was  born  in  Abbeville  District, 
South  Carolina,  March  i8th,  1782,  and  the  luster  of  his 
name,  which  was  never  clouded  or  dimmed  or  disgraced, 
lent  to  the  glory  of  the  State  that  gave  him  birth,  that  he  loved 
so  well,  and  served  so  faithfully.  His  father  was  the  first  member 
elected  to  the  Provincial  legislature  from  the  interior  of  the 
State,  and  of  this  body  and  the  State  legislature,  he  continued 
a  member  for  thirty  years,  with  the  intermission  of  a  single  term, 
and  held  the  office  at  the  time  of  his  death. 

At  Yale  College  young  Calhoun  distinguished  himself  for  breadth 
of  intellect  and  for  his  precocious  sagacity,  and  the  learned  Dr. 
Dwight,  president  of  the  College,  with  whom  he  had  frequent  dis- 
cussions, was  astonished  at  his  depth  of  thought  and  power  of 
eloquence,  and  unequivocally  predicted  the -future  of  his  pupil. 
He  remarked  to  a  friend,  "  That  young  man  has  talents  enough  to 
be  President  of  the  United  States."  A  high  compliment  in  that 
day,  but  which,  with  the  experience  that  later  years  has  brought 
us,  we  are  justified  in  questioning,  and  we  defend  our  own  skepti- 
cism and  turn  wistful  eyes  backward  over  time  as  we  cry,  "  Oh,  for 
the  days  when  men  like  Calhoun  dared  to 

'  Beard  the  lion  in  his  lair. 

The  Douglas  in  his  halls  !  ' ' 

When  fame's  fingers  had  already  begun  to  weave  laurels  for  his 
brow,  as  he  stepped  forth  to  meet  a  Randolph  of  Roanoke,  and 
in  answer  to  that  powerful  antagonist,  threw  back,  with  fiery 
impetuosity,  concentrated  bitterness,  and  scathing  scorn,  in  the 
true  spirit  of  the  proud  sons  of  the  South,  the  taunts  and  sneers 
with  which  he  had  been  met  in  the  legislature  by  him. 

Those  who  knew  Randolph,  and  knew  how  haughty  and  impe- 
rious was  his  nature,  can  perhaps  imagine  his  astonishment  and 
rage,  when  this  stripling  stepped  forth,  as  confidently  as  did 
David  to  meet  Goliath,  and  exclaimed,  in  answer  to  Randolph's  pro- 


47§  MASTER    SPIRITS    OF    THE    WORLD.    AND 

posal  of  conciliatory  measures  in  regard  to  our  "  little  unpleasant- 
ness "  with  England  in  1811,  "  Sir,  I  here  enter  my  solemn  protest 
against  this  low  and  calculating  avarice  entering  this  hall  of  legis- 
lation. It  is  only  fit  for  shops  and  counting  houses ;  and  ought 
not  to  disgrace  the  seat  of  sovereignty  by  its  squalid  and  vile  ap- 
pearance. Whenever  it  touches  sovereign  power,  the  nation  is 
ruined.  It  is  too  short-sighted  to  defend  itself.  It  is  an  unprom- 
ising spirit,  always  ready  to  yield  a  part  and  save  the  balance.  It 
is  too  timid  to  have  in  itself  the  power  of  self-preservation.  It  is 
only  safe  under  the  shield  of  honor.  It  is  unworthy  of  our 
national  government,  unworthy  of  our  nation."  Loving  the  South 
with  a  passionate  fervor,  he  was  yet  a  man  so  clear-sighted  as  to 
refuse  to  gratify  her  at  the  expense  of  principle  and  honor, 
hence,  when  the  embargo  was  greatly  relied  on  in  the  troubles  ot 
1811,  to  which  we  before  alluded,  and  the  enthusiastic  South  ap-. 
plauded  the  scheme,  the  young  statesman  had  the  hardihood  to 
oppose  it  in  the  most  energetic  manner.  Said  he,  "  I  object  to  the 
restrictive  system,  because  it  does  not  suit  the  genius  of  our  people 
or  our  government.  To  make  the  restrictive  system  effective,, 
requires  the  most  arbitrary  laws.  England,  with  the  most  severe 
penal  statutes,  has  not  been  able  to  exclude  prohibited  articles, 
and  Napoleon,  with  all  his  power  and  vigilance,  was  obliged  to 
resort  to  the  most  barbarous  laws  to  enforce  this  continental  sys- 
tem. It  is  unworthy  of  our  principles — alike  insulting  to  them 
and  our  constitution." 

In  1817  Mr.  Calhoun  was  appointed  by  Mr.  Monroe  to  the 
office  of  Secretary  of  War.  Entering  upon  his  duties  under  the 
most  adverse  circumstances,  but  everything  was  forced  to  yield  to 
his  skill  and  sagacity.  He  found  upward  of  forty  million  of  dol- 
lars of  unsettled  accounts,  which  he  speedily  reduced  to  three 
million ;  and  by  the  economy  and  exactness  of  accountability 
which  he  introduced  into  every  branch  of  expenditure  under  his 
control,  he  saved  the  government  many  million  of  dollars.  He 
was  twice  elected  Vice-President  of  the  United  States,  on  which 
office  he  conferred  a  dignity  and  character  every  way  worthy  of 
the  station  and  of  himself. 

On  the  occasion  of  his  being  chosen  to  fill  Mr.  Haines'  seat  in 
the  Senate,  he  met  with  the  most  bitter  opposition,  and  on  account 
of  his  views  favoring  State  Rights,  was  even  threatened  with 


AMERICAN  CITIZEN'S  TREASURE  HOUSE.  479 

arrest,  and  it  was  at  this  time,  when  treason  reared  its  head  in  the 
high  places  of  the  land,  that  some  of  his  most  able  and  eloquent 
speeches  were  made.  We  only  wish  it  were  possible  to  make  room 
for  them  upon  these  pages,  or  even  for  lengthy  extracts.  He  has 
been  repeatedly  pronounced  to  be  the  most  profound  metaphysi- 
cian of  his  age  ;  but  in  setting  him  at  the  head  of  American  ora- 
tors we  design  to  speak  more  of  his  clear-sighted  wisdom,  of  his 
practical  application  of  illustrations  and  of  the  purity  and  exalted 
nature  of  his  thoughts,  as  expressed  by  his  unsurpassed  eloquence. 
He  was  incontestably  superior  to  any  of  his  cotemporaries  in  val- 
uable philosophical  accomplishments.  The  condensing  power  of 
his  mind,  the  manner  in  which  he  not  only  concentrated,  but 
intensified  thought,  making  a  few  well  chosen  words  convey  a  vol- 
ume of  meaning,  was  unsurpassed  by  any  public  man  of  any  age. 
Said  a  writer,  who  was  at  a  loss  for  words,  as  we  now  are,  since 
language  seems  so  incapable  of  conveying  the  true  quality  of  a 
mind  like  this  :  "  An  indignant,  fiery  purity  pervaded  Calhoun's 
phraseology  like  heat  and  resistance  in  glowing  steel."  Awed  and 
penetrated  by  his  power,  we  are  loth  to  deal  with  his  character  as 
with  those  of  a  more  common  stamp.  No  one  could  listen  to  him 
without  feeling  that  his  mightiest  power  is  in  clear  analogies,  sup- 
pressed emotion,  and  lofty  earnestness.  He  was  far  in  advance  of 
his  age,  and  his  ardent  devotion  to  the  liberties  of  his  country, 
and  his  jealous  watchfulness  of  her  honor  and  interests,  have  been 
mistaken  by  some  for  ambition.  Ambition  he  had,  but  it  was 
high  and  noble,  and  never  could  exist  apart  from  his  ambition  for 
his  country.  His  nullification,  so  much  misunderstood  and  mis- 
represented, was,  with  him,  a  pure  and  almost  holy  devotion  to  the 
constitution  and  to  the  permanent  good  of  the  whole  Union,  ac- 
cording to  his  understanding  of  them.  The  genial  goodness, 
native  to  his  head  and  heart,  is  manifest  in  the  spirit  of  his  pub- 
lic conduct.  Everywhere  he  was  as  full  of  thought  as  an  ocean 
is  of  brine,  but  there  is  no  bitterness  in  his  written  or  living  speech. 
His  loftiest  abstractions  are  embodied  in  that  good  sense,  and 
keen,  fine  honor,  which  forbade  him  to  stop  in  the  dark ;  while 
he  never  resorted  to  the  paltry  subterfuge  of  attempting  to  appa- 
rently enlarge  an  idea  by  clothing  it  in  a  misty,  hazy,  ambiguous 
cloud  of  words  which  really  only  bewilder  the  listener. 


480  MASTER    SPIRITS   OF    THE    WORLD,  AND 

We  feel  the  insufficiency  of  any  mind  or  pen  to  present  to  you 
a  correct  analysis  of  this  great  man,  who  stood  prominent  among 
the  men  whose  great  thoughts  possess  us  like  a  passion,  through 
every  limb  and  the  whole  heart ;  whose  words  haunt  us  "  as  eagles 
haunt  the  mountain  crags  " — thoughts  which  command  all  com- 
ing times  and  minds,  as  from  a  tower  a  warden.  Carefully  avoid- 
ing all  discursiveness  of  the  imagination,  his  speeches  are 
characterized  by  a  steady  pressure  to  the  point.  In  debate,  a 
rapid,  vehement  outpouring  of  thought  and  sentiment  that  carried 
everything  before  its  rushing  tide. 

From  1831  until  1843  he  was  in  the  Senate,  and  was  then  ap- 
pointed Secretary  of  State ;  he  was  again  returned  to  the  Senate 
in  1845,  °f  which  body  he  remained  a  member  until  his  death, 
which  occurred  in  1850,  at  Washington,  after  nearly  fifty  years  of 
steady  labor  and  of  unselfish  patriotism. 


WILLIAM  PITT. 


"ILLIAM  PITT  was  the  second  born,  but  eldest  living 
son  of  Lord  Chatham.  He  was  born  May  28,  1759. 
At  the  age  of  fourteen  he  entered  Cambridge,  where  he 
made  rapid  progress  in  his  studies,  and,  as  an  English  historian 
says  of  him,  became  "  saturated  with  knowledge."  He  had  been 
taught  from  his  childhood,  almost  from  his  birth,  that  he  was  the 
hope  of  the  country,  and  his  ambition,  naturally  strong,  was  in- 
creased and  cultivated  in  every  possible  way.  He  was  haughty, 
reserved,  cold  and  proud,  a  man  while  yet  a  boy ;  indeed,  the 
writer  quoted  says  he  never  had  a  boyhood,  but  that  at  the  age 
when  others  are  blushing  with  boyish  diffidence,  he  had  the  aus- 
terity and  assurance  of  a  man  of  the  world,  taking  up  its  cares 
and  duties  as  if  he  had  known  them  a  lifetime. 


AMERICAN    CITIZEN'S   TREASURE    HOUSE.  481 

In  January,  1781,  he  was  sent  to  Parliament  from  Appleby,  and 
at  once  threw  himself  into  politics  with  the  spirit  of  an  old  de- 
bater. He  advocated  reforms,  and  all  the  popular  measures  of 
the  day,  and  stood  boldly  and  stoutly  for  representation  of  the 
people.  In  July,  1782,  he  was  made  chancellor  of  the  exchequer, 
and  this,  following,  as  it  did,  Lord  Shelburn's  accession  to  the  ad- 
ministration, was  equivalent  to  an  invitation  to  retire  from  a  party 
who  were  considered  mad  to  advance  in  England,  or  indeed  in 
Europe,  a  theory  so  unlikely  to  succeed,  idle  as  was  the  dream- 
er's wildest  fancies.  His  ambition  was  stronger  than  his  love  of 
reform,  and  in  December,  1783,  King  George  placed  young  Pitt 
at  the  head  of  the  cabinet,  and  for  seventeen  years  he,  more  than 
any  other  man,  ruled  the  United  Kingdom.  When  first  placed 
in  power,  it  is  probable  that  something  of  the  rose  tints  with  which 
he  had  clothed  his  first  love,  Reform,  yet  haunted  his  vision,  for 
he  still  talked  tenderly  of  free  trade ;  but  the  disastrous  failure  of 
the  French  Revolution,  whose  dedication  page  was  written  with 
the  blood  of  her  bravest  sons,  was  a  lesson  that  he  was  not  slow 
to  learn,  and  henceforth  Pitt  was  the  despot  of  the  Parliament, 
-measuring  his  strength  with  a  boldness  that  was  characteristic  of 
the  man,  with  any  or  every  political  power,  and  his  resources 
seemed  inexhaustible.  His  readiness  in  debate,  and  promptness 
in  action,  as  well  as  his  business  capacity,  were  truly  wonderful. 
Unfortunately  he  gave  himself  up  to  dissipation  of  every  sort,  and 
died  of  a  broken  constitution  and  exhausted  vigor,  January  23d, 
1806. 


DANIEL  WEBSTER. 


birthplace  of  Daniel  Webster  was  Salisbury,  Mass.,  the 
year,  1782.     His  father  was  a  farmer,  and  fought  both  in 
the  French  and  Revolutionary  wars.      Daniel  Webster  was 
;>  school  in  the  wilderness,  and  fed  and  grew  strong 


482  MASTER    SPIRITS    OF    THE    WORLD,   AND 

intellectually  on  a  repast  not  equal  to  the  crumbs  which  fall  from 
modern  tables.  He  studied  and  was  admitted  to  the  practice  of 
law  in  Boston,  in  1805  ;  his  first  practice  was  in  the  village  of 
Boscawen,  and  afterward  he  removed  to  Portsmouth,  where  he 
struggled  awhile  with  poverty  and  adversity,  was  burned  out  and 
returned  to  Boston  with  the  almost  hopeless  hope  of  bettering  his 
condition.  Now  the  tide  turned,  the  stranded  barque  was 
again  lifted  to  the  crest  of  the  wave,  and  scarcely  would  it  be 
amiss  to  wind  up  with  the  novelist's  oft  repeated  termination  of  his 
romance — "  he  was  prosperous  and  happy  forever  after."  Poetic 
justice  might  be  satisfied  with  this,  but  in  the  life  of  these  "  Master 
Spirits  of  the  World,"  is  a  lesson  too  rich  to  be  so  easily  conned. 

Mr.  Webster's  career  in  Boston  was  upward,  but  he  drew  him- 
self up  the  steeps  with  patient  endeavor.  For  six  or  eight  years 
he  avoided  politics,  refused  to  accept  office,  and  devoted  himself 
closely  to  business.  On  the  loth  of  March  he  made  an  appeal 
before  the  Supreme  Court  at  Washington  in  behalf  of  Dartmouth 
College,  and  of  his  efforts  it  is  said  :  "  After  his  speech  was  finished 
there  was  a  perceptible  interval  before  any  one  seemed  willing  to 
break  the  silence,  and  not  one  in  that  vast  crowd  doubted  that  the 
man  who  had  so  moved,  controlled,  and  astonished  them  had  that 
day  vindicated  his  right  to  a  place  at  the  side  of  the  ablest  jurists 
in  the  country." 

In  1822  he  consented  to  accept  a  seat  as  Representative  in  Con 
gress,  and  1826  was  chosen  to  fill  a  vacancy  in  the  Senate  of  the 
United  States.  It  was  not  as  a  politician  that  Mr.  Webster  made 
his  public  life  an  honorable  success,  but  as  an  orator,  and  as  "  one 
who  loved  his  fellow  men," — one  to  whom  humanity  in  any  and 
every  phase  is  dear,  and  whose  whole  object  and  purpose  is  to  ele- 
vate it. 

His  oration  at  the  laying  of  the  corner-stone  of  the  Bunker  Hill 
Monument,  before  the,  assembled  multitude  who  stood  with  un- 
covered heads,  while  their  feet  pressed  the  turf  that  had  been 
reddened  by  the  blood  of  the  martyrs  who"  defended  it,  was  one 
of  the  most  thrilling  utbursts  of  eloquence  that  ever  fell  from 
his  lips,  and  its  closing  sentences  awed  the  listeners  into  a  silence  as 
if  it  were  a  voice  from  the  skies.  There  was  always  in  his  ora- 
tory a  dignity  that  amounted  to  formality  and  stiffness,  and  a 
solemnity  that  would  have  been  oppressive  but  for  the  purity  and 


AMERICAN    CITIZEN'S    TREASURE    HOUSE.  483 

beauty  of  his  ideas,  and  their  polish,  which,  if  it  made  them  seem 
cold,  gave  them  a  brilliancy  never  excelled.  One  object  he  had 
forever  in  view.  It  was  never  lost  sight  of,  no  matter  how  trivial 
the  occasion  that  called  him  into  action,  and  that  was  moral  and 
intellectual  greatness.  It  was  this,  adhered  to  so  persistently, 
which  seemed  to  lift  him  above  the  head  of  every  one  with  whom 
he  came  in  contact.  It  is  doubtful  if  his  eloquence  lay  in  speech 
alone — it  was  in  manner,  gesture,  look.  It  was  a  part  of  him.  He 
was  a  most  careful  speaker,  never  advancing  what  he  could  not 
substantiate,  never  raising  a  pyramid  of  argument  without  being 
sure  that  the  base  would  support  it.  He  had  the  power,  without 
the  heat  of  enthusiasm  in  himself,  of  arousing  it  to  the  highest 
pitch  in  others.  He  reminded  one  always  of  the  Alpine  moun- 
tains, 

"  the  mountains, 


Round  whose  snow-clad  crest 

The  clouds  forever  lie,  the  clouds 

From  out  whose  breast  the  lightnings  flash,  and 

To  whose  breast  the  lightnings  leap  and  hide." 

His  audience  might  sun  themselves  in  the  warmth  of  the  fruit- 
ful valley;  he  was  towering  above  them  in  thought's  sublimest 
realms,  cold,  strong,  majestic,  immovable.  He  died  in  Marshfield, 
Massachusetts,  in  the  yist  year  of  his  age. 


DEMOSTHENES. 


?HE  father  of  Demosthenes  was  a  cutler  and  cabinet- 
maker, and  the  great  Greek  orator  was  born  B.  C.  382. 
His  father  died  when  he  was  but  seven  years  old,  and  his 
property,  consisting  of  fifteen  talents,  was  put  into  the  hands  of 
three  guardians  who  were  appointed  by  his  father.  Upon  arriving 
at  his  majority  he  demanded  his  money,  but  could  not  get  it,  and 


484  MASTER   SPIRITS   OF    THE    WOPLD,  AND 

at  once  instituted  proceedings  against  those  who  held  it,  and  not 
being  able  to  employ  an  advocate,  pleaded  his  own  case,  and 
obtained  a  verdict  for  the  sum  of  ten  talents  against  one  of  them. 
The  speeches  made  by  himself  on  the  occasion  were  amongst  the 
finest  specimens  of  his  oratory.  They  were  the  eloquent,  fiery 
outpouring  of  his  indignation  and  wrath,  the  hot,  passionate, 
though  almost  boyish  expression  of  his  sense  of  the  injustice  done 
him,  and  his  impetuous  demand  for  justice  from  the  Athenian 
court  for  one  of  her  citizens.  Encouraged  by  his  success,  and  by 
the  admiration  he  had  excited,  he  now  determined  to  devote  him- 
self to  lecturing,  and  at  once  commenced  the  work;  but  his 
second  attempt  ended  in  a  failure  as  mortifying  and  humiliating 
as  his  first  had  been  gratifying.  Without  the  stimulant  of  that 
intense  excitement  which  had  nerved  him  then,  his  voice  was 
weak  and  feeble,  and  the  impediment  in  his  speech  was  so  great 
as  to  render  it  difficult  for  him  to  be  understood  at  all ;  and  he 
met  with  only  contemptuous  ridicule.  In  no  way  discouraged  by 
the  ill-fated  beginning  of  a  public  career  which  he  had  destined 
to  be  life-long,  and  with  an  unconquerable  determination  to  suc- 
ceed, to  make  his  way  in  the  face  of  every  obstacle,  and  to  rise 
above  those  whose  sneers  stung  him  almost  into  frenzy,  he  ap- 
plied himself  to  study,  going  through  the  most  vigorous  course  of 
practice,  never  wearying,  and  never  doubting  his  ultimate  victory. 
B.  C.  355  he  reappeared  before  the  public,  from  which  he  had  dis- 
appeared so  entirely  as  to  have  been  forgotten,  and  delivered  two 
orations  against  Septimus  and  Androtion,  which  were  exceedingly 
fine,  especially  the  first,  and  these  being  rapidly  followed  by 
others,  his  fame  as  an  orator  spread  far  and  wide,  and,  as  one 
of  those  "  whose  resistless  eloquence  wielded  and  swayed 
that  fierce  Democrat,  he  became  one  of  the  leading  statesmen 
of  Athens,  and  took  an  active  part  in  all  public  affairs.  He 
strongly  opposed  the  expedition  to  Euhoar,  and  endeavored, 
without  success,  to  dissuade  the  people  from  taking  up  arms 
against  the  Persians.  Thenceforth  his  life  belonged  to  his  coun- 
try, and  in  anything  which  could  serve  her  interests,  or  promote 
her  honor,  or  add  to  her  fame,  he  was  a  zealous  and  untiring 
laborer,  and  any  measure  which  threatened  encroachment  upon 
her  liberty  was  watched  with  jealous  and  sleepless  eyes. 


AMERICAN  CITIZEN'S  TREASURE  HOUSE.  485 

B.  C.  358  Philip,  of  Macedonia,  began  his  aggressive  war  upon 
the  northern  part  of  the  Macedonian  possessions,  and  as  their 
encroachments  were  patiently  borne,  and  no  opposition  brought 
to  bear,  but  the  territory  quietly  given  up,  there  seemed  na 
probability  that  they  would  withdraw,  or  retreat,  or  give  back  that 
which  was  not  demanded  of  them.  The  proud  and  patriotic- 
spirit  of  Demosthenes  could  ill  brook  this  insult  to  his  nation,, 
and  to  rouse  his  countrymen  to  a  sense  of  the  degradation  of 
their  position  he  uttered  his  Philipics,  probably  the  most  eloquent 
series  of  orations  ever  delivered  ;  and  they  moved  upon  the  hearts 
of  the  people  as  did  the  voice  of  Moses  when  he  commanded  the 
Israelites  to  submit  no  longer  to  the  oppression  of  Pharaoh. 
The  Olynthiacs  are  equally  celebrated,  and  were  delivered  with 
a  view  to  prevail  upon  the  Athenians  to  aid  the  inhabitants  of 
Olynthus,  which  had  been  besieged  by  Philip,  and  which,  not- 
withstanding all  the  exertions  of  the  orator,  was  taken  the  next 
spring. 

Demosthenes  was  now  sent,  with  nine  others,  on  an  embassy  to- 
treat  with  Philip,  and  concluded  a  superficial  peace,  which  lasted 
ten  years.  At  the  end  of  that  time  hostilities  again  commenced,, 
and  the  disastrous  battle  of  Chaeronea  left  Philip  master  of  the 
destinies  of  Greece.  Defeated  and  disgraced,  the  people  yet  rec- 
ognized the  heroic  efforts  of  Demosthenes,  and  his  love  for  the 
Macedonians  remained  unabated ;  but  upon  the  accession  of  Alex-- 
ander  to  the  throne,  so  strong  was  the  power  which  seated  and 
held  him  there,  that  all  opposition  was  overawed;  and  soon  there- 
was  a  revulsion  of  feeling,  and  Demosthenes,  who  had  been  the  idol 
of  the  people,  came  under  their  condemnation.  Harpacus,  who. 
had  been  left  at  Babylon  in  charge  of  the  immense  treasure  there,, 
absconded  with  it,  and,  arriving  at  Athens,  by  a  judicious  distri-. 
bution  of  part  of  it,  secured  his  personal  safety.  Demosthenes; 
was  suspected  of  being  one  of  the  recipients,  and  was  tried  for 
the  offence.  No  proof  was  found,  but  he  was  declared  guilty  ;  and; 
the  suspicion,  and  the  weight  of  shame  attached  to  the  unsus-- 
tained  charge,  almost  broke  the  heart  of  the  heroic  old  man,  and' 
he  retired  to  Trozene,  where  he  remained  until  the  death  of  Alex- 
ander, when  he  returned  to  Athens,  but  was  not  allowed  to  remain  ; 
he  fled  again  from  his  ungrateful  country  to  Calauria,  where 
he  found  refuge  in  the  temple  of  Neptune.  He  died  suddenly  m 


486  MASTER    SPIRITS   OF    THE    WORLD,  AND 

this  lonely  spot,  an  exile  from  the  land  of  his  birth,  an  exile  from 
the  country  to  which  he  had  been  so  true — a  victim  of  "  man's 
inhumanity  to  man."  His  orations  are  familiar  to  every  reader, 
and  are  pronounced  by  Hume  as  being  the  most  perfect  of  the 
kind  ever  given  to  the  world.  "  His  manner,"  says  the  author 
just  quoted,  "  is  rapid  harmony,  exactly  adjusted  to  the  sense;  it 
is  vehement  reasoning  without  any  appearance  of  art ;  it  is  dis- 
dain, anger,  boldness,  freedom,  involved  in  a  constant  stream  of 
argument,  and  of  all  human  productions,  the  nearest  perfect." 


EDWARD  EVERETT. 


[DWARD  EVERETT,  the  fourth  of  a  family  of  eight 
children,  was  born  in  Dorchester,  Mass.,  in  1794.  He 
was  educated  in  the  public  schools  of  Boston,  to  which 
place  his  parents  removed  while  he  was  quite  young  ;  prepared  for 
college  at  Exeter,  N.  H.,  entered  Harvard  August,  1807,  and 
graduated,  with  the  highest  honors  of  his  class,  in  1811.  He  was 
induced  to  study  theology,  and  in  1812  was  appointed  Latin  tutor 
in  the  University.  Before  he  was  nineteen  years  of  age  he  was 
settled  over  the  Brattle  Street  Church,  Boston,  but  being  ap- 
pointed Professor  of  Greek  Literature  in  Harvard,  he  resigned  his 
pastorate  in  the  third  year ;  and,  to  improve  his  health  and  mind, 
was  assisted  by  the  Corporation  of  the  University  to  travel,  and 
spent  some  time  in  Europe,  visiting  its  old  colleges.  He  was  in 
London  when  the  battle  of  Waterloo  was  fought,  and  remained 
nearly  five  years  abroad,  at  the  end  of  which  time  he  returned  to 
his  duties.  He  accepted  the  editorial  charge  of  the  North  Amer- 
ican Review,  and  under  his  care  it  became  equal  to  any  of  the 
foreign  Reviews.  Mr.  Everett's  literary  works  are  numerous,  and 
familiar  to  every  one.  In  1824  he  was  chosen  to  fill  a  vacancy  in 


AMERICAN   CITIZEN'S    TREASURE    HOUSE.  487 

the  Congressional  district  to  which  Cambridge  belongs,  and 
elected  by  a  large  majority.  He  was  returned  for  five  successive 
Congresses,  and  his  legislative  labors  were  able  and  effective.  For 
ten  years  he  was  on  the  Committee  of  Foreign  Affairs,  much  of 
the  time  as  Chairman.  In  the  spring  of  1835  Re  declined  re-elec- 
tioa,  and  took  leave  of  the  House  of  Representatives.  On  the 
election  of  Gov.  Davis  to  the  United  States  Senate,  Mr.  Everett  be- 
came his  successor  in  the  gubernatorial  chair,  and  in  1836,  and 
again  in  1837,  was  re-elected  to  the  position.  He  afterwards  be- 
came resident  Minister  at  the  Court  of  St.  James,  where  he  re- 
mained several  years.  On  his  return  he  was  made  President  of 
Harvard  College. 

As  an  orator,  it  is  almost  needless  to  speak  of  Mr.  Everett  to 
the  people  of  America.  So  lately  he  was  in  our  midst — so  late 
our  tears  fell  as  they  said,  "He  is  dead!" — that  his  gifts  and  his 
virtues  are  fresh  as  is  the  memory  of  our  loss.  He  was  calm  and 
earnest  in  his  manner,  his  words  and  his  measure  were  like  a  soft, 
liquid  flow,  never  wearying  you  with  sameness,  never  startling  you 
with  sudden  outbursts  of  passionate  rhetoric.  He  was  no  eagle, 
that— 

"  Bared  its  bosom  to  the  storm, 
And  swept  where  darkest  roll  the  clouds," 

but  holding  to  the  world  of  humanity  with  tender,  clinging  grasp, 
that  placed  no  space  between  himself  and  them.  While  Mr. 
Everett's  ideas  combine  in  themselves  every  element  of  strength, 
they  were  so  finely  wrought,  so  daintily  finished,  so  cunningly 
woven  with  sweet  fancies,  and  broidered  with  all  the  poet's  sweet 
devices,  that  in  their  beauty  we  forget  their  grandeur.  In  after 
times,  the  soft  raiment  with  which  he  clothed  them  left  our  mind 
imperceptibly,  as  the  dew  is  dried  from  the  rose,  nor  seen  as  it 
exhales ;  but  after  this,  we  saw  how  massive  was  the  structure 
that — 

"  Autumn  leaves  distained  with  dusky  gold, 
And  clinging  tendrils  almost  hid." 

His  taste,  his  learning,  and  his  education  combined  powers  to 
enchant  his  hearers  ;  while  his  manner,  like  his  matter,  was  studied, 
elaborate,  but  not  so  much  so  as  to  be  degraded  into  a  trifling 
bauble  or  a  splendid  fault.  Edward  Everett  died  in  Boston, 
Mass.  Jan.  15,  1865. 


m 


HENRY  WARD  BEECHER. 


AMERICAN    CITIZEN'S    TREASURE    HOUSE.  489 


HENRY  WARD  BEECHER. 


('HIS  distinguished  clergyman  and  orator  was  born  in 
Litchfield,  Connecticut,  June  24,  1813,  and  his  father,  Dr. 
Lyman  Beecher,  was  quite  a  celebrated  New  England  di- 
vine, who  has  the  honor  of  being  the  father  of  some  of  our 
brightest  literary  lights.  In  every  flock  is  some  weak  lamb,  and 
Henry  enjoyed  the  distinction,  in  childhood,  at  least,  of  being 
considered,  both  by  his  family  and  the  neighbors,  the  "dunce  of 
the  Beecher  family,"  a  distinction  which,  we  have  heard,  gave  him 
no  pain  in  those  days,  and  but  little  since.  Although  he  has 
taken  so  kindly  to  theology  in  later  life,  he  has  declared  a  never- 
failing  distaste  for  the  doses  of  catechism  and  ten  command- 
ments which  he  was  forced  to  take.  His  memory  was  very  poor, 
and  he  had  a  slight  impediment  in  his  speech,  and  a  thick,  indis- 
tinct utterance,  which,  together  with  his  aversion  to  study,  ren- 
dered it  up-hill  work  to  learn  anything. 

His  mother  died  when  he  was  three  years  old,  and  the  lady  who 
was  chosen  to  fill  her  place  appears  to  have  been  a  most  estima- 
ble person,  though  gloomy,  stern  and  uncomfortably  pious,  with 
an  ever-abiding,  sense  of  her  responsibility  for  the  brood  of  little 
Beechers  whose  rearing  she  had  assumed. 

The  father's  early  choice  was,  for  Henry  to  be  a  minister  of 
the  gospel.  Henry  promptly  decided  that  he  would  be  anything 
else  first,  and  suggested  the  sea.  The  boy  looked  with  indescrib- 
able longing  at  the  wild,  free  waves.  In  other  years  he  under- 
stood this — now  it  is  one  of  the  mysteries  of  life  to  him;  and  stirs 
his  soul  with  a  joy  that  is  yet  a  pain — a  vague,  subtle  charm  that, 
though  he  loved  it  well,  he  could  not  grasp  or  hold. 

His  father  was  too  shrewd  and  too  good  a  reader  of  human 
nature  to  openly  oppose  the  boy's  wish  to  be  a  sailor,  and  accord- 
ingly proposed  an  education  that  would  fit  him  for  the  navy, 
trusting  to  time,  but  more  to  his  repugnance  to  study,  to  wean 


49°  MASTER    SPIRITS    OF    THE    WORLD,    AND 

him  from  his  fond  fancy ;  and  he  was  sent  to  Mount  Pleasant  to 
perfect  himself  in  mathematics,  at  that  time  his  "  favorite  aversion." 
But,  stimulated  by  his  desire  to  be  a  sailor,  he  applied  himself  dil- 
igently, and  did  his  teacher  credit,  not  for  his  proficiency,  but  for 
his  progress.  He  also  took  lessons  in  elocution  of  Professor  J. 
E.  Lovell,  and  obtained  in  this  way  a  control  over  his  voice  and 
utterance,  which  had  been  so  bad  before.  He  had  been  a  stu- 
dent at  Mount  Pleasant  but  a  short  time,  when,  at  a  protracted 
religious  meeting  then  being  held  there,  he  was  converted ;  and 
now,  with  broader  views  of  life  and  labor,  he  looked  out  upon  the 
ocean  again,  and  it  was  typical  to  him  of  life,  and  of  his  sphere 
of  action.  He  remembered  the  fishermen  of  Galilee,  and  how 
the  Master  had  said,  "  Follow  me — henceforth  ye  shall  be  fishers 
of  men," — and  his  soul  and  all  that  was  within  him  leaped  for  joy 
as  it  recognized  and  answered  the  call. 

Mr.  Beecher's  first  call  was  to  Lawrenceburg,  Indiana,  and 
from  thence  to  Indianapolis,  where  he  remained  eight  years,  when 
he  received  and  accepted  the  call  to  Plymouth  Church,  Brooklyn. 

There  are  no  questions  of  general  or  special  interest,  either  to 
his  people,  the  public,  or  himself,  that  he  does  not  inform  himself 
upon  and  preach  about  them  if  he  chooses.  His  church  is  sup- 
ported by  the  sale  of  its'  pews,  and  from  a  weak  organization 
whose  failure  was  popularly  predicted,  it  has  grown  to  be  one  of 
the  strongest  churches,  both  financially  and  numerically,  in  the 
East.  No  description  of  Plymouth  Church  is  needed.  Every- 
body knows  there  are  grander  and  more  pretentious  edifices 
and  yet  from  that  plain  red  brick  building  goes  out  an  influence 
that  is  felt  all  over  the  world. 

The  unassuming  simplicity  of  his  dress,  speech  and  manners 
might  make  it  well  worth  while  for  some  of  our  aspiring  young 
clergymen  to  imitate — an  example  every  way  good.  His  sermons 
are  the  very  soul  of  eloquence — warm,  earnest  and  glowing  with 
the  love  that  fills  his  great  soul — love  for  God  and  love  for  man, 
love  for  the  meanest  creature  that  ever  the  power  of  Omnipotence 
kindled  life  in.  He  is  a  professional  thinker,  and  a  hard  student, 
yet  genial  and  sunny  as  sunshine  itself.  In  the  fullest  sense  of 
the  term,  without  exaggeration  or  flattery,  we  can  say  of  him,  that 
he  is  one  of  the  mightiest  pulpit  orators  of  the  day  and  one  of 
the  Master  Spirits  of  the  times. 


AMERICAN    CITIZENS'    TREASURE    HOUSE.  491 


GEORGE  WHITFIELD. 


was  the  son  of  an  Inn-keeper,  and  born  in  Glou- 
cester,  England.  He,  the  Wesleys  and  others  formed 
themselves  into  a  praying  band  at  Oxford  University, 
where  they  received  the  sobriquet  of  "  Methodists."  Polemical 
controversy  soon  divided  them  into  two  parties, — Calvanists  and 
Arminians.  Whitfield  cast  in  his  lot  with  the  Countess  of  Hunt- 
ington,  and  became  the  most  popular  preacher  in  her  ladyship's 
denomination.  He  ranged  the  entire  length  of  the  United  King- 
dom, often  crossed  the  Atlantic,  traversed  nearly  every  State,  and 
was  undoubtedly  the  greatest  preacher  that  either  continent  ever 
produced.  He  had  no  family  to  enrich,  no  earthly  care  to  distract 
him,  and  no  wife  to  divide  his  time,  for  his  marriage  was  short 
and  late  in  life.  He  was  the  mere  ambassador  of  God  ;  he  carried 
with  him  a  glowing  love  and  a  burning  zeal,  which  frequently 
broke  forth  in  the  most  thrilling,  dazzling  and  electrifying  elo- 
quence, such  as  swayed  the  mightiest  masses,  until  like  the 
awful  deep  they  surged  and  swelled  as  though  wrought  up  under 
the  lash  of  the  stormy  Eurus.  He  became  at  length  a  living 
Gospel,  full  of  nothing  else  but  Heaven  reconciled  and  man 
restored.  He  overleaped  the  ordinary  bounds  and  preached  at 
fairs,  on  commons,  in  fields,  and  by  the  road-side.  He  could  be 
heard  in  the  open  air  by  twenty  thousand  people  at  once ;  his 
charming  voice  being  distinctly  articulate  in  the  softest  strains  of 
music  or  in  rolling  peals  of  thunder.  He  effected  more  than  the 
civil  magistrate,  when  he  brought  the  whole  rabble  of  Bartho- 
lomew's fair  down  in  crouching  submission,  wringing  every  heart 
with  grief  and  blanching  every  cheek  with  terror.  By  a  single  sen- 
tentious stroke  he  laid  open  alike  the  hidden  arcana  of  every  man's 
heart  and  the  unseen  realities  of  the  eternal  state.  A  glance 
would  paralyze  the  hand  of  a  skulking  miscreant  ready  to 
hurl  a  brick  bat  at  his  head.  While  furrows  on  sooty  faces 


492  MASTER    SPIRITS   OF    THE    WORLD,  AND 

often  told  that  poor  colliers  were  weeping.  The  quivering  of  an 
ostrich  plume  bespoke  its  elegant  wearer's  deep  emotion.  People 
often  said  to  him,  "  I  came  to  break  your  head,  but,  through  God, 
you  have  broken  my  heart."  For  years  he  received  a  thousand 
letters,  on  an  average,  weekly  from  such  as  were  convinced  under 
his  preaching. 

The  great  secret  of  his  strength  was,  he  invariably  preached  in  the 
full  confidence  of  accepted  prayer.  He  spoke  as  one  having 
authority  and  not  as  the  hired  clergy.  He  addressed  the  people 
in  the  spirit  of  the  old  Hebrew  prophets.  His  only  argument 
was,  "Thus  saith  the  Lord."  He  stooped  to  neither  please  nor 
rationalize  with  the  pretended  sophist.  He  flattered  no  man's 
vanity  and  retreated  before  no  amount  of  threatening.  Many 
more  ornate  in  language  have  preceded  and  followed  him,  but 
none  had  his  power  of  electrically  darting  the  truth  directly  into 
the  conscience,  until  the  whole  man  quivered  and  lowered,  like  a 
bird  struck  and  rankling  with  the  barbed  arrow  of  the  archer 
firm  fastened  within.  He  was  strong  in  the  singleness  of  his  aim, 
the  simplicity  of  his  purpose,  the  directness  of  his  effort  and  the 
sincerity  of  his  actions.  He  was  alone  the  herald  of  the  cross, 
the  ambassador  of  Christ,  the  preacher  of  righteousness,  the  min- 
ister of  the  New  Testament,  and  the  servant  of  God.  Every 
second  thought  to  him  was  foreign,  an  unknown  tongue,  a  grand 
impertinence,  a  wicked  fraud,  and  a  cruel  mockery.  To  his  eye 
the  invisible  was  more  palpable  than  the  visible,  heaven  and  hell 
were  far  greater  certanties  than  earth,  and  eternity  was  a  fathom- 
less, boundless  ocean,  with  which  time  could  no  more  compare 
than  a  point  to  infinity.  But  however  magnificent  and  great  the 
character  of  the  man,  such  he  was  by  no  other  agency,  not  even 
through  the  least  alliance  or  in  the  smallest  part,  than  the  glori- 
ous gospel  of  the  blessed  God.  He  had  so  adoringly  and  persist- 
ently gazed  on  the  cross,  that,  as  by  the  principle  of  induction 
or  assimilation,  he  'was  changed  into  the  same  image.  He 
frequently  found  an  entire  audience  pretty  much  the  trans- 
fusion and  reflex  of  himself  even  as  he  himself  was  of  the  message 
he  conveyed.  His  immense  influence  lives  on,  and  can  never, 
never  die !  Countless  millions  through  the  cycles  of  time  and  the 
eons  of  eternity  will  stud,  gem  and  radiate,  like  clustering  and 
corruscating  diamonds,  the  victors  crown  of  rejoicing. 


AMERICAN   CITIZEN  S   TREASURE    HOUSE.  493 


REV.  C.  H.  SPURGEON. 


is  astonishing  that,  although  we  commonly  believe  the 
world  to  be  six  thousand  years  old, — and  Agassiz  is  rapidly 
convincing  us  that  it  is  at  least  ten  times  that  age, — she  has 
not  yet  wearied  of  producing  an  endless  variety  of  human 
beings,  among  which  some  are  pigmies  in  intellect  and  education, 
while  others  are  grandly  gigantic — subjects  of  our  unbounded  ad- 
miration and  wonder.  In  this  latter  mood  was  she  when  she  gave 
to  the  nations  that  sit  in  darkness  the  subject  of  this  sketch. 
When  there  came  to  us  across  the  water  the  first  notices  of  the 
"  Boy  Preacher,"  we  smiled  indulgently,  and  gave  the  matter  not 
even  attention  enough  to  fix  his  name  upon  our  memory ;  until 
fame,  with  a  thousand  tongues  and  a  clarion  voice,  demanded 
for  her  favorite  the  homage  that  was  his  due.  Then,  rousing  our- 
selves to  look,  we  realized  that  he  had  sprung,  like  Venus  from 
the  wave,  full  grown,  into  power ;  and  in  an  incredibly  short  space 
of  time,  he  ranked  with  the  first  preachers  of  the  day. 

Mr.  Spurgeon  was  born  in  the  village  of  Kelvedon,  on  the  ipth 
of  June,  1834,  so  that  he  is  at  present  -38  years  of  age.  In  his 
infancy  he  was  much  in  the  company  of  his  grandfather,  pastor 
of  an  Independent  church  at  Stonebourne,  Essex.  His  precocious 
piety  attracted  much  attention,  and  it  is  said  that  at  six  years  of 
age  he  had  read  repeatedly  the  Pilgrim's  Progress,  Baxter's 
Saint's  Rest,  and  others  of  the  same  class.  At  fifteen  he  was  sent 
to  school  to  Newmarket,  and  while  here  was  sorely  tempted  to 
adopt  the  principles  of  a  freethinker.  About  this  time  he  heard 
a  sermon  preached  by  a  Methodist  from  the  text,  "  Look  unto 
me,  and  be  ye  saved,  all  the  ends  of  the  earth,  for  I  am'  God,  and 
none  else."  Said  Mr.  Spurgeon,  "  The  command  seemed  to  me 
as  much  a  direct  command  to  me  as  if  there  was  not  on  all  the 
face  of  the  earth  another  sinner,  and  I  made  not  one  effort  to 


C.  U.  SPURGEOX. 


AMERICAN    CITIZEN  S   TREASURE    HOUSE.  495 

evade  it,  but  I  looked  that  moment,  the  grace  of  God  was  vouch- 
safed that  instant ;  and  I  shall  never  forget  that  hour  while 
memory  holds  its  place ;  nor  can  I  help  repeating  that  text  every 
day  of  my  life." 

He  preached  his  first  sermon  in  a  cottage  at  Teversham.  From 
this  time  his  labors  as  a  preacher  were  incessant.  His  friends 
wished  him  to  attend  college,  to  which  he  aho  inclined,  and  the 
cause  of  his  failure  upon  this  point  may  be  best  given  in  his  own 
words.  "  I  had  agreed  to  go  to  college,  the  tutor  had  come  to  see 
me,  and  I  had  gone  to  see  him.  We  were  to  meet  at  the  house  of 
a  mutual  friend.  I  was  shown  by  the  servant  into  one  dark  draw- 
ing room;  he  was  shown  into  another.  He  sat  and  waited  for 
me  two  hours,  and  I  sat  and  waited  for  him  two  hours.  He  could 
wait  no  longer,  and  went  away,  thinking  I  had  not  treated  him 
well ;  and  I  went  away  thinking  he  had  not  treated  me  well.  As 
I  left  the  house,  the  text  '  Seekest  thou  great  things  ?  Seek  them 
tu>t,'  came  to  my  mind,  and  I  declined  to  go  to  school."  In  the 
autumn  of  1853,  he  was  invited  to  supply,  temporarily,  the  pulpit 
of  New  Park  Street  Chapel,  Southwork,  which  had  in  former  times 
been  occupied  by  such  men  as  Rev.  Benjamin  Keach,  the  well 
known  author  of  "Scripture  Metaphors;"  Dr.  Gill,  the  celebrated 
commentator ;  Dr.  Rippon,  of  hymn  book  fame ;  Dr.  Angus,  the 
present  highly  respected  and  able  President  of  Regent's  Park 
Baptist  College  ;  the  R»ev.  James  Smith  of  Cheltenham,  and  Rev. 
R.  Walters,  now  of  Newcastle-on-Tyne.  Notwithstanding  the 
fact  that  so  many  eminent  men  had  at  one  time  or  another  labored 
there,  the  church  had  almost  entirely  lost  all  spiritual  life  and  in- 
terest, and  the  congregation  had  declined  until  the  young  preacher 
found  the  chapel  so  empty  as  to  be  almost  desolate.  He  created 
quite  a  sensation  at  once,  and  at  the  end  of  a  probation  of  but 
six  weeks  the  chapel  was  full.  He  was  called  to  the  pastorate, 
and  entered  upon  the  office  when  only  nineteen  years  old.  It  is 
impossible  to  write  of  Mr.  Spurgeon  as  we  would  write  of  common 
men.  He  has  made  for  himself  more  friends  and  more  enemies 
than  any  other  preacher  of  his  day ;  and  gained  for  himself  an 
unparalleled  notoriety.  His  congregation  is  the  largest  in  the 
world,  and  hundreds  of  converts  yearly  assert  the  power  of  the 
gospel  he  preaches,  while  his  discourses  are  regularly  published, 
and  circulate  all  over  the  world.  Yet  there  are  those  who  de- 


496  MASTER   SPIRITS   OF    THE    WORLD, 

nounce  him  bitterly,  and  deny  his  claim  to  confidence  or  respect. 
He  is  one  of  the  most  catholic  though  one  of  the  most  isolated 
divines  of  the  age.  He  is  a  Baptist,  and  does  not  attempt  to  con- 
ceal his  views,  yet  is  never  restricted  by  them  in  his  Christian  sym- 
pathies, or  his  manly  genialities,  or  his  religious  charities.  He  is 
not  the  pampered  idol  of  a  sect  or  faction  of  the  Church  Uni- 
versal, and  has  never  sacrificed  his  individuality  to  partisanship, 
neither  has  he  submitted  to 'narrow  denominational  bondage; 
his  time,  his  talents,  and  his  influence  are  at  the  service  of  those 
who  are  engaged  in  good  works.  Even  in  the  most  stormy 
weather,  when  drenching  rains  fall,  or  wild  winds  blow,  the 
Tabernacle,  an  immense  building,  arranged  so  as  to  economize 
space,  is  filled  from  top  to  bottom  ;  leaving  no  doubt  of  his  al- 
most unbounded  popularity;  and  spacious  as  is  the  edifice,  his 
magnificent  voice  fills  it  without  taxing  it  in  the  least ;  it  is  never 
husky — never  hoarse — never  weak,  but  clear  as  a  bell  and  soft  as  a 
harp  ;  and  he  speaks  as  easily  to  his  vast  audiences,  and  reaches 
each  one  with  as  little  effort  as  if  he  were  speaking  to  a  few 
friends  in  his  own  private  drawing-room.  There  is  no  question 
but  this  gives  him  a  very  great  advantage.  No  one  who  judges 
by  msre  outward  signs,  or  who  never  looks  below  the  surface,  or 
has  studied  the  intricate  workings  of  the  human  heart,  can  say 
correctly  that  they  know  him.  We  believe  the  world  generally  does 
not  understand  him.  He  has  sometimes  been  supposed  to  be  a 
flippant  egotist — a  grotesque  humorist — a  low  comedian  in  the 
pulpit,  while  nothing  can  be  farther  from  the  truth.  It  would,  of 
course,  be  absurd  to  deny  that  he  has  a  vein  of  comic  humor  in 
his  nature,  and  that  his  quick  appreciation  of  and  relish  for  the 
humorous,  or  for  that  which  may  be  said  to  verge  upon  the  ridic- 
ulous, are  not  in  accordance  with  the  strictest  rules  of  ministerial 
dignity ;  but  it  is  at  least  pardonable.  He  has  said  funny,  auda- 
cious, and  startling  things,  and  provoked  his  auditors  to  laughter 
by  the  sharpness  of  the  ready  wit,  that  sprang,  unpremeditated  to 
his  tongue ;  indeed  I  doubt  if  he  was  aware  that  he  had  even  been 
witty.  The  faults  which  he  has  been  charged  with  are  even  vir- 
tues in  his  case,  and  lie  at  the  foundation  of  his  great  success  in 
the  ministry.  They  are  the  fruits  of  a  nature  and  temperament 
without  which  he  could  never  have  gone  through  one-half  the 
work  he  has  accomplished.  He  has  an  immense  fund  of  animal 


AMERICAN    CITIZEN  S    TREASURE    HOUSF.  497 

spirits,  a  fecund  mind  and  a  racy  tongue ;  quick  perceptions, 
thoughts  that  come  to  him,  not  always  with  regard  to  strict  pro- 
priety, but  with  most  perfect  adaptability  to  circumstances ;  hence 
he  may  be  said  to  have  ready  wit.  The  strange  sayings  in  which 
he  indulges  are  not  stock-in-trade,  carefully  accumulated,  pre- 
served, assorted,  arranged  and  labeled  for  ready  use,  but  the  ex- 
uberance of  a  strong,  youthful,  vigorous  and  prolific  mind — exu- 
berance which  only  a  prude  or  a  Pharisee  would  punish,  but 
which  a  friend  would  seek  at  once  to  excuse  and  restrain  ;  for 
they  are  the  fruits  of  superabundant  energy,  vivacitv  fluency, 
verbal  aptitude,  and  unstudied,  Saxon  simplicity  of  speech. 

In  listening  to  Mr.  Spurgeon,one  is  impressed  with  a  peculiarity 
of  his  nature  which  goes  far  to  account  for  what  some  people  call 
his  wonderful  popularity  and  power  as  a  preacher.  Religious  life 
is  with  him  real  life.  His  spiritual  experiences  are  actual,  vivid, 
living  and  practical.  He  speaks  of  his  love  for  Christ  as  one 
speaks  of  a  human  love ;  as  if  it  were  the  most  natural  thing  in 
the  world — indeed  the  only  natural  or  proper  thing.  God  is  not 
a  concealed  being,  but  an  actual,  living  presence,  a  Being  who 
walks  and  talks  with  him ;  not  only  at  eventide  in  the  garden,  but 
everywhere  in  life ;  and  heaven  is  not  afar  off,  but  even  in  his- 
own  heart;  and  he  scarcely  looks  forward  to  the  time  when  death 
must  open  the  door  and  give  him  a  glimpse  into  that  land  whose 
glories  eye  hath  not  seen,  nor  ear  heard,  neither  hath  it  entered 
into  the  heart  of  man  to  conceive.  The  Songs  of  Solomon  are  not 
difficult  of  interpretation  to  him.  Their  tender  and  beautiful  words 
of  endearment  are  just  what  his  own  soul,  with  its  strong  emo- 
tional love  would  prompt  him  to  lavish  upon  the  Saviour.  His 
church  work  is  very  extensive,  and  the  Sabbath  service,  though 
important,  is  but  a  small  part  of  it.  Ordinary  Christians  will  be 
surprised  at  the  extent  of  Mr.  Spurgeon's  labors.  The  zeal  to 
which  he  has  trained  his  people  has  always  been  seconded  by  his 
own  efforts  and  by  his  attractive  and  encouraging  example,  being 
literally  first  in  all  good  words  and  works. 

In  connection  with  Mr.  Spurgeon's  church  is  a  college,  of  which 
he  is  himself  president,  numbering  seventy  students;  and  the 
evening  classes  number  one  hundred  and  eighty-two  members. 
This  institution  is  supported  at  a  cost  of  3,000  pounds  per  year. 
In  addition  to  the  very  large  Sunday  schools,  no  less  than  eight 


498  MASTER    SPIRITS   OF    THE    WORLD,   AND 

preaching  places  are  regularly  supplied.  The  church  is  kept  in 
admirable  discipline,  and  exhibits  a  strength  of  attachment  for 
their  pastor  which  is  little  less  than  idolatry.  Though  sneered  at 
as  a  boyish  upstart  by  a  few,  whose  ignorance  and  prejudice  on 
their  only  excuse,  he  is  respected  by  all  candid  men  as  an  earnest, 
eloquent,  Christian  minister  of  the  gospel,  full  of  energy,  untiring 
in  devotion,  and  practical  in  his  godliness,  hence  triumphant  over 
his  enemies.  A  long  and  wide  extended  career  of  usefulness 
seems  to  lie  before  him.  He  labors  in  the  fields  that  are  white 
for  the  harvest,  as  one  who  feels  that  he  was  called  by  his  Master, 
and  many  of  the  sheaves  which  he  has  gathered,  are  already  gar- 
nered in  the  storehouse  of  the  Lord ;  and  the  souls  of  such  as 
were  ready  to  perish,  those  for  whom  no  man  cared,  will  shine 
brighter  than  the  stars  of  the  firmament  in  the  crown  of  his  re- 
joicing in  the  day  of  the  Lord. 


JOHN  WESLEY 


founder  of  the  Arminian  branch  of  Methodists,  Johb 
Wesley,  was  born  at  Epworth,  Lincolnshire,  June  17, 
1703.  His  father  was  rector  of  that  place,  and  un- 
like many  divines  of  that  day,  he  was  a  rigid  disciplinarian,  and 
the  strict  enforcement  of  church  rules  and  laws  created  so  great 
a  hostility  against  him  that  more  than  once  the  good  man  was 
driven  almost  to  distraction.  The  education  of  his  son  was  of 
an  entirely  religious  character,  and  at  the  age  of  seventeen  he 
became  a  student  at  Oxford,  and  while  here  formed,  with  fifteen 
other  young  men,  a  society  which  soon  attracted  attention  by  the 
austerity  of  their  manners  and  the  fervor  of  their  piety.  Their 
nightly  meetings  for  social  prayer  and  religious  converse  were 
held  in  Wesley's  chamber,  and  from  personal  improvements  they 
soon  began  to  turn  their  eyes  toward  the  poor,  to  whom,  in  these 


AMERICAN    CITIZEN  S    TREASURE    HOUSE.  499 

days,  the  gospel  was  not  especially  preached,  and  they  visited  and 
Labored  with  them  in  a  systematic  way  that  was  productive  of 
much  good. 

At  the  close  of  his  university  studies  he  was  offered  the  position 
of  assistant  and  successor  of  his  father,  but  declined  on  conscien- 
tious principles,  and  returned  to  Oxford  to  labor  amongst  the 
students.  In  1735  ^e  was  sent  to  ^e  colonies  of  Georgia  as  mis- 
sionary. He  embarked  for  America  with  his  brother  Charles  and 
settled  at  Savannah.  He  soon  rallied  a  large  congregation,  which 
increased  and  flourished  several  years,  until  his  rigid  and  sudden 
enforcement  of  every  measure  of  discipline,  raised  such  a  storm 
of  indignant  protest  from  the  people  that  he  resigned.  He  re- 
turned to  England  where  he  met  Whitfield,  and  the  two  erected 
one  banner  and  commenced  an  active  career  of  field  preaching. 

At  Bristol,  in  1739,  the  first  Methodist  Chapel  was  built,  under 
the  supervision  of  these  two  active  laborers.  Soon  after  this  a 
rupture  between  them  occurred  on  account  of  a  difference  which 
they  could  not  reconcile — Wesley  being  an  Arminian,  while  Whit- 
field  was  a  stubborn  adherent  to  the  creed  of  Calvin.  Wesley, 
however,  was  as  undaunted  as  he  was  indefatigable,  and  he 
preached  all  over  the  country,  employing  lay  preachers,  and  pro- 
mulgated his  doctrines  far  and  near,  and  in  the  conversion  of 
thousands  of  souls  he  met  his  rich  reward. 

It  is  estimated  that  twelve  million  of  the  human  race  are  taught 
weekly  the  lessons  of  religious  experience  wrought  out  in  the 
active  intellect  of  John  Wesley ;  that  no  part  of  the  known  world 
has  been  unvisited  by  his  disciples  ;  that  the  tide  of  reform  set  in 
motion  by  his  pure  and  lofty  energy  is  still  in  the  ascendant,  is 
moving  slowly  onward  with  ceaseless  vigor,  and  shows  no  traces 
of  decay.  Wherever  the  Anglo  Saxon  race  penetrates  it  is  pursued 
and  softened  by  the  influence  of  this  unassuming  saint.  In  Aus- 
tralia and  South  Africa,  in  America  and  the  islands  of  the  Pacific, 
the  genius  of  Wesley  is  ever  active.  His  schools  and  churches 
have  belted  the  world  with  an  illustrious  chain.  His  writings 
have  been  translated  into  nearly  all  the  languages  of  Europe,  and 
are  made  familiar  to  the  worshipers  of  Bramah  and  of  Buddah. 
Since  Luther,  no  other- man  has  exercised  so  wide,  so  benign  an 
influence  upon  his  race.  Nor  is  it  unjust  to  assert  that  but  for 
his  English  successes  the  Reformation  of  the  German  Church 


500  MASTER    SPIRITS    OF    THE    WORLD,  AND 

into  an  empty  formalism,  at  least  in  England,  amidst  the  corrupt- 
ing alliance  of  Church  and  State.  It  was  the  aim  of  Wesley  to 
withdraw  religion  from  the  control  of  the  great  and  the  powerful, 
of  statesmen  or  of  bishops,  to  make  it  the  light  and  the  solace  of 
the  worship  and  the  cottage,  the  almshouse  and  the  jail ;  to  diffuse 
its  sacred  teachings  among  the  people,  and  preach,  with  saintly 
earnestness,  the  gospel  of  the  poor. 

As  contrasted  with  all  other  successful  teachers  of  a  faith, 
whether  true  or  false,  it  is  a  striking  trait  of  Wesley's  triumph  that 
he  was  never  aided  by  the  civil  power ;  that  his  disciples  have 
never  wielded  the  sword  of  persecution,  nor  gained  any  victories 
but  those  of  peace.  History,  indeed,  has  no  record  of  any  other 
great  religious  movement,  except  the  founding  of  Christianity, 
that  was  not  perfected  in  violence,  and  sealed  with  the  blood  of 
its  opponents.  The  Greek  Church  was  planted  in  Russia  by  the 
civil  power;  the  Romish  Church  won  its  supremacy  by  bitter 
wars  and  endless  cruelties.  Bernard  and  Dominic  enforced  their 
teachings  by  the  sword ;  Luther  and  Calvin  were  often  sustained 
by  the  arms  of  their  adherents  ;  the  dark  and  treacherous  brother- 
hood of  Loyola  obtained  its  ascendency  by  arousing  in  every  land 
the  fiercest  flames  of  religious  persecution.  But  of  the  millions 
of  devout  believers  who  have  lived  and  died  in  the  simple  faith 
of  Wesley,  not  one  has  yielded  to  any  sterner  influence  than  the 
power  of  Divine  love.  As  the  vast  wave  of  reform  has  swelled 
from  the  poor  cottage  at  Epworth  over  England  and  America, 
over  the  Pacific  and  the  Indian  seas,  it  has  never  needed  a  Con- 
stantine  or  a  royal  protector ;  has  been  governed  in  its  holy  victo- 
ries by  no  human  hand. 

It  is  said  that  the  domestic  life  of  the  noble  reformer  was  any- 
thing but  that  foretaste  of  heaven  which  wedded  bliss  is  supposed 
to  be.  At  about  the  age  of  fifty  he  married  a  lady  whose  beauty 
of  face  and  form,  rather  than  of  mind,  attracted  him,  and  she 
proved  to  be  a  shrew  and  a  vixen,  and  poor  Wesley  learned  to  his 
sorrow  that  he  had  caught  a  Tartar.  Her  terrible  temper  embit- 
tered and  destroyed  the  peace  of  his  remaining  years. 

He  died  March  2,  1791,  in  the  eighty-eighth  year  of  his  age,  and 
in  the  sixty-fifth  year  of  his  Christian  ministry. 


AMKRICAN    CITIZEN'S   TREASURE    HOUSE.  £01 


MAZZINI. 


JOSEPH  MAZZINI  was  born  in  Genoa,  in  1809.  His  pat- 
riotism was  marked  in  boyhood.  He  died  at  Pisa  in  the 
early  part  of  1872,  quietly  in  his  bed,  and  on  Italian 
soil;  and  it  was  given  to  him  to  hear  before  he  died  that  the 
King  of  Italy  had  proclaimed  the  work  of  Italian  independence 
and  unity  completed,  from  the  steps  of  the  Capitol  at  Rome.  The 
most  eager,  restless  spirit  in  Europe  is  quiet ;  the  most  intense  and 
lofty  idealist  of  our  times  has  passed  into  the  world  where 
"  things  not  seen  "  may  yield  to  him  a  satisfaction  which  he 
failed  to  find  in  any  of  the  enterprises  and  achievements  of  life. 
His  hei  1th  had  long  been  broken  ;  the  ardent,  enthusiastic  spirit 
has  woi  n  out  at  last  the  frame  which  he  had  never  spared  in  the 
service  of  his  country  or  of  mankind,  and  which  nothing  but  an 
indomi  able  will  has  kept  alive  so  long.  As  student,  as  conspira- 
tor, as  political  chief  of  a  great  party,  as  Republican  ruler  of 
Rome,  his  life  had  been  one  of  intense,  restless  activity.  No  liv- 
ing m:».n,  probably,  was  so  ubiquitous,  had  so  many  threads  of 
policy  in  his  head,  or  so  many  schemes  of  which  he  alone  held  the 
key.  He  was  trusted  with  blind  confidence  by  the  daring  and 
enthusiastic  youth  of  the  party  of  progress  in  Italy,  in  France, 
and  in  a  measure  in  England ;  and  he  wielded  something  like  the 
power  of  a  dictator  in  the  revolutionary  propagandas  of  which  he 
was  the  acknowledged  head.  No  man  in  Europe  was  so  hated 
and  haunted  by  established  authorities ;  no  man  had  so  many 
police  agents  on  his  tract.  And  yet  no  man  moved  about  more 
freely  wherever  it  pleased  him,  or  escaped  so  constantly  the  most 
carefully  arranged  toils.  He  bore  not  a  charmed  life,  but  a 
charmed  person.  Years  ago  it  was  one  of  the  wonders  of  the  time 
how  Mazzini,  proscribed  by  every  government  in  Europe  except 
England,  with  a  price  set  upon  his  head,  and  a  host  of  police 
agents  familiar  with  his  person  on  his  track,  could  travel  through 


